Can other animals understand death? - Barbara J. King

759,094 views ・ 2023-07-11

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Dong Won (Martin) Lim κ²€ν† : Rachel Park
00:06
In 2018, an orca called Tahlequah gave birth.
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2018λ…„, νƒˆλ ˆμ½°λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” λ²”κ³ λž˜κ°€ 아이λ₯Ό λ‚³μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:11
But her daughter died within an hour.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 딸은 νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ 지 ν•œ μ‹œκ°„ λ§Œμ— μ£½μŒμ„ λ§žμ΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:14
Tahlequah, however, didn’t leave her body.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ νƒˆλ ˆμ½°λŠ” μ•„μ΄μ˜ 사체λ₯Ό λ– λ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
And over the next 17 days and 1,600 kilometers,
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그리고 κ·Έλ‹€μŒ 17일, 1600 ν‚¬λ‘œλ―Έν„° λ™μ•ˆ
00:24
she kept it afloat atop her own,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μžμ‹  μœ„μ— μ•„μ΄μ˜ 사체λ₯Ό λ„μ›Œλ‘λ©°,
00:27
diving to retrieve the body whenever it slipped away,
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λ―Έλ„λŸ¬μ§ˆ λ•Œλ©΄ λ‹€μ‹œ μž μˆ˜ν•΄ μ•„μ΄μ˜ 사체λ₯Ό μ‚¬μˆ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
00:31
even after it began deteriorating.
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사체가 λΆ€νŒ¨λ˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ λ‹€μŒμ—λ„ 말이죠.
00:34
By altering her feeding and travel patterns,
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μžμ‹ μ˜ ν‰μ†Œ μ‹μŠ΅κ΄€κ³Ό μ—¬ν–‰ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ°”κΎΈλ©°,
00:37
Tahlequah’s behavior was certainly unusual.
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νƒˆλ ˆμ½°μ˜ 행동은 ν‰μ†Œμ™€λŠ” ν™•μ—°νžˆ λ‹¬λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
But was she mourningβ€” or just confused?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μŠ¬νΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
ν˜Ήμ€ κ·Έμ € ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μ› λ˜ κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:45
Do non-human animals grieve?
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μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ•„λ‹Œ 동물듀 λ˜ν•œ μŠ¬νΌν• κΉŒμš”?
00:48
This question is tricky.
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이 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 맀우 κΉŒλ‹€λ‘­μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
In 1871, Charles Darwin argued that other animals
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1871λ…„, 찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀은
00:54
experience a wide range of emotions, including grief.
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μŠ¬ν””μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 감정을 λŠλ‚€λ‹€κ³  μ£Όμž₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
But, especially in the absence of a dependable bridge
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 우리의 마음과 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 마음 사이에
01:03
between our minds and theirs,
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μ‹ λ’°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ†Œν†΅μ˜ λΆ€μž¬κ°€ μžˆμŒμ„
01:05
many scientists have long been wary
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λ§Žμ€ κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„ λ™μ•ˆ
01:08
of projecting human emotions onto other animals.
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μΈκ°„μ˜ 감정을 λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀에 νˆ¬μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κ²½κ³„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
It’s also been thought that they might display irregular behaviors after a death
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λ˜ν•œ, μ£½μŒμ„ λ§žμ΄ν•œ ν›„ 동물듀은 λΆˆκ·œμΉ™ν•œ 행동을
λ‹€λ₯Έ μ μ‘μ˜ μ΄μœ λ“€λ‘œ 보일 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:17
for other adaptive reasons.
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01:19
And, for a while, the paradigm was that humans were exceptional:
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κ·Έ ν›„, ν•œλ™μ•ˆ, νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„μ€ 인간은 μ˜ˆμ™Έμ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
other animals were reacting and surviving,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 동물듀이 λ°˜μ‘ν•˜κ³  μ‚΄μ•„λ‚¨λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ,
01:28
while we alone were thinking and feeling.
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인간듀은 μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  λŠλ‚€λ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
01:32
This conception was increasingly challenged during the 20th century.
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20μ„ΈκΈ° λ™μ•ˆ λ§Žμ€ 이듀이 이 κ°œλ…μ— λ°˜λ°•ν•˜κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:37
In 1985, for example, a gorilla called Koko,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄μ„œ, 1985λ…„, μ½”μ½”λΌλŠ”
01:41
who'd been trained to use some signs from American Sign Language,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μˆ˜ν™”λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν›ˆλ ¨λœ ν•œ κ³ λ¦΄λΌλŠ”
01:45
was told that her kitten companion had died.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μƒˆλΌ 고양이 μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ μ£½μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀을 μ „ν•΄ λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:49
She made distress calls, and several weeks later,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” κ³ ν†΅μ˜ 사인을 λ³΄μ˜€κ³ , 그리고 λͺ‡ μ£Ό λ’€,
01:52
looking at a photo of another kitten signed β€œcry,” β€œsad,” and β€œfrown.”
