How to stay calm under pressure - Noa Kageyama and Pen-Pen Chen

7,632,397 views ใƒป 2018-05-21

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Your favorite athlete closes in for a victorious win.
0
6825
3663
ื”ืืชืœื˜ื™ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
00:10
The crowd holds its breath,
1
10488
1808
ื”ืงื”ืœ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื•,
00:12
and, at the crucial moment, she misses the shot.
2
12296
3359
ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ื”ื™ื ืžืคืกืคืกืช ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื”.
00:15
That competitor just experienced the phenomenon known as "choking,"
3
15655
3806
ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ืดื ื—ื ืงื” ืžืœื—ืฅืด
00:19
where despite months, even years, of practice,
4
19461
2764
ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
00:22
a person fails right when it matters most.
5
22225
2735
ืื“ื ื›ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
00:24
Choking is common in sports,
6
24960
1628
ืœื”ื™ื—ื ืง ืžืœื—ืฅ ื–ื• ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜,
00:26
where performance often occurs under intense pressure
7
26588
3118
ื‘ื• ืกืคื•ืจื˜ืื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:29
and depends on key moments.
8
29706
1860
ื•ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืžืคืชื—.
00:31
And yet, performance anxiety also haunts public speakers,
9
31566
3970
ืื‘ืœ ื—ืจื“ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ื’ื ืžืจืฆื™ื,
00:35
contestants in spelling bees,
10
35536
1921
ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืช,
00:37
and even world-famous musicians.
11
37457
2291
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื.
00:39
Most people intuitively blame it on their nerves,
12
39748
3048
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
00:42
but why does being nervous undermine expert performance?
13
42796
4090
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื?
00:46
There are two sets of theories,
14
46886
1800
ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช,
00:48
which both say that primarily, choking under pressure boils down to focus.
15
48686
5581
ืฉืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื—ื ืง ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื“.
00:54
First, there are the distraction theories.
16
54267
2879
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกื—ื”.
00:57
These suggest that performance suffers when the mind is preoccupied
17
57146
3590
ื”ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื ืคื’ืขื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื—
01:00
with worries, doubts, or fears,
18
60736
2109
ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช, ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืคื—ื“ื™ื
01:02
instead of focusing its attention on performing the task at hand.
19
62845
4830
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
01:07
When relevant and irrelevant thoughts compete for the same attention,
20
67675
3461
ื›ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘,
01:11
something has to give.
21
71136
2052
ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
01:13
The brain can only process so much information at once.
22
73188
3498
ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืจืง ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข.
01:16
Tasks that challenge working memory,
23
76686
2100
ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:18
the mental โ€œscratch padโ€ we use
24
78786
1890
ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื
01:20
to temporarily store phone numbers and grocery lists,
25
80676
3099
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงื ื™ื•ืช,
01:23
are especially vulnerable to pressure.
26
83775
3119
ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ.
01:26
In a 2004 study, a group of university students
27
86894
3431
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืž 2004, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”
01:30
were asked to perform math problems,
28
90325
1893
ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ,
01:32
some easy, others more complex and memory-intensive.
29
92218
3969
ื—ืœืง ืงืœื•ืช, ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืืžืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
01:36
Half the students completed both problem types with nothing at stake,
30
96187
4450
ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
01:40
while the others completed them when calm and under pressure.
31
100637
4348
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ.
01:44
While everyone did well on the easy problems,
32
104985
2540
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื•ืช,
01:47
those who were stressed performed worse
33
107525
2052
ืืœื” ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื
01:49
on the more difficult, memory-intensive tasks.
34
109577
2809
ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช, ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘.
01:52
Explicit monitoring theories make up the second group of explanations
35
112386
4050
ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
01:56
for choking under pressure.
36
116436
1680
ืœื—ื ืง ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ.
01:58
Theyโ€™re concerned with how pressure
37
118116
1355
ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฅ
01:59
can cause people to overanalyze the task at hand.
38
119471
3705
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืคื ื™ื”ื.
