Mike deGruy: Hooked by an octopus

73,459 views ・ 2010-04-15

TED


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譯者: yuanyuan liang 審譯者: Meg Lee
00:15
I first became fascinated with octopus at an early age.
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我第一次被章魚迷住是在小時候
00:18
I grew up in Mobile, Alabama --
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我在阿拉巴馬州的Mobile郡長大
00:20
somebody's got to be from Mobile, right? --
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這裡總該有人是從那裡來的吧?
00:22
and Mobile sits at the confluence of five rivers,
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Mobile位在五條河流的交會處
00:25
forming this beautiful delta.
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形成美麗的三角洲
00:27
And the delta has alligators crawling
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這裡有短吻鱷出沒在河裡,
00:29
in and out of rivers filled with fish
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水裡滿滿是魚
00:31
and cypress trees dripping with snakes,
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柏樹上垂著蛇
00:33
birds of every flavor.
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還有各式各樣的鳥
00:35
It's an absolute magical wonderland to live in --
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那絕對是一個神奇的樂園
00:38
if you're a kid interested in animals, to grow up in.
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最適合喜歡動物的孩子在那裡成長。
00:41
And this delta water flows to Mobile Bay, and finally into the Gulf of Mexico.
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三角洲的水流進Mobile灣,最後進了墨西哥灣
00:45
And I remember my first real contact with octopus
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我記得我和章魚的第一次接觸
00:48
was probably at age five or six.
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大概是在五六歲時
00:50
I was in the gulf, and I was swimming around and saw a little octopus on the bottom.
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我在墨西哥灣游泳,在海底看到一隻小章魚。
00:53
And I reached down and picked him up, and immediately
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我伸手過去把牠拿起來,在那瞬間
00:56
became fascinated and impressed by its speed and its strength and agility.
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我被牠敏捷靈活有力的身手所震懾。
00:59
It was prying my fingers apart and moving to the back of my hand.
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牠掰開我的手指,然後爬到我的手背上。
01:03
It was all I could do to hold onto this amazing creature.
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我所能做的,就是托著他
01:05
Then it sort of calmed down in the palms of my hands
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然後他就在我的手掌上安靜下來
01:08
and started flashing colors,
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開始改變體色
01:10
just pulsing all of these colors.
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不同顏色一直跳動
01:12
And as I looked at it, it kind of tucked its arms under it,
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我看著牠把觸手藏在身下
01:15
raised into a spherical shape
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變成圓形
01:17
and turned chocolate brown with two white stripes.
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然後變成巧克力色,上面還有兩條白線
01:20
I'm going, "My gosh!" I had never seen anything like this in my life!
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我心想“天啊!”我這輩子從來沒看過這種東西。
01:23
So I marveled for a moment, and then decided it was time to release him,
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我讚嘆了一會兒,決定是時候把牠放走了
01:26
so I put him down.
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所以我把牠放下
01:28
The octopus left my hands and then did the damnedest thing:
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章魚從我手上離開,然後拿出了它的絕招。
01:32
It landed on the bottom in the rubble
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他沈降到水底的亂石上,
01:35
and -- fwoosh! -- vanished
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然後咻一下就不見了
01:37
right before my eyes.
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就在我眼前
01:38
And I knew, right then, at age six,
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就在那個當下,六歲的我就決定,
01:40
that is an animal that I want to learn more about. So I did.
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這就是我想要瞭解學習更多的動物。而我也就這麼做了,
01:43
And I went off to college and got a degree in marine zoology,
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我進了大學並拿到了海洋生物學的學位
01:46
and then moved to Hawaii and entered graduate school
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接著搬到夏威夷
01:48
at the University of Hawaii.
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進了夏威夷大學的研究所
01:50
And while a student at Hawaii, I worked at the Waikiki Aquarium.
