Could we actually live on Mars? - Mari Foroutan

2,039,230 views ใƒป 2015-08-24

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
So, you're thinking of moving to Mars.
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ืื–. ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืื“ื™ื.
00:12
Have you picked out a spot for your new home?
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ื”ืื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื›ื?
00:15
No? Well, I'm here to help.
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ืœื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืคื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
00:19
First things first,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:20
here are some of the things you'll need to bring to The Red Planet:
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื:
00:23
a high tolerance for cold, loneliness, and radiation;
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ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืœืงื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”;
00:29
a lifetime supply of breathable air and food;
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ืืกืคืงื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื™ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ;
00:32
a multibillion dollar spaceship;
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ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื;
00:35
a desire to just get away from it all;
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ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื›ืœ;
00:37
and water.
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ื•ืžื™ื.
00:39
You're definitely going to need water.
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ืืชื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืžื™ื.
00:43
So what sort of real estate are you looking for?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื?
00:46
How about a mansion in the maze-like Noctis Labyrinthus?
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ืžื” ืขื ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื ื•ืงื˜ื•ืก ืœื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ืก ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš?
00:50
A hideaway in the Happy Face Crater?
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ืžืงื•ื ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื›ืชืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื—ื•ืช?
00:52
A fortress on the Face Mesa?
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ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžื–ื”?
00:56
An oceanview?
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ื ื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก?
00:57
Uh, bad news on the last one.
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ืื”, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
01:00
You're about 4 billion years late.
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ืื™ื—ืจืชื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:04
We're pretty sure that Mars used to have oceans, lakes, rivers,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื, ืื’ืžื™ื, ื ื”ืจื•ืช,
01:07
the whole package.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
01:09
But over time, almost all of it froze beneath the surface,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืงืคืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—,
01:13
or evaporated off into space.
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ืื• ื”ืชืื“ื• ืœื—ืœืœ.
01:16
There's probably still some trapped beneath
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื ืจืื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฆืช ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช
01:19
the seasonally expanding and contracting carbon dioxide ice caps, though.
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ืœื›ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืจื— ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืขื ื–ืืช.
01:25
So what might Mars look like today if it had surface water?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—?
01:29
That, of course, depends on how much we're talking about,
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ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
01:32
but maybe something like this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
01:34
The relatively flat northern hemisphere is below the average elevation,
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื ืžืฆื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:39
so it would become one giant ocean,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืขืฆื•ื,
01:41
while the crater-ridden southern hemisphere
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื
01:43
would stay mostly high and dry.
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ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ.
01:47
That difference between hemispheres is a bit bizarre,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
01:50
and we don't know why it's like that.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืš.
01:52
The southern half is probably much older,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ื›ื ืจืื” ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
01:55
judging by features like the number of craters,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื,
01:57
and the evidence of increased volcanic activity in the north.
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ื•ื”ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
02:02
Okay, so who knows?
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข?
02:04
Maybe one day Mars will have oceans again,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื‘,
02:06
but for now, what we've got is essentially one giant dusty desert.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืง ืžืื•ื‘ืง.
02:11
In fact, it's similar enough to deserts on Earth,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:14
that we've been able to learn a great deal about Mars on our home planet.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžืื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:19
For instance, Martian sand dunes form and behave
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
02:22
similarly to our sand dunes,
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:24
though the Martian versions often grow twice as large
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืคื•ืœ
02:28
thanks to a gravitational pull that's about a third as strong as ours.
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
02:33
And Mars has some features you won't see on Earth,
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ื•ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืœื ืชืจืื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:36
like tars, which are crestless sand dunes up to fifteen meters tall,
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ื›ืžื• ื˜ืืจื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืคืกื’ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
02:41
whose formations we have yet to understand.
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ืฉืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
02:44
You're probably wondering,
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ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ืชื•ื”ื™ื,
02:46
"What do you get when you combine a planet-wide desert
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"ืžื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘
02:48
with an atmosphere that, like ours,
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ืขื ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ื•,
02:51
is subject to wind-generating pressure differentials, dust storms?"
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ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฉื™ ืœื—ืฅ, ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ?"
02:56
These will be your main weather hazards on the Red Planet.
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ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื.
02:59
They play a large part in making the planet red
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ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœืื“ื•ื
03:02
by distributing rusted iron particles across the surface and into the air.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื—ืœื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ.
03:07
Thanks to the low gravity and lack of moisture,
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ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืœื—ื•ืช,
03:09
these dust storms can last for months and cover the planet.
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ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืง ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:14
So, you might want to build your home as high as possible.
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ืื–, ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื›ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
03:19
Well, look no further.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืืœ ืชืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ.
03:21
This is Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the Solar System.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื•ืก ืžื•ื ืก, ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
03:27
Even if Mars had a breathable atmosphere,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
03:29
you'd find the views from the 25 kilometer summit breathtaking.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื‘ืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 25 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
03:34
Or are volcanos not your thing?
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ืื• ืฉื”ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื?
03:36
Then how about Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in the Solar System?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขื ื•ื•ืืœืก ืžืจื™ื ืจื™ืก, ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ?
03:41
It's so wide that from one side,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“,
03:44
the opposite rim would be below the curve of the horizon.
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ื”ื’ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื•ืคืง.
03:48
Still, you'll catch some spectacular blue sunsets in the normally red sky,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืชื ืชืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืงื™ืขื•ืช ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ,
03:53
which gets its color from the dust absorbing most of the blue light,
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืžื”ืื‘ืง ืฉืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ,
03:57
and the way sunlight is scattered by the atmosphere.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ืžืชืคื–ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
04:01
Have you got spirit, curiosity, or are you just looking for opportunity?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ืื• ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช?
04:06
Then stop stalling and make the move to Mars today.
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ืื– ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืชืžื”ืžื” ื•ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:10
Mars: Redder than Ever.
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ืžืื“ื™ื: ืื“ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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