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒˆλΌ κ³ μ–‘μ΄μ˜ 사진을 보며
β€œμšΈμŒβ€, β€œμŠ¬ν””,” β€œμ°‘κ·Έλ¦Όβ€œμ„ μˆ˜ν™”λ‘œ μ „ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:59
Now there’s a growing pool of data and observations
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이제 λ§Žμ€ 데이터 및 관찰듀이
02:03
suggesting that some animals, including mammals and birds,
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포유λ₯˜μ™€ μƒˆλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ 동물듀은
02:07
might experience what we call grief.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μŠ¬ν””μ΄λΌκ³  λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” 감정을 λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
In 2003, Eleanor, an elephant matriarch, collapsed.
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2003λ…„, μ—˜λ ˆλ„ˆλΌλŠ” ν•œ 코끼리 μš°λ‘λ¨Έλ¦¬κ°€ μ“°λŸ¬μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:18
Within minutes, another matriarch called Grace neared and helped Eleanor stand,
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λͺ‡ λΆ„ λ§Œμ—, κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μŠ€λΌλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ
μš°λ‘λ¨Έλ¦¬κ°€ 닀가와 μ—˜λŸ¬λ„ˆλ₯Ό μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
only for her to fall again.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έλ…€λŠ” λ‹€μ‹œ λ„˜μ–΄μ§ˆ λΏμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Grace vocalized, stayed by Eleanor’s side, and tried pushing her back up.
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κ·Έλ ˆμ΄μŠ€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ©°
μ—˜λ ˆλ„ˆμ˜ κ·Όμ²˜μ—μ„œ 계속 κ·Έλ…€λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ μž ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
When Eleanor died, a female named Maui approached,
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μ—˜λ ˆλ„ˆκ°€ μ£½μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ, λ§ˆμš°μ΄λΌλŠ” 암컷이 닀가와
02:37
positioned herself over Eleanor’s body, and rocked back and forth.
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μ—˜λ ˆλ„ˆμ˜ λͺΈ μœ„μ— μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺΈμ„ μ–Ήκ³  μ•žλ’€λ‘œ ν”λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
Over the course of one week,
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일주일 λ™μ•ˆ,
02:45
elephants from five different families visited Eleanor’s body.
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λ‹€μ„― 개의 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€μ‘±μ˜ 코끼리듀은 μ—˜λ ˆλ„ˆμ˜ 사체λ₯Ό λ°©λ¬Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:49
On separate occasions,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²½μš°μ—λŠ”,
02:51
elephants have been observed carrying the remains of family members,
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코끼리듀은 κ°€μ‘±λ“€μ˜ ν„±λΌˆμ™€ μ—„λ‹ˆλ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
02:55
including jawbones and tusks.
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남은 μ‚¬μ²΄μ˜ 뢀뢄을 λ“€κ³  λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 것 λ˜ν•œ ν¬μ°©λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
In 2010, a giraffe was born with a deformed foot and had trouble walking.
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2010λ…„, ν•œ 기린은 λ³€ν˜•λœ 발둜 νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜ κ±·λŠ”λ° 어렀움을 κ²ͺμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
The calf lived just four weeks.
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κ·Έ μ•„κΈ° 기린은 뢈과 4 주밖에 살지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:08
On the day the calf died, 22 other females and four juveniles
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μ•„κΈ° 기린이 죽은 λ‚ , 22 마리의 μ•”μ»·λ“€κ³Ό λ„€ λͺ…μ˜ μƒˆλΌλ“€μ€
03:14
closely attended and occasionally nuzzled the body.
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죽은 μ•„κΈ° κΈ°λ¦°μ—κ²Œ λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€κ°€μ˜€λ©° μ• μ •μœΌλ‘œ λͺΈμ„ λΉ„λ³μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
On the third morning, the mother was alone and still not eating,
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μ…‹μ§Έ λ‚  μ•„μΉ¨, κ·Έ μ–΄λ―ΈλŠ” 기린듀이 μ’…μ’… λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
03:23
which giraffes usually do constantly.
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ν™€λ‘œ 있으며 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 아무것도 먹지 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:26
Instead, she stayed by her dead calf, even after hyenas ate away at the body.
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” ν•˜μ΄μ—λ‚˜κ°€ 사체λ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄μΉ˜μš΄ 후에도, μ•„μ΄μ˜ 곁에 λ¨Έλ¬Όλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:33
Scientists have also begun quantitatively assessing other animals’
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κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ€ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ™λ¬Όλ“€μ˜
μ£½μŒμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
responses to death.
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03:40
In 2006, researchers analyzed baboon fecal samples for glucocorticoids,
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2006λ…„, 연ꡬ원듀은 κ°œμ½”μ›μˆ­μ΄ λ°°μ„€λ¬Ό μƒ˜ν”Œμ˜ 글루코코λ₯΄ν‹°μ½”μ΄λ“œ,
03:46
stress hormones that spike when humans are bereaved.
