Light seconds, light years, light centuries: How to measure extreme distances - Yuan-Sen Ting

3,492,230 views ใƒป 2014-10-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yubal Masalker ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Light is the fastest thing we know.
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ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
00:10
It's so fast that we measure enormous distances
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื
00:13
by how long it takes for light to travel them.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื•ืงื— ืœืื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
00:16
In one year, light travels about 6,000,000,000,000 miles,
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ื‘ืฉื ื”, ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›-10 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืง"ืž,
00:20
a distance we call one light year.
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ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฉื ืช-ืื•ืจ.
00:22
To give you an idea of just how far this is,
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง,
00:25
the Moon, which took the Apollo astronauts four days to reach,
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ื”ื™ืจื—, ืฉืœืงื— ืœื—ืœืœื™ืช ืืคื•ืœื• 4 ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•,
00:29
is only one light-second from Earth.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืจืง 8 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืืจืฅ.
00:32
Meanwhile, the nearest star beyond our own Sun is Proxima Centauri,
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ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ืงืกื™ืžื” ืกื ื˜ืื•ืจื™,
00:36
4.24 light years away.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 4.24 ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
00:39
Our Milky Way is on the order of 100,000 light years across.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžืงืฆื” ืœืงืฆื”.
00:44
The nearest galaxy to our own, Andromeda,
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ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืœื ื•, ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”,
00:46
is about 2.5 million light years away
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ื ืžืฆืืช ื›-2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
00:49
Space is mind-blowingly vast.
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ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื• ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืกื™ื.
00:52
But wait, how do we know how far away stars and galaxies are?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช?
00:56
After all, when we look at the sky, we have a flat, two-dimensional view.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืจืื” ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
01:01
If you point you finger to one star, you can't tell how far the star is,
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ืื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืจื—ื•ืง.
01:05
so how do astrophysicists figure that out?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ืง?
01:08
For objects that are very close by,
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ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื™ื ื•,
01:10
we can use a concept called trigonometric parallax.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
01:14
The idea is pretty simple.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:16
Let's do an experiment.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
01:17
Stick out your thumb and close your left eye.
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ืชื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืžื•ืœ ื•ืชืกื’ืจื• ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ.
01:21
Now, open your left eye and close your right eye.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชืคืชื—ื• ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ ื•ืชืกื’ืจื• ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
01:24
It will look like your thumb has moved,
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ ื–ื–,
01:26
while more distant background objects have remained in place.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื.
01:31
The same concept applies when we look at the stars,
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ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
01:33
but distant stars are much, much farther away than the length of your arm,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ืื•ืจืš ื™ื“ื™ื ื•,
01:38
and the Earth isn't very large,
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ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ-ื”ืืจืฅ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:39
so even if you had different telescopes across the equator,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื•-ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”,
01:43
you'd not see much of a shift in position.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื.
01:45
Instead, we look at the change in the star's apparent location over six months,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื›ืœ 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
01:51
the halfway point of the Earth's yearlong orbit around the Sun.
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:55
When we measure the relative positions of the stars in summer,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืฅ,
01:58
and then again in winter, it's like looking with your other eye.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:02
Nearby stars seem to have moved against the background
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื–ื–ื• ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืจืงืข
02:05
of the more distant stars and galaxies.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื.
02:08
But this method only works for objects no more than a few thousand light years away.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืจืง ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
02:13
Beyond our own galaxy, the distances are so great
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
02:15
that the parallax is too small to detect with even our most sensitive instruments.
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ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
02:20
So at this point we have to rely on a different method
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื—ืจืช
02:23
using indicators we call standard candles.
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ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืจื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ื™ื.
02:27
Standard candles are objects whose intrinsic brightness, or luminosity,
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ื ืจื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืื• ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:32
we know really well.
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ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
02:34
For example, if you know how bright your light bulb is,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ื”ืืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื”,
02:37
and you ask your friend to hold the light bulb and walk away from you,
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•,
02:40
you know that the amount of light you receive from your friend
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื•
02:43
will decrease by the distance squared.
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ืชืจื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ ืœืžืจื—ืง.
02:47
So by comparing the amount of light you receive
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ื›ืš, ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•
02:49
to the intrinsic brightness of the light bulb,
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ืขื ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื”ืืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื”,
02:51
you can then tell how far away your friend is.
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ื ื™ืชื• ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
02:55
In astronomy, our light bulb turns out to be a special type of star
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ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื”ื ื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
02:58
called a cepheid variable.
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ื”ื ืงืจื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืงืคืื™ื“ื™.
03:00
These stars are internally unstable,
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื,
03:03
like a constantly inflating and deflating balloon.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช.
03:06
And because the expansion and contraction causes their brightness to vary,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช-ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
03:10
we can calculate their luminosity by measuring the period of this cycle,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืืจืชื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ,
03:15
with more luminous stars changing more slowly.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื˜.
03:19
By comparing the light we observe from these stars
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื ืฆืคื” ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”
03:21
to the intrinsic brightness we've calculated this way,
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ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืชื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื "ืœ,
03:24
we can tell how far away they are.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืžืจื—ืงื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
03:26
Unfortunately, this is still not the end of the story.
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ืœืฆืขืจื ื•, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:30
We can only observe individual stars up to about 40,000,000 light years away,
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ,
03:34
after which they become too blurry to resolve.
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ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœืื™ื‘ื—ื•ืŸ.
03:37
But luckily we have another type of standard candle:
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืจื•ืช ืชืงื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ:
03:41
the famous type 1a supernova.
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ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” 1a.
03:44
Supernovae, giant stellar explosions are one of the ways that stars die.
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ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื’ื•ื•ืข.
03:49
These explosions are so bright,
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ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื”ืงื•ืช,
03:51
that they outshine the galaxies where they occur.
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ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืžืืคื™ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช.
03:54
So even when we can't see individual stars in a galaxy,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืฃ ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
03:57
we can still see supernovae when they happen.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช.
04:00
And type 1a supernovae turn out to be usable as standard candles
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ื•ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ 1a ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื ืจ ืชืงื ื™
04:05
because intrinsically bright ones fade slower than fainter ones.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื“ื•ืขืš ืœืื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฆื ืžืขื•ืžืขื.
04:08
Through our understanding of this relationship
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ืžื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ
04:10
between brightness and decline rate,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื”,
04:13
we can use these supernovae to probe distances
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“
04:15
up to several billions of light years away.
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ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
04:18
But why is it important to see such distant objects anyway?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื?
04:23
Well, remember how fast light travels.
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ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื• ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื ืข ื”ืื•ืจ.
04:26
For example, the light emitted by the Sun will take eight minutes to reach us,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืœื˜ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืงื— 8 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•,
04:30
which means that the light we see now is a picture of the Sun eight minutes ago.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืœืคื ื™ 8 ื“ืงื•ืช.
04:36
When you look at the Big Dipper,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”"ื“ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”",
04:38
you're seeing what it looked like 80 years ago.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ 80 ืฉื ื”.
04:41
And those smudgy galaxies?
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ื•ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืช?
04:43
They're millions of light years away.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ.
04:45
It has taken millions of years for that light to reach us.
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ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืœืื•ืชื• ืื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช-ืื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื ื•.
04:49
So the universe itself is in some sense an inbuilt time machine.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
04:54
The further we can look back, the younger the universe we are probing.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง, ื›ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:59
Astrophysicists try to read the history of the universe,
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
05:02
and understand how and where we come from.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื•.
05:06
The universe is constantly sending us information in the form of light.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ืจ.
05:10
All that remains if for us to decode it.
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ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื ื• ื–ื” ืœืคืขื ื— ืื•ืชื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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