What happens during a stroke? - Vaibhav Goswami

3,013,546 views ใƒป 2018-02-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:06
Every two seconds, someone somewhere in the world experiences a stroke.
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ื›ืœ ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฅ.
00:12
And one out of every six people will have one at some point in their lives.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืฅ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื•.
00:17
Strokes deprive brain cells of oxygen
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ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื•ื ืข ืžื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
00:20
and are one of the most common causes of death
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช
00:23
and a leading cause of preventable disability.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืžื ื™ืขื”.
00:26
When someone experiences a stroke, quick medical care is critical,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืฅ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™,
00:31
and can often help avoid permanent brain damage.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
00:34
But what causes strokes in the first place?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื‘ืฅ?
00:37
And what can doctors do to treat them?
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ื•ืžื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•?
00:40
The brain makes up just 2% of your bodyโ€™s mass
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืง 2% ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
00:44
but consumes more than 20% of the oxygen in your blood.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-20% ืžื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ื“ืžื›ื.
00:48
That oxygen is carried to the brain through a system of arteries.
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ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื ื™ืฉื ืœืžื•ื— ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ืจืงื™ื.
00:52
Carotid arteries supply the front of the brain,
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ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ืชืจื“ืžื ื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
00:55
and vertebral arteries supply the back.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:58
These are connected to each other,
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ืืœื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
01:00
and divide into smaller and smaller vessels
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ื•ืžืชืคืฆืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:03
that get billions of neurons the oxygen they need.
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
01:07
If the blood flow is interrupted, oxygen delivery stops and brain cells die.
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ืื ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืžื•ืคืจืขืช, ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ื•ืชืื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืชื™ื.
01:13
There are two ways this can happen.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช.
01:15
Hemorrhagic strokes are when a perforated vessel allows blood to leak out.
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ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžื“ืžื ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉื›ืœื™ ื“ื ืžื—ื•ืจืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื“ื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ.
01:20
But the more common type is the ischemic stroke,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืฅ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืฅ ืึดื™ืกึฐื›ึผึถืžึดื™,
01:23
when a clot blocks a vessel and brings blood flow to a halt.
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ื›ืฉืงืจื™ืฉ ื“ื ื—ื•ืกื ื›ืœื™ ื“ื, ื•ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื.
01:28
Where do these clots come from?
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
01:30
On rare occasions, a sudden change in heart rhythm
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคืชืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘
01:33
prevents the upper chambers of the heart from contracting normally.
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ืžื•ื ืข ืžืขืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
01:37
This slows down blood flow,
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ื–ื” ืžืื˜ ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื,
01:39
allowing platelets, clotting factors, and fibrin to stick together.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืกื™ื•ืช ื“ื, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ืงืจื™ืฉื” ื•ืคื™ื‘ืจื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื“ื‘ืง ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
01:45
The clot can be carried up
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ื”ืงืจื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื
01:46
towards the arteries and blood vessels supplying the brain
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืžืกืคืงื™ื ื“ื ืœืžื•ื—
01:50
until it gets to one it canโ€™t squeeze through.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื—ื“ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื“ื—ืง.
01:54
This is called an embolism
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืชืกื—ื™ืฃ
01:56
and it cuts off the oxygen supply to all the cells downstream.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื–ืจื.
02:00
The brain doesn't have pain receptors, so you can't feel the blockage itself.
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื›ืื‘, ืื– ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืขืฆืžื”.
02:05
But oxygen deprivation slows brain function
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืžืื˜ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—
02:08
and can have sudden, noticeable effects.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
02:11
For example, if the affected area is responsible for speech,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
02:15
an individualโ€™s words may be slurred.
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ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืžืจื—.
02:18
If the stroke affects a part of the brain that controls muscle movement,
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ืื ื”ืฉื‘ืฅ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื,
02:21
it can cause weakness, often just on one side of the body.
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ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจืง ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.
