Ethical dilemma: Would you lie? - Sarah Stroud

1,222,694 views ใƒป 2022-06-02

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
Your plan to set up your friend Carey with your acquaintance Emerson
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืงืืจื™ ืขื ืžื›ืจื ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ
00:11
is finally coming together.
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ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช
00:13
Both individuals have heard all about each other
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ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื”ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™
00:15
and theyโ€™re eager to meet for dinner.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื”ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘.
00:17
Youโ€™ve just made them a reservation for Friday night,
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ื”ืจื’ืข ืื™ืจื’ื ืชื ืœื”ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘,
00:20
and youโ€™re about to text Carey the details
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ื•ืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืงืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื
00:22
when an unsettling thought crosses your mind:
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ:
00:25
Carey is always late.
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ืงืืจื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืื—ืจืช.
00:27
And not just by 5 minutes;
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื‘-5 ื“ืงื•ืช;
00:29
weโ€™re talking 20 or even 30 minutes late.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 20 ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• 30 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:31
Carey seems to view punctuality as an oppressive relic of an earlier era.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืงืืจื™ ืจื•ืื” ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจื™ื“ ืžืขื™ืง ืฉืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:36
But what if you told them dinner was at 6 instead of 6:30?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘-6 ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘-6:30?
00:40
That way, they would almost certainly arrive on time.
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ื›ืš, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
00:43
You really want this relationship to work, so... should you lie?
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ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื–... ื”ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ?
00:47
Take a moment to think: what you would do?
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ืงื—ื• ืจื’ืข ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
00:50
Maybe you should lie!
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ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืงืจ!
00:51
You think this new relationship could be great for Carey,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืืจื™,
00:54
and you donโ€™t want them to ruin it before itโ€™s even begun.
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
00:57
Sure, Emerson may eventually learn about their chronic lateness.
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ื‘ื˜ื—, ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”.
01:00
But if Carey shows up on time just this once,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืงืืจื™ ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืจืง ื”ืคืขื,
01:03
the relationship will at least have a chance to take root.
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ.
01:07
Your lie would pave the way for a potentially happy relationship.
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ื”ืฉืงืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืกืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจืช.
01:10
And if taking an action will create a better outcome for everyone involved,
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ื•ืื ื ืงื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:14
thatโ€™s normally a pretty good reason to take it.
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ื–ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
01:16
But isn't it morally wrong to lie?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืฉืงืจ?
01:19
The absolutist position on lying,
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ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืงืจ,
01:21
associated with German philosopher Immanuel Kant,
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืงืื ื˜,
01:25
holds that lying is always immoral, regardless of the circumstances.
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ืฉืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฉืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ืžื•ืกืจื™, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
01:30
In other words, thereโ€™s a moral rule which forbids lying,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืื•ืกืจ ืœืฉืงืจ,
01:33
and that rule is absolute.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœืœ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜.
01:35
You might think, though, that this stance overstates
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืคืจื™ื–ื”
01:37
the moral importance of lying.
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ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ.
01:39
Suppose a murderer were hunting Carey down.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืจื•ืฆื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื“ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืงืืจื™
01:42
If the killer asked you about Careyโ€™s whereabouts,
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ืื ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืฉืืœ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™,
01:45
it seems odd to say that you must tell the truth
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช
01:47
at the cost of your friendโ€™s life.
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ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื›ื.
01:49
From this perspective, absolutism seems too rigid.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•, ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื ืจืื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™.
01:52
By contrast, utilitarian philosopher John Stuart Mill
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ ื’โ€™ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืžื™ืœ
01:57
would say lying is wrong only when it leads to less happiness overall.
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ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉืงืจ ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
02:01
Now, to be fair, most lies do seem likely to create unhappiness.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
02:06
Someone who accepts a lie believes something which is false,
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ืžื™ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉืงืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจื™,
02:09
and trying to conduct your life on the basis of false information
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ื•ื–ื‘
02:12
doesnโ€™t usually go well.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
02:14
However, in some circumstances, perhaps including your situation,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:18
lying might produce more happiness overall.
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ืฉืงืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ.
02:22
In those cases, utilitarians say itโ€™s not morally wrong to lie.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื ืคืกื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืฉืงืจ.
02:26
In fact, it might even be your moral duty to do so.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
02:30
But if absolutism seems too extreme, you might feel this stance is too lax.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื ืจืื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื™, ืืชื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืจื•ืคืกืช ืžื“ื™.
02:35
In other words, perhaps the utilitarian position understates
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืชื•ืขืœืชื ื™ืช ืžืžืขื™ื˜ื”
02:39
the moral significance of lying.
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ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืจ.
02:41
Most people generally feel some regret about lying,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ,
02:44
even when they believe itโ€™s the right thing to do.
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ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
02:46
This suggests thereโ€™s something inherently objectionable about lyingโ€”
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ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ืขื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ
02:50
even when it leads to more happiness.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืฉืจ.
02:52
In this case, lying to Carey would be an instance of Paternalism.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืœืฉืงืจ ืœืงืืจื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ื–ื.
02:57
Paternalism is interfering with another personโ€™s choices
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ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ื–ื ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ
03:00
for that person's benefit.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
03:03
This might be fine if that person is a literal child.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
03:05
But it seems disrespectful to treat a peer paternalistically.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื—ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื˜ืจื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
03:09
Lying to Carey would mean taking away their opportunity
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ืœืฉืงืจ ืœืงืืจื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
03:12
to handle the situation as they see fit, based on their own beliefs and values.
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื, ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื.
03:17
Trying to protect Carey from what you consider
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ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืืจื™ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื
03:20
to be a bad choice would show a lack of respect for their autonomy.
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ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืชืจืื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:24
By extension, it might also be disrespectful towards Emerson,
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ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ืืžืจืกื•ืŸ,
03:28
since you would be deliberately trying to give him a false impression
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืชืช ืœื• ืจื•ืฉื ืžื•ื˜ืขื”
03:31
of Careyโ€™s punctuality.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™.
03:32
So how do you weigh potential happiness against guaranteed disrespect?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืชื ืฉื•ืงืœื™ื ืื•ืฉืจ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—?
03:37
Followers of Kant would say treating others with respect
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ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืงืื ื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“
03:40
is the heart of moral conduct,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
03:42
while followers of Mill would say nothing is more important than happiness.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœ ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
03:46
But other philosophers believe that such conflicts can only be resolved
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชืจ ืจืง
03:50
on a case-by-case basis,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืœื’ื•ืคื•,
03:52
depending on various details and on the individuals involved.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:56
So what will you do in Careyโ€™s case?
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ืื– ืžื” ืชืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจื™?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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