How much of what you see is a hallucination? - Elizabeth Cox

4,723,443 views ใƒป 2018-06-26

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:06
An elderly woman named Rosalie was sitting in her nursing home
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ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ืจื•ื–ืœื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
00:10
when her room suddenly burst to life with twirling fabrics.
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ื›ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื” ืคืชืื•ื ืคืจืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืกืชื—ืจืจื™ื.
00:14
Through the elaborate drapings,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:16
she could make out animals,
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช,
00:17
children,
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
00:18
and costumed characters.
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ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืคื•ืฉืช.
00:20
Rosalie was alarmed, not by the intrusion,
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ืจื•ื–ืœื™ ื ื‘ื”ืœื”, ืœื ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื”,
00:22
but because she knew this entourage was an extremely detailed hallucination.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ืคืžืœื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื–ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช.
00:27
Her cognitive function was excellent,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืœื”,
00:30
and she had not taken any medications that might cause hallucinations.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืงื—ื” ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
00:34
Strangest of all, had a real-life crowd of circus performers burst into her room,
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ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ, ืื ืงื”ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขืœื•ืœื ื™ ืงืจืงืก ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจื”,
00:39
she wouldnโ€™t have been able to see them:
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื:
00:41
she was completely blind.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
00:44
Rosalie had developed a condition known as Charles Bonnet Syndrome,
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ืจื•ื–ืœื™ ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ื‘ื•ื ื”,
00:48
in which patients with either impaired vision or total blindness
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ื‘ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืจืื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืื• ืขื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
00:52
suddenly hallucinate whole scenes in vivid color.
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ืคืชืื•ื ื”ื•ื–ื™ื ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:55
These hallucinations appear suddenly,
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ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืคืชืื•ื,
00:57
and can last for mere minutes or recur for years.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
01:02
We still donโ€™t fully understand what causes them to come and go,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื”ืขืœื,
01:05
or why certain patients develop them when others donโ€™t.
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ืื• ืœืžื” ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืœื.
01:08
We do know from fMRI studies that these hallucinations
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ fMRI ืฉื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
01:13
activate the same brain areas as sight,
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ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืื™ื”,
01:15
areas that are not activated by imagination.
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
01:20
Many other hallucinations, including smells,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
01:22
sights,
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ืžืจืื•ืช,
01:23
and sounds,
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ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื,
01:24
also involve the same brain areas as real sensory experiences.
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
01:29
Because of this, the cerebral cortex is thought to play a part in hallucinations.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
01:35
This thin layer of grey matter covers the entire cerebrum,
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ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื“ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคื•ืจ ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ [ืกืจื‘ืจื•ื],
01:39
with different areas processing information from each of our senses.
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ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื•.
01:44
But even in people with completely unimpaired senses,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื,
01:47
the brain constructs the world we perceive from incomplete information.
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืžืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืฉืœื.
01:51
For example, our eyes have blind spots
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช
01:54
where the optic nerve blocks part of the retina.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืกื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
01:57
When the visual cortex processes light into coherent images,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืก ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช,
02:00
it fills in these blind spots with information from the surrounding area.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื•ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
02:05
Occasionally, we might notice a glitch, but most of the time weโ€™re none the wiser.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”.
02:10
When the visual cortex is deprived of input from the eyes, even temporarily,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช,
02:15
the brain still tries to create a coherent picture,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
02:18
but the limits of its abilities become a lot more obvious.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช.
02:22
The full-blown hallucinations of Charles Bonnet Syndrome are one example.
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ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช.
02:27
Because Charles Bonnet Syndrome only occurs in people
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
02:30
who had normal vision and then lost their sight,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืจืื™ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื•ืื– ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืื•ืชื”,
02:33
not those who were born blind,
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ืœื ืืœื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื,
02:35
scientists think the brain uses remembered images
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื›ื•ืจื•ืช
02:38
to compensate for the lack of new visual input.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืงืœื˜ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:41
And the same is true for other senses.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:44
People with hearing loss often hallucinate music or voices,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืื• ืงื•ืœื•ืช,
02:47
sometimes as elaborate as the cacophony of an entire marching band.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืงืงืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืžืฆืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืžื”.