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當我在夏威夷唸書時,我在威基基水族館工作
01:53
And the aquarium had a lot of big fish tanks
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水族館裡有很多大魚缸
01:55
but not a lot of invertebrate displays,
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但是無脊椎動物的展示並不多。
01:57
and being the spineless guy, I thought, well
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既然我是研究無脊椎動物的,我想,好吧,
02:00
I'll just go out in the field and collect these wonderful animals
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我就自己去外面收集這些美妙的動物
02:03
I had been learning about as a student
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在我的學生生涯裡,我一直在研究牠們,
02:06
and bring them in, and I built these elaborate sets and put them on display.
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把牠們帶回來,我精心佈置魚缸展示牠們。
02:09
Now, the fish in the tanks were gorgeous to look at,
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現在,魚缸裡的魚看上去非常美麗
02:13
but they didn't really interact with people.
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可是牠們沒有真的和人互動。
02:16
But the octopus did.
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但章魚會
02:18
If you walked up to an octopus tank,
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如果你走向一個章魚缸
02:20
especially early in the morning before anyone arrived,
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特別是一大早,大家都還沒來的時候
02:22
the octopus would rise up and look at you
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章魚會起身盯著你
02:24
and you're thinking, "Is that guy really looking at me? He is looking at me!"
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然後你會想“這傢伙真的在看我嗎?他在看我耶!”
02:27
And you walk up to the front of the tank. Then you realize
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然後你走到缸子前,接著你會發現
02:29
that these animals all have different personalities:
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這些章魚們都有不同個性
02:33
Some of them would hold their ground,
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有些原地不動,
02:35
others would slink into the back of the tank and disappear in the rocks,
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有些溜到魚缸後頭,消失在岩石中。
02:39
and one in particular, this amazing animal ...
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但是有一個很特別,這是個奇異的傢伙……
02:41
I went up to the front of the tank, and he's just staring at me,
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我走到魚缸前,而牠就這麼瞪著我。
02:44
and he had little horns come up above his eyes.
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牠有些小觸角慢慢從眼睛上方抬起來。
02:46
So I went right up to the front of the tank --
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於是我走到魚缸正前方。
02:48
I was three or four inches from the front glass --
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離魚缸玻璃不到十公分的距離。
02:50
and the octopus was sitting on a perch, a little rock,
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而這個章魚就坐在一塊小礁石的邊上,
02:53
and he came off the rock and he also came down right to the front of the glass.
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然後牠從石頭上溜下來,也來到魚缸玻璃前。
02:57
So I was staring at this animal about six or seven inches away,
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我就這樣隔著大概十幾公分的距離盯著它,
03:00
and at that time I could actually focus that close;
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當時,我真的能看清楚那麼近的距離;
03:03
now as I look at my fuzzy fingers I realize those days are long gone.
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現在當我看著自己的手指都模模糊糊時,我知道青春一去不復返了。
03:07
Anyway, there we were, staring at each other,
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總之,當時我們就是這樣,彼此對視,
03:09
and he reaches down and grabs an armful of gravel
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接著牠伸手到魚缸底,抓起一把小砂粒,
03:12
and releases it in the jet of water entering the tank
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然後在魚缸濾水機的出水口那裡
03:15
from the filtration system,
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鬆開觸手,
03:17
and -- chk chk chk chk chk! -- this gravel hits the front of the glass and falls down.
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然後“呲呲呲!”這把小砂粒打到魚缸的玻璃上,再沉到水底。
03:20
He reaches up, takes another armful of gravel, releases it --
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他伸出觸手,又抓起一把砂粒,鬆開……
03:23
chk chk chk chk chk! -- same thing.
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“呲呲呲呲呲!”跟剛才一樣。
03:26
Then he lifts another arm and I lift an arm.
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接著他舉起一個觸手。於是我也抬起一邊手臂。
03:29
Then he lifts another arm and I lift another arm.
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然後他又舉起另外一邊。我也舉起另一邊。
03:32
And then I realize the octopus won the arms race,
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接著我就意識到這場舉手比賽是章魚贏了,
03:35
because I was out and he had six left. (Laughter)
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因為我已經沒手可舉,而他還有六個呢。
03:38
But the only way I can describe what I was seeing that day
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但對於那天我的所見所聞,我只有一種解釋
03:42
was that this octopus was playing,
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那就是這個章魚在玩耍,
03:45
which is a pretty sophisticated behavior for a mere invertebrate.
