This is Sparta: Fierce warriors of the ancient world - Craig Zimmer

3,905,029 views ใƒป 2016-03-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
In ancient Greece, violent internal conflict between bordering neighbors
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ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ื
00:10
and war with foreign invaders was a way of life,
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:14
and Greeks were considered premier warriors.
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ื.
00:17
Most Greek city-states surrounded themselves with massive defensive walls
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ืจื•ื‘ ืขืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
00:22
for added protection.
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ืœื”ื’ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
00:23
Sparta in its prime was a different story,
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ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ,
00:27
finding walls unnecessary
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ื•ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื
00:29
when it had an army of the most feared warriors in the ancient world.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง.
00:34
So what was Sparta doing differently than everyone else
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ืื– ืžื” ืกืคืจื˜ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ
00:37
to produce such fierce soldiers?
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืืœื” ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื ื•ืขื–ื™ื?
00:40
To answer that question, we turn to the written accounts of that time.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”.
00:44
There are no surviving written accounts from Spartans themselves,
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ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืขืฆืžื,
00:47
as it was forbidden for Spartans to keep records,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื ืืกืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืœืชืขื“,
00:50
so we have to rely on those of non-Spartan ancient historians,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื,
00:55
like Herodotus, Thucydides, and Plutarch.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื•ื“ื•ื˜ื•ืก, ื˜ื•ืกื™ื“ื™ื“ืก, ื•ืคืœื•ื˜ืืจืš.
00:58
These stories may be embellished
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืคื™ื
01:00
and depict Sparta at the apex of its power,
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ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื”,
01:03
so take them with a grain of salt.
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ืื– ืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื ืขื ื’ืจื’ืจ ืžืœื—.
01:06
For Spartans, the purpose for their existence was simple:
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”:
01:10
to serve Sparta.
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ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืกืคืจื˜ื”.
01:12
On the day of their birth,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื,
01:13
elder Spartan leaders examined every newborn.
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ื–ืงื ื™ ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืœื•ื“.
01:16
The strong healthy babies were considered capable of fulfilling this purpose,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื,
01:21
and the others may have been left on Mount Taygetus to die.
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ื•ืก ืœืžื•ืช.
01:25
Every Spartan, boy or girl, was expected to be physically strong,
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ืžื›ืœ ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™, ื™ืœื“ ืื• ื™ืœื“ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืช,
01:30
mentally sharp,
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ื—ื“ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช,
01:31
and emotionally resilient.
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ื•ืขืžื™ื“ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
01:33
And it was their absolute duty to defend and promote Sparta at all costs.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ.
01:38
So in the first years of their lives,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
01:40
children were raised to understand that their loyalty belonged first to Sparta,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื˜ื”,
01:44
and then to family.
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ื•ืื– ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:47
This mindset probably made it easier for the Spartan boys,
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ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื˜ื”,
01:50
who upon turning seven, were sent to the agoge,
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ืฉื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ ืฉื‘ืข, ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืื’ื•ื’,
01:54
a place with one main purpose:
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ืžืงื•ื ืขื ืžื˜ืจื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”:
01:56
to turn a boy into a Spartan warrior
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื™ืœื“ ืœืœื•ื—ื ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™
01:59
through thirteen years of relentless, harsh, and often brutal training.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™.
02:04
The Spartans prized physical perfection above all else,
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ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื• ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,
02:09
and so the students spent a great deal of their time learning how to fight.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืžื ื ื‘ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ืœื—ื.
02:13
To ensure resilience in battle,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘,
02:15
boys were encouraged to fight among themselves,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
02:18
and bullying, unlike today, was acceptable.
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ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.
02:22
In order to better prepare the boys for the conditions of war,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:25
the boys were poorly fed,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
02:27
sometimes even going days without eating.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืžื™ื ืœืœื ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:30
They also were given little in the way of clothing
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“
02:32
so that they could learn to deal with different temperatures.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:35
Spartan boys were encouraged to steal in order to survive,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืœื’ื ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“,
02:39
but if they were caught,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ื ื ื ืชืคืฉื•,
02:40
they would be disciplined,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืขื ืฉื™ื,
02:41
not because they stole, but because they were caught in the act.
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื‘ื•, ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื ืชืคืฉื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื”.
02:45
During the annual contest of endurance
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช
02:48
in a religious ritual known as the diamastigosis,
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ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื“ืชื™ ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ืžืกื˜ื™ื’ื•ืกื™ืก,
02:51
teenage boys were whipped in front of an altar
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขืฉืจื” ื”ื•ื›ื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—
02:53
at the Sanctuary of Artemis Orthia.
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ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืืจื˜ืžื™ืก ืื•ืจืช'ื™ื”.
02:56
It was common for boys to die on the altar of the goddess.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื”.
03:00
Fortunately, not everything was as brutal as that.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืœื ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืœื™ ื›ื–ื”.
03:03
Young Spartans were also taught how to read,
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ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื• ื’ื ืื™ืš ืœืงืจื•ื,
03:06
write,
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘,
03:07
and dance,
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ื•ืœืจืงื•ื“,
03:08
which taught them graceful control of their movements
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ืžื” ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
03:11
and helped them in combat.
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ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืงืจื‘.
03:12
While the responsibilities for the girls of Sparta were different,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:15
the high standards of excellence
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ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช
03:17
and expectation to serve Sparta with their lives remained the same.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ืกืคืจื˜ื” ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื• ื–ื”ื•ืช.
03:22
Spartan girls lived at home with their mothers as they attended school.
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ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื˜ื” ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืื™ืžื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:25
Their curriculum included the arts,
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ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืœืœื• ืืžื ื•ืช,
03:27
music,
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ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”,
03:28
dance,
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ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
03:29
reading,
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ืงืจื™ืื”,
03:30
and writing.
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ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
03:31
And to stay in peak physical condition, they learned a variety of sports,
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
03:35
such as discus,
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ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืก,
03:36
javelin,
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ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ,
03:37
and horseback riding.
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ื•ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื.
03:39
In Sparta, it was believed that only strong and capable women
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ื‘ืกืคืจื˜ื”, ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉืจืง ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ืงื•ืช
03:42
could bear children that would one day become strong and capable warriors.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืœื•ื—ื ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช.
03:47
To all Spartans, men and women,
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ืœื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™ื, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื,
03:50
perhaps the most important lesson from Spartan school
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืกืคืจื˜ื ื™
03:53
was allegiance to Sparta.
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ื”ื™ื” ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื˜ื”.
03:55
To die for their city-state was seen as the completion of one's duty to Sparta.
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ืœืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืกืคืจื˜ื”.
03:59
Upon their death,
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ืขื ืžื•ืชื,
04:01
only men who died in battle and women who died in childbirth
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ืจืง ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื”
04:04
were given tombstones.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช.
04:07
In the eyes of their countrymen, both died so that Sparta could live.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืืจืฆื, ื”ื ืžืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืกืคืจื˜ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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