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인간이 μ‚¬λ³„ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ κΈ‰μ¦ν•˜λŠ” 호λ₯΄λͺ¬μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
They compared the samples from females who had lost a close relative
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그듀은 ν¬μ‹μžμ˜ 곡격으둜 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ μΉœμ²™μ„ μžƒμ€ μ•”μ»·λ“€κ³Ό
03:55
in a predator attack with those who hadn’t.
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그렇지 μ•Šμ€ μ΄λ“€μ˜ μƒ˜ν”Œμ„ λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
And they found that the glucocorticoid levels of baboons who had
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그리고 ν¬μ‹μž 곡격을 κ²ͺμ—ˆλ˜ κ°œμ½”μ›μˆ­μ΄μ˜ 글루코코λ₯΄ν‹°μ½”μ΄λ“œμ˜ μˆ˜μΉ˜κ°€
04:03
were significantly higher the month following the death.
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사별 ν›„ λ‹€μŒ 달 재 λ³΄μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ μ›”λ“±νžˆ λ†’μ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
Those baboons then increased their grooming behavior
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°œμ½”μ›μˆ­μ΄λ“€μ€ μžμ‹ μ˜ λͺΈλ‹¨μž₯ 행동과
04:11
and the number of their grooming partners,
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νŒŒνŠΈλ„ˆμ˜ 숫자λ₯Ό 늘렸고,
04:14
broadening and strengthening their social networks.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ†Œμ…œ λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬λ₯Ό ν™•λŒ€ 및 κ°•ν™”μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
Within two months, their glucocorticoid levels returned to the baseline.
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두 달 이내에, κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 글루코코λ₯΄ν‹°μ½”μ΄λ“œ
μˆ˜μ€€μ΄ κΈ°μ€€μ„ μœΌλ‘œ λŒμ•„μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
Researchers have also observed primate mothers engaging in apparently
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μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ€ 영μž₯λ₯˜ 어미듀이 μžμ‹ μ˜ 죽은 아이λ₯Ό μš΄λ°˜ν•  λ•Œ
04:28
contradictory behaviors while carrying their dead children.
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λͺ…λ°±ν•˜κ²Œ λͺ¨μˆœλœ 행동을 ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κ΄€μ°°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
Like switching between cannibalizing or dragging their child’s corpse
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μžμ‹ μ˜ μ•„μ΄μ˜ 사체λ₯Ό 끌고 λ‹€λ‹ˆλŠ” 것과 식인을 μ „ν™˜ν•˜λ©°
04:37
and carefully carrying or grooming it,
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그것을 μ‘°μ‹¬μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ μš΄λ°˜ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 단μž₯을 ν•˜λŠ” 것은
04:40
suggesting that the mothers were experiencing conflicting impulses
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어미듀이 사체에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒμΆ©λ˜λŠ” 좩동을 κ²½ν—˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을
04:44
towards the bodies.
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λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
Our current understanding of the emotional landscapes
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우리의 ν˜„μž¬ 동물듀에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°μ •μ˜ μ΄ν•΄λŠ”
04:49
of other animals is severely limited.
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ꡉμž₯히 μ œν•œλ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:52
To get a better grasp on mourning in the animal kingdom,
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λ™λ¬Όμ˜ μ„Έκ³„μ—μ„œ μŠ¬ν””μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
04:56
we need a lot more research.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:59
But where does this leave us for now?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν˜„μž¬ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λŠ 단계에 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
05:01
Conversations around whether non-human animals experience emotions, like grief,
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인간이 μ•„λ‹Œ 동물듀이 μŠ¬ν”” 같은 감정을 λŠλΌλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ λŒ€ν™”λŠ”
05:08
can be emotional,
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감정적일 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:10
in part because their outcomes have very real implicationsβ€”
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λΆ€λΆ„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 결과듀이 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 의미λ₯Ό 가지기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:15
like determining if orcas should be isolated and kept in captivity,
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λ²”κ³ λž˜κ°€ κ²©λ¦¬λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μž‘ν˜€μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό λ˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄λ‚˜,
05:19
or whether dairy cows should be separated from their newborn calves.
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κ°“ νƒœμ–΄λ‚œ μ†‘μ•„μ§€μ—κ²Œμ„œ μ –μ†Œλ₯Ό 뢄리해야 λ˜λŠ”μ§€μ˜ μ—¬λΆ€μ²˜λŸΌμš”.
05:24
Until we do have more data on the subject,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 더 λ§Žμ€ 데이터λ₯Ό λͺ¨μœΌκΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€,
05:27
should we treat non-human animals like they may have the capacity to grieve?
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인간이 μ•„λ‹Œ 동물이 μŠ¬νΌν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λŒ€ν•΄μ•Ό λ κΉŒμš”?
05:33
Or assume they don’t?
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ν˜Ήμ€ 그듀이 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ—†λ‹€κ³  κ°€μ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν• κΉŒμš”?
05:36
Which belief could cause more harm?
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λ‘˜ 쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 믿음이 더 λ§Žμ€ ν”Όν•΄λ₯Ό λΌμΉ κΉŒμš”?
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7