The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

412,715 views ใƒป 2013-11-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: benyamin zinshtein
00:07
Every chicken was once an egg,
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ื›ืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื”,
00:09
every oak tree an acorn,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ื‘ืœื•ื˜,
00:11
every frog a tadpole.
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ื›ืœ ืฆืคืจื“ืข ืจืืฉืŸ.
00:13
The patch of mold on that old piece of bread
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:15
in the back of your fridge,
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจืจ ืฉืœื›ื,
00:16
not so long ago that was one, solitary cell.
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ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
00:19
Even you were once but a gleam
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืคืขื ืจืง ื ืฆื ื•ืฅ
00:21
in your parents' eyes.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื›ื.
00:24
All these organisms share
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
00:26
the same basic goal:
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช:
00:27
to perpetuate their own existence.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื”ื.
00:31
All lifeforms that we've discovered so far
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ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
00:33
stay alive by using
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ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™
00:35
basically the same rules, materials, and machinery.
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ืื•ืชื ื—ื•ืงื™ื, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
00:38
Imagine a factory full of robots.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืคืขืœ ืžืœื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
00:41
These robots have two missions:
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ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช:
00:43
one, keep the factory running,
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ืื—ืช, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“,
00:44
and two, when the time is right,
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข,
00:45
set up an entirely new factory.
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ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืคืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
00:49
To do those things,
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00:49
they need assembly instructions,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ื”,
00:51
raw materials,
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื,
00:52
plenty of energy,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
00:54
a few rules about when to work normally,
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ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
00:56
when to work quickly,
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ืžืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ,
00:57
or when to stop,
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ืื• ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง,
00:58
and some exchange currencies
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ื•ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ
00:59
because even robots need to get paid.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืฉืœื•ื.
01:02
Each factory has a high security office with blueprints
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ื›ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉืจื“ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
01:05
for all the possible factory configurations
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ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช
01:08
and complete sets of instructions
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ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:09
to make all the different types of robots
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
01:11
a factory could ever need.
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ืฉื”ืžืคืขืœ ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš.
01:13
Special robots photocopy these instructions
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
01:15
and send them off
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
01:16
to help make the building blocks of more robots.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:19
Their colleagues assemble those parts
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื
01:21
into still more robots,
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ืœืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
01:23
which are transported
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ืฉืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื
01:24
to the right location in the factory
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ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ
01:25
and given the tools they need to start working.
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ื•ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
01:28
Every robot draws energy
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ื›ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฆื•ืจืš ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:30
from the central power plant,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ,
01:32
a giant furnace that can burn regular fuel
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ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ืขื ืง ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื“ืœืงื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื
01:34
but also scrap materials
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ืื’ืœ ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืคืกื•ืœืช
01:36
if not enough regular fuel is available.
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื“ืœืง ื–ืžื™ืŸ.
01:39
Certain zones in the factory
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ
01:41
have harsher working conditions,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื ืื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:42
so these areas are walled off.
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ืื– ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
01:44
But the robots inside can at least communicate
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ
01:46
with the rest of the factory
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ืขื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืคืขืœ
01:48
through specialized portals
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ื“ืจืš ืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
01:49
embedded directly into the walls.
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ืฉืžื•ื˜ืžืขื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช.
01:52
And as you've probably figured out,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื,
01:53
what we're describing here
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื™ื ืคื”
01:55
is a cell.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื.
01:56
The high security office is the nucleus.
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ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ.
01:59
It stores the blueprints and instructions
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
02:00
as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
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ื›ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื“ืงืกื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืงืœื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• DNA,
02:03
The photocopied instructions are RNA.
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ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืชืงื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื” RNA.
02:06
The robots themselves are mostly proteins
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:08
built from amino acids,
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ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•,
02:09
but they'll often use special tools
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื
02:11
that are, or are derived from,
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ืฉื”ื, ืื• ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื,
02:13
vitamins and minerals.
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ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.
02:15
The walls between factory zones
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ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืขืœ
02:16
and around the factory itself
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ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•
02:18
are mostly made up of lipids,
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ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืคื™ื“ื™ื,
02:20
a.k.a. fats.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื’ื ื›ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื.
02:22
In most organisms,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
02:23
the primary fuel source are sugars,
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ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื,
02:25
but in a pinch,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ,
02:26
fats and proteins can be broken down
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ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืงื™ื
02:27
and burned in the furnace as well.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืจืฃ ื‘ื›ื‘ืฉืŸ ื’ื ื”ื.
02:30
The portals are membrane proteins
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ื”ืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืžืžื‘ืจื ื”
02:32
which allow very specific materials and information
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืข
02:34
to pass through the walls at the right times.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
02:37
Many interactions between robot proteins
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:39
require some kind of push,
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ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ืคื”,
02:41
think robot minimum wage.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื.
02:43
A few small but crucial forms of money
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ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ
02:46
are transferred between proteins
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ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:47
to provide this push.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื”.
02:49
Electrons, protons, oxygen, and phosphate groups
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื
02:52
are the main chemical currencies,
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ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื™ื™ื,
02:54
and they're kept in small molecular wallets
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ื•ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื ืงื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
02:56
or larger tote bags to keep them safe.
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ืื• ืชื™ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
02:59
This is biochemistry,
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ื–ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”,
03:01
the study of how every part of the factory
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ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืคืขืœ
03:03
interacts to keep your life running smoothly
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ืžืชืงืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืง
03:06
in the face of extreme challenges.
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ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื.
03:08
Maybe there's too much fuel;
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ืœืง;
03:10
your body will store the excess as glycogen or fat.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ื›ื’ืœื™ืงื•ื’ืŸ ืื• ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:13
Maybe there's not enough;
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง;
03:14
your body will use up those energy reserves.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจื–ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
03:17
Maybe a virus or bacteria tries to invade;
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ืื•ืœื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืื• ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืœื•ืฉ;
03:19
your body will mobilize the immune system.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื ื™ืข ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
03:22
Maybe you touched something hot or sharp;
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื’ืขืชื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื ืื• ื—ื“;
03:24
your nerves will let you know so you can stop.
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ืœื›ื ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
03:26
Maybe it's time to create a new cell
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื—ื“ืฉ
03:29
or a new person.
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ืื• ืื“ื ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:31
Amazingly, oak trees, chickens, frogs,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ืืœื•ื ื™ื, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื,
03:34
and, yes, even you
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืชื
03:36
share so many of the same
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ืชื
03:37
basic robot and factory designs
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ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžืคืขืœ
03:39
that biochemists can learn a lot
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”
03:41
about all of them
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ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื
03:42
all at the same time.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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