02:26
When this happens, the body will immediately try to compensate
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ ื™ื ืกื” ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:30
by diverting blood flow to the affected area,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื˜ืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืข,
02:33
but this isnโ€™t a perfect solution.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
02:35
Eventually, the oxygen-deprived cells will start to die,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืžืฆืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžื•ืช,
02:39
leading to brain damage that may be severe or permanent.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื ื–ืง ืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืข.
02:43
Thatโ€™s why itโ€™s important to get medical care as fast as possible.
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
02:48
The first line of treatment is an intravenous medication
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ืงื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ืจืงื” ืœื•ืจื™ื“
02:51
called Tissue Plasminogen Activator,
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ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžืคืขื™ืœืช ืคืœืกืžื™ื ื•ื’ืŸ ืจืงืžืชื™ TPA
02:54
which can break up the blood clot
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืจืง ืงืจื™ืฉื™ ื“ื
02:55
and allow blood to flow again in the compromised artery.
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืจืง ื”ืคื’ื•ืข.
02:59
If itโ€™s delivered within a few hours,
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ืื ืžื–ืจื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช,
03:02
this medication greatly increases the chance of surviving the stroke
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ื”ืชืจื•ืคื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืฅ
03:05
and avoiding permanent consequences.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื ื–ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™-ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
03:08
If Tissue Plasminogen Activator cannot be given
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ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ืœืื“ื TPA,
03:11
because the patient is on certain medications,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช,
03:13
has history of major bleeding,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™,
03:15
or the clot is particularly large,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
03:18
doctors can perform a procedure called an endovascular thrombectomy.
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืฆื ืชื•ืจ ืžื•ื— ื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ืงื˜ื•ืžื™.
03:23
Using a fluorescent dye that illuminates the blood vessels under a strong x-ray,
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืคึฐืœื•ึผืื•ึนืจึถืกึฐืฆึถื ึฐื˜ึดื™ ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื“ื ืชื—ืช ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื•ืช,
03:28
the physician inserts a long, thin, flexible tube called a catheter
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ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš, ื“ืง ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืฉื ืงืจื ืงื˜ื˜ืจ
03:33
into an artery in the leg
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ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ืจืง ื‘ืจื’ืœ
03:35
and maneuvers it all the way to the blockage.
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ื•ืœืชืžืจืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื”.
03:38
A retriever is passed through this catheter.
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ืฉื•ืœืฃ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ,
03:41
It expands and anchors into the clot when itโ€™s just past it.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืจื™ืฉ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
03:45
The catheter then pulls the clot out when itโ€™s removed.
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ื”ืงื˜ื˜ืจ ืžื•ืฉืš ืื– ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืฉ ื•ืฉื•ืœืฃ ืื•ืชื•.
03:50
These treatments need to be delivered as soon as possible
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืžื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ
03:53
to preserve brain function,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:55
which means figuring out fast if someone is having a stroke.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืฅ.
03:59
So how can you tell?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืขืช?
04:01
Here are three quick things to try:
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ื ืกื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:
04:03
1. Ask the person to smile.
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1. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื™ื™ืš.
04:06
A crooked mouth or facial drooping can indicate muscle weakness.
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ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขืงื•ื ืื• ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ืคื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื.
04:11
2. Ask them to raise their arms.
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2. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
04:13
If one drifts downward, that arm weakness is also a sign of a stroke.
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ืื ื™ื“ ืื—ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœืžื˜ื”, ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืฉื‘ืฅ.
04:19
3. Ask them to repeat a simple word or phrase.
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3. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžื”ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜.
04:23
If their speech sounds slurred or strange,
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ืื ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื ืฉืžืข ื ื‘ืœืข ืื• ืžื•ื–ืจ,
04:26
it could mean that the language area of their brain is oxygen-deprived.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื—ืกืจ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื—.
04:31
This is sometimes called the FAST test, and the T stands for time.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ FAST, ื•ื”-T ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
04:37
If you see any of those signs, call emergency services right away.
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ืื ืชืจืื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืชืงืฉืจื• ืžื™ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
04:42
Lives may depend on it.
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ื–ื” ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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