02:52
In addition to sensory deprivation,
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช,
02:55
recreational and therapeutic drugs,
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ืกืžื™ื ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื‘ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื• ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช,
02:57
conditions like epilepsy and narcolepsy,
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืคื™ืœืคืกื™ื” ื•ื ืจืงื•ืœืคืกื™ื”,
03:00
and psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia,
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ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
03:03
are a few of the many known causes of hallucinations,
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ื”ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
03:06
and weโ€™re still finding new ones.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
03:09
Some of the most notorious hallucinations
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉืžืฆื”
03:11
are associated with drugs like LSD and psilocybin.
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ืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืกืžื™ื ื›ืžื• LSD ื•ืคืกื™ืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืŸ.
03:15
Their hallmark effects include the sensation that dry objects are wet
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
03:20
and that surfaces are breathing.
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ื•ืฉืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื.
03:23
At higher doses, the visual world can appear to melt,
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื ืžืก,
03:26
dissolve into swirls,
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ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ืœืกื—ืจื•ืจื™ื,
03:28
or burst into fractal-like patterns.
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ืื• ืคื•ืจืฅ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ืœื™ื.
03:31
Evidence suggests these drugs also act on the cerebral cortex.
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ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
03:35
But while visual impairment typically only causes visual hallucinations,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช,
03:39
and hearing loss auditory ones,
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ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช,
03:41
substances like LSD cause perceptual disturbances across all the senses.
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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืžื• LSD ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื.
03:48
Thatโ€™s likely because they activate receptors in a broad range of brain areas,
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:53
including the cortical regions for all the senses.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:56
LSD and psilocybin both function like serotonin in the brain,
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LSD ื•ืคืกื™ืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
04:00
binding directly to one type of serotonin receptor in particular.
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ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
04:05
While serotoninโ€™s role in the brain is complex and poorly understood,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:08
it likely plays an important part in integrating information
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ืข
04:12
from the eyes,
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ืžื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
04:13
nose,
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ื”ืืฃ,
04:14
ears,
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04:14
and other sensory organs.
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ื”ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื,
ื•ืื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:16
So one theory is that LSD and psilocybin cause hallucinations
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ืื– ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉ LSD ื•ืคืกื™ืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
04:21
by disrupting the signaling involved in sensory integration.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฉื™.
04:25
Hallucinations associated with schizophrenia
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ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืœืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”
04:27
may share a similar mechanism with those caused by LSD and psilocybin.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืขื ืืœื• ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ LSD ื•ืคืกื™ืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืŸ.
04:33
Patients with schizophrenia
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ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”
04:35
often have elevated levels of serotonin in the brain.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:38
And antipsychotic drugs relieve symptoms of schizophrenia
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ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”
04:42
by blocking the same serotonin receptors LSD and psilocybin bind to.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื ื ืงืฉืจื™ื LSD ื•ืคืกื™ืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ืŸ.
04:47
And, in some cases,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื,
04:49
these drugs can even relieve the hallucinations
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช
04:51
of patients with Charles Bonnet Syndrome.
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื‘ื•ื ื”.
04:54
Weโ€™re still a long way from understanding all the different causes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:57
and interconnected mechanisms of hallucinations.
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ื•ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช.
05:01
But itโ€™s clear that hallucinatory experiences
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช
05:03
are much more closely tied to ordinary perception than we once thought.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
05:08
And by studying hallucinations,
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ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช,
05:09
we stand to learn a great deal
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:11
about how our brains construct the world we see,
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
05:14
hear,
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ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื,
05:15
smell,
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05:15
and touch.
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ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื,
ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
05:17
As we learn more,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:18
weโ€™ll likely come to appreciate just how subjective and individual
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™
05:22
each personโ€™s island universe of perception really is.
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ื”ืื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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