The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton
生命的運作機制 - 喬治.柴丹(George Zaidan)和查爾斯. 莫頓(Charles Morton)
411,248 views ・ 2013-11-11
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譯者: 盧 曉天
審譯者: Hao-Wei Chang
00:07
Every chicken was once an egg,
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每隻雞都曾是蛋
00:09
every oak tree an acorn,
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每棵橡樹都曾是松果
00:11
every frog a tadpole.
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每隻青蛙都曾是科蚪
00:13
The patch of mold on that old piece of bread
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塞在你家冰箱裡
00:15
in the back of your fridge,
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麵包上的霉
00:16
not so long ago that was one, solitary cell.
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最早也是一顆細胞
00:19
Even you were once but a gleam
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你也曾是
00:21
in your parents' eyes.
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父母身上的一顆細胞
00:24
All these organisms share
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所有生物
00:26
the same basic goal:
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都有同樣的目標
00:27
to perpetuate their own existence.
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就是延續他們的生命
00:31
All lifeforms that we've discovered so far
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目前我們發現的所有生物
00:33
stay alive by using
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都是靠著
00:35
basically the same rules, materials, and machinery.
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大部分同樣的規則、物質,和機制
00:38
Imagine a factory full of robots.
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想像一個充滿機器人的工廠
00:41
These robots have two missions:
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這些機器人有兩個任務
00:43
one, keep the factory running,
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一、保持工廠運轉
00:44
and two, when the time is right,
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二、時機恰當時
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set up an entirely new factory.
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開另一個全新的工廠
00:49
To do those things,
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00:49
they need assembly instructions,
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要做到這些
他們需要組裝的指示
00:51
raw materials,
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資源
00:52
plenty of energy,
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能量
00:54
a few rules about when to work normally,
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有些規則
規範如合正常運作
00:56
when to work quickly,
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何時加快速進行
00:57
or when to stop,
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或停止時機
00:58
and some exchange currencies
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他們也需要一些貨幣
00:59
because even robots need to get paid.
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因為機器人也要工資
01:02
Each factory has a high security office with blueprints
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每個工廠會有一個
警衛森嚴的辦公室
01:05
for all the possible factory configurations
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放著建設工廠結構的藍圖
01:08
and complete sets of instructions
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和製造工廠內
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to make all the different types of robots
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所需各式機器人
01:11
a factory could ever need.
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的建造資訊
01:13
Special robots photocopy these instructions
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有些機器人負責複印這些指令
01:15
and send them off
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並把它們發遞出去
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to help make the building blocks of more robots.
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讓工廠製作新的機器人
01:19
Their colleagues assemble those parts
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他們的同事會組裝這些零件
01:21
into still more robots,
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製造更多的機器人
01:23
which are transported
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這些機器人會被運到
01:24
to the right location in the factory
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正確的工廠位置
01:25
and given the tools they need to start working.
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並會給與適當的工具
01:28
Every robot draws energy
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每個機器人會從
01:30
from the central power plant,
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中央能源汲取能源
01:32
a giant furnace that can burn regular fuel
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那像是一個巨大、
需要常規燃料的火爐
01:34
but also scrap materials
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若能源不夠
01:36
if not enough regular fuel is available.
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會燃燒非常規的燃料
01:39
Certain zones in the factory
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有些工廠裡的部門
01:41
have harsher working conditions,
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有非常艱辛和危險的工作條件
01:42
so these areas are walled off.
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所以這些部門會被獨立出來
01:44
But the robots inside can at least communicate
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但在危險部門的機器人仍可以
01:46
with the rest of the factory
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藉由嵌在牆上的
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through specialized portals
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特殊窗口
01:49
embedded directly into the walls.
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和其他工廠部門連繫
01:52
And as you've probably figured out,
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你應該已經想到
01:53
what we're describing here
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我們在描述的
01:55
is a cell.
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是一個細胞
01:56
The high security office is the nucleus.
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那個警衛森嚴的辦公室是細胞核
01:59
It stores the blueprints and instructions
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那裡有藍圖和指示
02:00
as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
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也就是去氧核糖核酸 (DNA)
02:03
The photocopied instructions are RNA.
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複製出來的指令是 RNA
02:06
The robots themselves are mostly proteins
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那些機器人大多是
02:08
built from amino acids,
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由氨基酸構成的蛋白質
02:09
but they'll often use special tools
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他們通常需要使用
02:11
that are, or are derived from,
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維他命或礦物質
02:13
vitamins and minerals.
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或由維他命或礦物質製成的工具
02:15
The walls between factory zones
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那些分開部門
02:16
and around the factory itself
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和圍繞工廠的牆
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are mostly made up of lipids,
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是由脂類做的
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a.k.a. fats.
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也就是油脂
02:22
In most organisms,
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在大部分的生物裡
02:23
the primary fuel source are sugars,
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最主要的能源來自於醣
02:25
but in a pinch,
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匱乏時
02:26
fats and proteins can be broken down
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油脂和蛋白質也可以分解
02:27
and burned in the furnace as well.
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並提供能源
02:30
The portals are membrane proteins
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那些窗口就是細胞蛋白
02:32
which allow very specific materials and information
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只讓特定的物質和資料
02:34
to pass through the walls at the right times.
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進出細胞模
02:37
Many interactions between robot proteins
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很多蛋白質機器人間的互動
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require some kind of push,
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需要一點動力
02:41
think robot minimum wage.
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這好像是機器人的最低工資
02:43
A few small but crucial forms of money
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一些便宜、必須的花費
02:46
are transferred between proteins
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會在蛋白質間進行交換
02:47
to provide this push.
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來換得所需的動力
02:49
Electrons, protons, oxygen, and phosphate groups
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電子、質子、氧、磷酸根
(譯註:生化反應中磷酸根多來自 ATP)
02:52
are the main chemical currencies,
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是最主要的貨幣
02:54
and they're kept in small molecular wallets
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他們被放在小小的錢包分子
02:56
or larger tote bags to keep them safe.
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或安全保管在一個大手提包中
02:59
This is biochemistry,
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這就是生物化學
03:01
the study of how every part of the factory
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研究工廠的每一部分
03:03
interacts to keep your life running smoothly
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要如何在非常危險的情況下
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in the face of extreme challenges.
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也能完美運作
03:08
Maybe there's too much fuel;
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可能有太多能源
03:10
your body will store the excess as glycogen or fat.
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身體會把多餘的醣
轉換成肝醣或油脂儲存
03:13
Maybe there's not enough;
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能量不夠時
03:14
your body will use up those energy reserves.
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你的身體就會啟用備用能源
03:17
Maybe a virus or bacteria tries to invade;
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當病毒或細菌想要入侵時
03:19
your body will mobilize the immune system.
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你身體的免疫系統會啟動
03:22
Maybe you touched something hot or sharp;
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你可能摸了尖銳或滾燙的物品
03:24
your nerves will let you know so you can stop.
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神經會告訴你要收手
03:26
Maybe it's time to create a new cell
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也可能是該要
生成一個新的細胞
03:29
or a new person.
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或新生命
03:31
Amazingly, oak trees, chickens, frogs,
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驚人的是:橡樹、雞、青蛙
03:34
and, yes, even you
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甚至是你
03:36
share so many of the same
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都有很多相似的
03:37
basic robot and factory designs
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機器人和工廠設計
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that biochemists can learn a lot
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這些都是
03:41
about all of them
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生物化學家可以從中
03:42
all at the same time.
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研究學習的地方
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