The Atlantic slave trade: What too few textbooks told you - Anthony Hazard

11,514,749 views ใƒป 2014-12-22

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:06
Slavery, the treatment of human beings as property, deprived of personal rights,
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ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื›ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืžืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช,
00:11
has occurred in many forms throughout the world.
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:14
But one institution stands out for both its global scale and its lasting legacy.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ืกื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื’ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœื•.
00:20
The Atlantic slave trade,
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ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™,
00:22
occurring from the late 15th to the mid 19th century
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ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 15 ืœืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19
00:25
and spanning three continents,
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ื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
00:27
forcibly brought more than 10 million Africans to the Americas.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 10 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
00:31
The impact it would leave affected not only these slaves
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:35
and their descendants,
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ื•ืขืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื™ื”ื,
00:36
but the economies and histories of large parts of the world.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:40
There had been centuries of contact between Europe and Africa
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”
00:43
via the Mediterranean.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:45
But the Atlantic slave trade began in the late 1400s
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื”ื™ ื”ืžืื” ื”- 15
00:49
with Portuguese colonies in West Africa,
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ืขื ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื’ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”,
00:51
and Spanish settlement of the Americas shortly after.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:55
The crops grown in the new colonies, sugar cane, tobacco, and cotton,
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืงื ื” ืกื•ื›ืจ,ื˜ื‘ืง ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
00:59
were labor intensive,
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ื“ืจืฉื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
01:01
and there were not enough settlers or indentured servants
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:04
to cultivate all the new land.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
01:06
American Natives were enslaved, but many died from new diseases,
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ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืชื• ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
01:10
while others effectively resisted.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืช.
01:12
And so to meet the massive demand for labor,
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ื•ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
01:15
the Europeans looked to Africa.
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ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
01:18
African slavery had existed for centuries in various forms.
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ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:22
Some slaves were indentured servants,
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ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”,
01:24
with a limited term and the chance to buy one's freedom.
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ืขื ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืจื•ืชื.
01:27
Others were more like European serfs.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื™ืชื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื,
01:29
In some societies, slaves could be part of a master's family,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื,
01:33
own land, and even rise to positions of power.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—.
01:36
But when white captains came offering manufactured goods,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
01:39
weapons, and rum for slaves,
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ื ืฉืงื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
01:42
African kings and merchants had little reason to hesitate.
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ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืœื”ืกืก.
01:46
They viewed the people they sold not as fellow Africans
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ื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื›ืจื• ืœื ื›ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื
01:50
but criminals, debtors, or prisoners of war from rival tribes.
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ืืœื ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ื‘, ืื• ืืกื™ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื.
01:55
By selling them, kings enriched their own realms,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจืชื, ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:59
and strengthened them against neighboring enemies.
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ื•ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืื•ืชื ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื.
02:01
African kingdoms prospered from the slave trade,
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ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ืฉื’ื• ืžืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
02:04
but meeting the European's massive demand created intense competition.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”.
02:09
Slavery replaced other criminal sentences,
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ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:11
and capturing slaves became a motivation for war,
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ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”,
02:15
rather than its result.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื”.
02:17
To defend themselves from slave raids,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ืžืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
02:19
neighboring kingdoms needed European firearms,
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ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ืืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื,
02:21
which they also bought with slaves.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ื’ื ืงื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
02:24
The slave trade had become an arms race,
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ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืžืจื•ืฅ ื ืฉืง,
02:27
altering societies and economies across the continent.
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ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช.
02:31
As for the slaves themselves, they faced unimaginable brutality.
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื ื—ื•ื• ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ.
02:35
After being marched to slave forts on the coast,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆืขื“ื• ืœืžื‘ืฆืจื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
02:38
shaved to prevent lice, and branded,
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ื’ื•ืœื—ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืงื•ืขืงืขื•,
02:41
they were loaded onto ships bound for the Americas.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืขืžืกื• ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช.
02:44
About 20% of them would never see land again.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 20% ืžื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
Most captains of the day were tight packers,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ืกื ื™ื,
02:50
cramming as many men as possible below deck.
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ื•ื“ื—ืกื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืŸ.
02:53
While the lack of sanitation caused many to die of disease,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช,
02:57
and others were thrown overboard for being sick,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื ื–ืจืงื• ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ืœื•,
03:00
or as discipline,
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ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœ ืžืฉืžืขืช,
03:01
the captain's ensured their profits by cutting off slave's ears
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ื”ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื
03:05
as proof of purchase.
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ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื”.
03:08
Some captives took matters into their own hands.
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ื›ืžื” ืงืคื˜ื ื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื.
03:11
Many inland Africans had never seen whites before,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ,
03:15
and thought them to be cannibals,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื,
03:16
constantly taking people away and returning for more.
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ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœืขื•ื“.
03:20
Afraid of being eaten, or just to avoid further suffering,
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ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืื›ืœ, ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžืกื‘ืœ,
03:23
they committed suicide or starved themselves,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื‘ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
03:27
believing that in death, their souls would return home.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื•ืช, ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
03:31
Those who survived were completley dehumanized,
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ืืœื” ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ื”ื•ืคืฉื˜ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืชื,
03:34
treated as mere cargo.
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืืœ ืžื˜ืขืŸ.
03:36
Women and children were kept above deck and abused by the crew,
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ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ื”ื,
03:39
while the men were made to perform dances
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื
03:42
in order to keep them exercised and curb rebellion.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืจื“.
03:46
What happened to those Africans who reached the New World
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
03:49
and how the legacy of slavery still affects their descendants today
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื
03:53
is fairly well known.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
03:54
But what is not often discussed
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช
03:56
is the effect that the Atlantic slave trade had on Africa's future.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:01
Not only did the continent lose tens of millions of its able-bodied population,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”,
04:05
but because most of the slaves taken were men,
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:08
the long-term demographic effect was even greater.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:11
When the slave trade was finally outlawed in the Americas and Europe,
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ื›ืฉืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
04:15
the African kingdoms whose economies it had come to dominate collapsed,
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ื”ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืกืžื›ื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•,
04:20
leaving them open to conquest and colonization.
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ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
04:23
And the increased competition and influx of European weapons
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืฉืงื™ื ืืจื•ืคืื™ื
04:27
fueled warfare and instability that continues to this day.
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ืชื“ืœืงื• ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:31
The Atlantic slave trade also contributed to the development of racist ideology.
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ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื’ื ืชืจื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช.
04:36
Most African slavery had no deeper reason than legal punishment
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ ื—ื•ืงื™
04:40
or intertribal warfare,
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ืื• ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช,
04:41
but the Europeans who preached a universal religion,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื• ืœื“ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
04:44
and who had long ago outlawed enslaving fellow Christians,
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ื•ืฉืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื,
04:48
needed justification for a practice
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื“ืงื” ืœืžื ื”ื’
04:50
so obviously at odds with their ideals of equality.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืื™ื“ืืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:55
So they claimed that Africans were biologically inferior
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ืื– ื”ื ื˜ืขื ื• ืฉื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:58
and destined to be slaves,
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ื•ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
05:00
making great efforts to justify this theory.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”.
05:03
Thus, slavery in Europe and the Americas acquired a racial basis,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉื” ืื•ืคื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื™,
05:07
making it impossible for slaves and their future descendants
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
05:10
to attain equal status in society.
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
05:13
In all of these ways,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
05:14
the Atlantic slave trade was an injustice on a massive scale
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ืกื—ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื
05:18
whose impact has continued long after its abolition.
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืืกืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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