02:03
Here, the logic goes that once a skill becomes automatic,
39
123176
3531
ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช,
02:06
thinking about its precise mechanics interferes with your ability to do it.
40
126707
4634
ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืฉืœื” ืžืคืจื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื•.
02:11
Tasks we do unconsciously seem to be most vulnerable to this kind of choking.
41
131341
5314
ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ืง.
02:16
A study on competitive golfers compared their performance
42
136655
3350
ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื
02:20
when instructed to simply focus on putting as accurately as possible,
43
140005
3931
ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง,
02:23
versus when they were primed to be acutely aware
44
143936
2941
ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
02:26
of the mechanics of their putting stroke.
45
146877
2449
ืœืžื›ืื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
02:29
Golfers usually perform this action subconsciously,
46
149326
3141
ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชืช ื”ื›ืจืชื™ืช,
02:32
so those who suddenly tuned in to the precise details of their own moves
47
152467
4080
ืื– ืืœื” ืฉืคืชืื•ื ืฉืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:36
also became worse at making accurate shots.
48
156547
3365
ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช.
02:39
Choking may not be inevitable for everyone though.
49
159912
2875
ืื‘ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื—ื ืงื™ื.
02:42
Research suggests that some are more susceptible than others,
50
162787
3379
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื,
02:46
especially those who are self-conscious,
51
166166
2000
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื,
02:48
anxious,
52
168166
1055
ื—ืจื“ืชื™ื™ื,
02:49
and afraid of being judged negatively by others.
53
169221
2871
ื•ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื˜ ืœืฉืœื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:52
So, how can we avoid choking when it really counts?
54
172092
3294
ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื ืง ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“?
02:55
First, it helps to practice under stressful conditions.
55
175386
3541
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ืชื—ืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
02:58
In a study on expert dart players,
56
178927
2211
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื—ื™ืฆื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
03:01
researchers found that those who hadnโ€™t practiced under stress
57
181138
3619
ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ
03:04
performed worse when anxious,
58
184757
1937
ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื,
03:06
compared to those who had become accustomed to pressure.
59
186694
3452
ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืจื’ืœื• ืœืœื—ืฅ.
03:10
Secondly, many performers extol the virtues of a pre-performance routine,
60
190146
4971
ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช,
03:15
whether itโ€™s taking a few deep breaths,
61
195117
2389
ื›ืžื• ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช,
03:17
repeating a cue word,
62
197506
1550
ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืžื™ืœืช ืžืคืชื—,
03:19
or doing a rhythmic sequence of movements.
63
199056
2740
ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืจืฆืฃ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืงืฆื‘ื™.
03:21
Studies on golfing, bowling, and water polo
64
201796
2762
ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ, ื›ื“ื•ืจืช, ื•ืคื•ืœื• ืžื™ื
03:24
find that short rituals can lead to more consistent
65
204558
3327
ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื˜ืงืกื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
03:27
and accurate performance under pressure.
66
207885
2332
ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ.
03:30
And thirdly, researchers have shown
67
210217
1781
ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
03:31
that having an external focus on the ultimate goal
68
211998
3228
ืฉืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช
03:35
works better than an internal focus,
69
215226
2310
ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™,
03:37
where someone is tuned into the mechanics of what theyโ€™re doing.
70
217536
3629
ื‘ื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
03:41
A study of experienced golfers revealed that those who hit chip shots
71
221165
3761
ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื
03:44
while focused on the flight of the ball
72
224926
2111
ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ
03:47
performed significantly better than those who focused on the motion of their arms.
73
227037
4419
ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืืœื” ืฉืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช.
03:51
So, perhaps we can modify that age-old saying:
74
231456
3131
ืื–, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ื–ืืช ื›ืš,
03:54
practice,
75
234587
830
ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,
03:55
under pressure,
76
235417
1009
ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฅ,
03:56
with focus,
77
236426
1362
ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ื“,
03:57
and with that glorious end goal in sight,
78
237788
2421
ื•ืขื ืžื˜ืจื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืžืคื•ืืจืช,
04:00
makes perfect.
79
240209
1538
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7