Can other animals understand death? - Barbara J. King

956,851 views ใƒป 2023-07-11

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In 2018, an orca called Tahlequah gave birth.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2018, ืื•ืจืงื” (ื ืงื‘ืช ืงื˜ืœืŸ) ื‘ืฉื ืชื”ืœืงื•ื•ื” ื™ืœื“ื”.
00:11
But her daughter died within an hour.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื” ืžืชื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื”.
00:14
Tahlequah, however, didnโ€™t leave her body.
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ืชื”ืœืงื•ื•ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื”.
00:18
And over the next 17 days and 1,600 kilometers,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 17 ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•-1,600 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
00:24
she kept it afloat atop her own,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื” ืฆืคื” ืžืขืœ ืฉืœื”,
00:27
diving to retrieve the body whenever it slipped away,
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืœืœืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืžืงื”,
00:31
even after it began deteriorating.
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ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ.
00:34
By altering her feeding and travel patterns,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืื›ืœื” uื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”,
00:37
Tahlequahโ€™s behavior was certainly unusual.
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
00:41
But was she mourningโ€” or just confused?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืื‘ืœื” - ืื• ืกืชื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช?
00:45
Do non-human animals grieve?
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ื”ืื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชืื‘ืœื•ืช?
00:48
This question is tricky.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช.
00:50
In 1871, Charles Darwin argued that other animals
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ื‘-1871 ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆโ€™ืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
00:54
experience a wide range of emotions, including grief.
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ื—uื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื‘ืœ.
00:59
But, especially in the absence of a dependable bridge
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื’ืฉืจ ืืžื™ืŸ
01:03
between our minds and theirs,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืœื”i,
01:05
many scientists have long been wary
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื–ื”ืจื• ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ
01:08
of projecting human emotions onto other animals.
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ืžื”ืงืจื ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:12
Itโ€™s also been thought that they might display irregular behaviors after a death
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืกื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ื•ืช
01:17
for other adaptive reasons.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:19
And, for a while, the paradigm was that humans were exceptional:
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ื•ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื”, ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ:
01:25
other animals were reacting and surviving,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื•ืฉืจื“ื•,
01:28
while we alone were thinking and feeling.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื•.
01:32
This conception was increasingly challenged during the 20th century.
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ืชืคื™ืกื” ื–ื• ืื•ืชื’ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
01:37
In 1985, for example, a gorilla called Koko,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ื•ืจื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืงื•,
01:41
who'd been trained to use some signs from American Sign Language,
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
01:45
was told that her kitten companion had died.
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื” ืฉื”ื—ืชืœืชื•ืœ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืžืช.
01:49
She made distress calls, and several weeks later,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
01:52
looking at a photo of another kitten signed โ€œcry,โ€ โ€œsad,โ€ and โ€œfrown.โ€
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชืœืชื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื” โ€œืœื‘ื›ื•ืชโ€œ, โ€œืขืฆื•ื‘โ€ ื•โ€œืœื”ื–ืขื™ืฃ ืคื ื™ืโ€œ.
01:59
Now thereโ€™s a growing pool of data and observations
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช
02:03
suggesting that some animals, including mammals and birds,
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
02:07
might experience what we call grief.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืฆืขืจ.
02:12
In 2003, Eleanor, an elephant matriarch, collapsed.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2003, ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ, ืคื™ืœื” ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ื™ืช, ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื”.
02:18
Within minutes, another matriarch called Grace neared and helped Eleanor stand,
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ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช, ืคื™ืœื” ืื ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืœืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“,
02:24
only for her to fall again.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘. ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”, ืงื•ืœ,
02:26
Grace vocalized, stayed by Eleanorโ€™s side, and tried pushing her back up.
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ื ืฉืืจื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:33
When Eleanor died, a female named Maui approached,
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ื›ืฉืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืชื”, ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืžืื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื”,
02:37
positioned herself over Eleanorโ€™s body, and rocked back and forth.
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ื”ืชืžืงืžื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืชื ื“ื ื“ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”.
02:42
Over the course of one week,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ื“,
02:45
elephants from five different families visited Eleanorโ€™s body.
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ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžื—ืžืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืจื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคืชื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ.
02:49
On separate occasions,
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ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช,
02:51
elephants have been observed carrying the remains of family members,
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ื ืฆืคื• ืคื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
02:55
including jawbones and tusks.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืกืช ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื.
02:59
In 2010, a giraffe was born with a deformed foot and had trouble walking.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2010 ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื’โ€™ื™ืจืคื” ืขื ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœืœื›ืช.
03:05
The calf lived just four weeks.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
03:08
On the day the calf died, 22 other females and four juveniles
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื”, 22 ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
03:14
closely attended and occasionally nuzzled the body.
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ื ื•ื›ื—ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœื™ื˜ืคื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื”.
03:18
On the third morning, the mother was alone and still not eating,
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืื›ืœื”,
03:23
which giraffes usually do constantly.
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ืžื” ืฉื’โ€™ื™ืจืคื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
03:26
Instead, she stayed by her dead calf, even after hyenas ate away at the body.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชื”, ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
03:33
Scientists have also begun quantitatively assessing other animalsโ€™
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
03:38
responses to death.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
03:40
In 2006, researchers analyzed baboon fecal samples for glucocorticoids,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2006, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื ื™ืชื—ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฆื•ืืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืื™ื“ื™ื,
03:46
stress hormones that spike when humans are bereaved.
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ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืกื˜ืจืก ืฉืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื™ื.
03:51
They compared the samples from females who had lost a close relative
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ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื”
03:55
in a predator attack with those who hadnโ€™t.
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ื‘ื”ืชืงืคืช ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืขื ืืœื” ืฉืœื.
03:59
And they found that the glucocorticoid levels of baboons who had
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ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื
04:03
were significantly higher the month following the death.
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ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
04:07
Those baboons then increased their grooming behavior
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ื”ื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืื– ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื
04:11
and the number of their grooming partners,
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ื•ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื,
04:14
broadening and strengthening their social networks.
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ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:17
Within two months, their glucocorticoid levels returned to the baseline.
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ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื, ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืงื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก.
04:23
Researchers have also observed primate mothers engaging in apparently
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืคื• ื’ื ื‘ืืžื”ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ื ืจืื”
04:28
contradictory behaviors while carrying their dead children.
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ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื.
04:32
Like switching between cannibalizing or dragging their childโ€™s corpse
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ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื
04:37
and carefully carrying or grooming it,
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ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืžื˜ืคื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
04:40
suggesting that the mothers were experiencing conflicting impulses
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ื—ื•ื• ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื
04:44
towards the bodies.
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช.
04:47
Our current understanding of the emotional landscapes
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื
04:49
of other animals is severely limited.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืื•ื“.
04:52
To get a better grasp on mourning in the animal kingdom,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:56
we need a lot more research.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืงืจ.
04:59
But where does this leave us for now?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืคื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขืช ืขืชื”?
05:01
Conversations around whether non-human animals experience emotions, like grief,
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืœ,
05:08
can be emotional,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช,
05:10
in part because their outcomes have very real implicationsโ€”
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช-
05:15
like determining if orcas should be isolated and kept in captivity,
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ื›ืžื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ืื•ืจืงื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™,
05:19
or whether dairy cows should be separated from their newborn calves.
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ืื• ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื’ืœื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
05:24
Until we do have more data on the subject,
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
05:27
should we treat non-human animals like they may have the capacity to grieve?
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ?
05:33
Or assume they donโ€™t?
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ืื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื?
05:36
Which belief could cause more harm?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืืžื•ื ื” ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื–ืง?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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