The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

生命的運作機制 - 喬治.柴丹(George Zaidan)和查爾斯. 莫頓(Charles Morton)

411,248 views

2013-11-11 ・ TED-Ed


New videos

The operating system of life - George Zaidan and Charles Morton

生命的運作機制 - 喬治.柴丹(George Zaidan)和查爾斯. 莫頓(Charles Morton)

411,248 views ・ 2013-11-11

TED-Ed


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: 盧 曉天 審譯者: Hao-Wei Chang
00:07
Every chicken was once an egg,
0
7542
2090
每隻雞都曾是蛋
00:09
every oak tree an acorn,
1
9632
1943
每棵橡樹都曾是松果
00:11
every frog a tadpole.
2
11575
1998
每隻青蛙都曾是科蚪
00:13
The patch of mold on that old piece of bread
3
13573
1710
塞在你家冰箱裡
00:15
in the back of your fridge,
4
15283
1452
麵包上的霉
00:16
not so long ago that was one, solitary cell.
5
16735
3046
最早也是一顆細胞
00:19
Even you were once but a gleam
6
19781
1788
你也曾是
00:21
in your parents' eyes.
7
21569
2173
父母身上的一顆細胞
00:24
All these organisms share
8
24818
1528
所有生物
00:26
the same basic goal:
9
26346
1628
都有同樣的目標
00:27
to perpetuate their own existence.
10
27974
2659
就是延續他們的生命
00:31
All lifeforms that we've discovered so far
11
31448
2521
目前我們發現的所有生物
00:33
stay alive by using
12
33969
1209
都是靠著
00:35
basically the same rules, materials, and machinery.
13
35178
3547
大部分同樣的規則、物質,和機制
00:38
Imagine a factory full of robots.
14
38725
3215
想像一個充滿機器人的工廠
00:41
These robots have two missions:
15
41940
1088
這些機器人有兩個任務
00:43
one, keep the factory running,
16
43028
1544
一、保持工廠運轉
00:44
and two, when the time is right,
17
44572
1355
二、時機恰當時
00:45
set up an entirely new factory.
18
45927
2557
開另一個全新的工廠
00:49
To do those things,
19
49114
669
00:49
they need assembly instructions,
20
49783
1972
要做到這些
他們需要組裝的指示
00:51
raw materials,
21
51755
1107
資源
00:52
plenty of energy,
22
52862
1167
能量
00:54
a few rules about when to work normally,
23
54029
1974
有些規則 規範如合正常運作
00:56
when to work quickly,
24
56003
1008
何時加快速進行
00:57
or when to stop,
25
57011
1026
或停止時機
00:58
and some exchange currencies
26
58037
1590
他們也需要一些貨幣
00:59
because even robots need to get paid.
27
59627
2960
因為機器人也要工資
01:02
Each factory has a high security office with blueprints
28
62587
2705
每個工廠會有一個 警衛森嚴的辦公室
01:05
for all the possible factory configurations
29
65292
2968
放著建設工廠結構的藍圖
01:08
and complete sets of instructions
30
68260
1381
和製造工廠內
01:09
to make all the different types of robots
31
69641
1869
所需各式機器人
01:11
a factory could ever need.
32
71510
2283
的建造資訊
01:13
Special robots photocopy these instructions
33
73793
2178
有些機器人負責複印這些指令
01:15
and send them off
34
75971
872
並把它們發遞出去
01:16
to help make the building blocks of more robots.
35
76843
2626
讓工廠製作新的機器人
01:19
Their colleagues assemble those parts
36
79469
1624
他們的同事會組裝這些零件
01:21
into still more robots,
37
81093
2335
製造更多的機器人
01:23
which are transported
38
83428
828
這些機器人會被運到
01:24
to the right location in the factory
39
84256
1583
正確的工廠位置
01:25
and given the tools they need to start working.
40
85839
3055
並會給與適當的工具
01:28
Every robot draws energy
41
88894
1367
每個機器人會從
01:30
from the central power plant,
42
90261
1887
中央能源汲取能源
01:32
a giant furnace that can burn regular fuel
43
92148
2543
那像是一個巨大、 需要常規燃料的火爐
01:34
but also scrap materials
44
94691
1366
若能源不夠
01:36
if not enough regular fuel is available.
45
96057
2854
會燃燒非常規的燃料
01:39
Certain zones in the factory
46
99895
1317
有些工廠裡的部門
01:41
have harsher working conditions,
47
101212
1582
有非常艱辛和危險的工作條件
01:42
so these areas are walled off.
48
102794
1829
所以這些部門會被獨立出來
01:44
But the robots inside can at least communicate
49
104623
2252
但在危險部門的機器人仍可以
01:46
with the rest of the factory
50
106875
1170
藉由嵌在牆上的
01:48
through specialized portals
51
108045
1409
特殊窗口
01:49
embedded directly into the walls.
52
109454
2010
和其他工廠部門連繫
01:52
And as you've probably figured out,
53
112433
1290
你應該已經想到
01:53
what we're describing here
54
113723
1418
我們在描述的
01:55
is a cell.
55
115141
1288
是一個細胞
01:56
The high security office is the nucleus.
56
116429
2606
那個警衛森嚴的辦公室是細胞核
01:59
It stores the blueprints and instructions
57
119035
1357
那裡有藍圖和指示
02:00
as deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA.
58
120392
3123
也就是去氧核糖核酸 (DNA)
02:03
The photocopied instructions are RNA.
59
123515
2711
複製出來的指令是 RNA
02:06
The robots themselves are mostly proteins
60
126226
2211
那些機器人大多是
02:08
built from amino acids,
61
128437
1415
由氨基酸構成的蛋白質
02:09
but they'll often use special tools
62
129852
1557
他們通常需要使用
02:11
that are, or are derived from,
63
131409
1818
維他命或礦物質
02:13
vitamins and minerals.
64
133227
1818
或由維他命或礦物質製成的工具
02:15
The walls between factory zones
65
135045
1818
那些分開部門
02:16
and around the factory itself
66
136863
1470
和圍繞工廠的牆
02:18
are mostly made up of lipids,
67
138333
1707
是由脂類做的
02:20
a.k.a. fats.
68
140040
2044
也就是油脂
02:22
In most organisms,
69
142084
1290
在大部分的生物裡
02:23
the primary fuel source are sugars,
70
143374
2081
最主要的能源來自於醣
02:25
but in a pinch,
71
145455
830
匱乏時
02:26
fats and proteins can be broken down
72
146285
1669
油脂和蛋白質也可以分解
02:27
and burned in the furnace as well.
73
147954
2312
並提供能源
02:30
The portals are membrane proteins
74
150266
2083
那些窗口就是細胞蛋白
02:32
which allow very specific materials and information
75
152349
2498
只讓特定的物質和資料
02:34
to pass through the walls at the right times.
76
154847
2942
進出細胞模
02:37
Many interactions between robot proteins
77
157789
1766
很多蛋白質機器人間的互動
02:39
require some kind of push,
78
159555
2122
需要一點動力
02:41
think robot minimum wage.
79
161677
2246
這好像是機器人的最低工資
02:43
A few small but crucial forms of money
80
163923
2270
一些便宜、必須的花費
02:46
are transferred between proteins
81
166193
1790
會在蛋白質間進行交換
02:47
to provide this push.
82
167983
1828
來換得所需的動力
02:49
Electrons, protons, oxygen, and phosphate groups
83
169811
3128
電子、質子、氧、磷酸根 (譯註:生化反應中磷酸根多來自 ATP)
02:52
are the main chemical currencies,
84
172939
1547
是最主要的貨幣
02:54
and they're kept in small molecular wallets
85
174486
2126
他們被放在小小的錢包分子
02:56
or larger tote bags to keep them safe.
86
176612
2906
或安全保管在一個大手提包中
02:59
This is biochemistry,
87
179979
1804
這就是生物化學
03:01
the study of how every part of the factory
88
181783
1957
研究工廠的每一部分
03:03
interacts to keep your life running smoothly
89
183740
2502
要如何在非常危險的情況下
03:06
in the face of extreme challenges.
90
186242
2580
也能完美運作
03:08
Maybe there's too much fuel;
91
188822
1508
可能有太多能源
03:10
your body will store the excess as glycogen or fat.
92
190330
3180
身體會把多餘的醣 轉換成肝醣或油脂儲存
03:13
Maybe there's not enough;
93
193510
1105
能量不夠時
03:14
your body will use up those energy reserves.
94
194615
2507
你的身體就會啟用備用能源
03:17
Maybe a virus or bacteria tries to invade;
95
197122
2468
當病毒或細菌想要入侵時
03:19
your body will mobilize the immune system.
96
199590
2548
你身體的免疫系統會啟動
03:22
Maybe you touched something hot or sharp;
97
202138
1984
你可能摸了尖銳或滾燙的物品
03:24
your nerves will let you know so you can stop.
98
204122
2845
神經會告訴你要收手
03:26
Maybe it's time to create a new cell
99
206967
2720
也可能是該要 生成一個新的細胞
03:29
or a new person.
100
209687
1555
或新生命
03:31
Amazingly, oak trees, chickens, frogs,
101
211843
2726
驚人的是:橡樹、雞、青蛙
03:34
and, yes, even you
102
214569
1533
甚至是你
03:36
share so many of the same
103
216102
1544
都有很多相似的
03:37
basic robot and factory designs
104
217646
2248
機器人和工廠設計
03:39
that biochemists can learn a lot
105
219894
1747
這些都是
03:41
about all of them
106
221641
1270
生物化學家可以從中
03:42
all at the same time.
107
222911
2291
研究學習的地方
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7