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這對於一隻區區無脊椎動物來說是相當複雜的行為。
03:49
So, about three years into my degree,
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而在我念這個學位的第三年,
03:51
a funny thing happened on the way to the office,
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在我去辦公室的路上發生了一件有趣的事,
03:54
which actually changed the course of my life.
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這件事,確實地改變了我的人生。
03:56
A man came into the aquarium. It's a long story, but essentially
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有一個人跑來水族館。說來話長,但是基本上,
03:59
he sent me and a couple of friends of mine to the South Pacific
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這個人派我和我的一些朋友去南太平洋,
04:02
to collect animals for him,
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為他收集動物,
04:04
and as we left, he gave us two 16-millimeter movie cameras.
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在我們離開時,他給我們兩部16毫米攝影機。
04:07
He said, "Make a movie about this expedition."
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他說,“把這次考察活動拍成電影吧。”
04:10
"OK, a couple of biologists making a movie --
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……好吧,一堆生物學家拍電影——
04:13
this'll be interesting,"
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應該會很有趣。
04:14
and off we went. And we did, we made a movie,
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於是我們就出發了,而且還真的拍了部電影,
04:16
which had to be the worst movie ever made
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這肯定是電影史上
04:18
in the history of movie making,
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最爛的片子了。
04:20
but it was a blast. I had so much fun.
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但是它很有衝擊力;我玩得不亦樂乎。
04:22
And I remember that proverbial light going off in my head,
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我還記得當時我突然靈機一動,
04:24
thinking, "Wait a minute.
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想到,“等等。
04:26
Maybe I can do this all the time.
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說不定我可以一直做這個。
04:28
Yeah, I'll be a filmmaker."
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對,我要成為一個電影製片人。”
04:30
So I literally came back from that job,
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於是,當我完成這工作回來,我當真
04:32
quit school, hung my filmmaking shingle
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退了學,掛上製片的招牌
04:34
and just never told anyone that I didn't know what I was doing.
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不過我從沒告訴過任何人我其實根本不知道自己在做什麽。
04:37
It's been a good ride.
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到現在為止都很順利。
04:39
And what I learned in school though was really beneficial.
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而我在學校裡學到的東西其實都非常有用。
04:41
If you're a wildlife filmmaker
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如果你是一名野生動物製片人
04:43
and you're going out into the field to film animals,
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跑去野外拍攝動物,
04:45
especially behavior,
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尤其是動物的行為,
04:47
it helps to have a fundamental background
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具備基本的知識背景是很有幫助的
04:49
on who these animals are,
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比如要拍的是怎樣一種動物,
04:51
how they work and, you know, a bit about their behaviors.
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牠們如何活動,你們懂的,一些關於牠們行為的知識。
04:54
But where I really learned about octopus
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但讓我真正瞭解章魚
04:56
was in the field, as a filmmaker
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是我在身為製片人,
04:58
making films with them,
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實地拍攝關於牠們電影的時候,
05:00
where you're allowed to spend large periods of time
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在那裡你可以花大量的時間
05:03
with the animals, seeing octopus being octopus
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和這些動物在一起,在章魚們的家鄉,海洋
05:06
in their ocean homes.
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觀察真正的章魚是怎樣的。
05:08
I remember I took a trip to Australia,
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我記得有次去澳洲,
05:10
went to an island called One Tree Island.
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我去了一個名叫“一棵樹”的小島。
05:13
And apparently, evolution had occurred
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而顯然,演化過程在
05:15
at a pretty rapid rate on One Tree,
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“一棵樹”上以相當快的速度發生,
05:17
between the time they named it and the time I arrived,
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就在他們給它命名到我到達的這段時間裡,
05:20
because I'm sure there were at least three trees
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因為我明明在島上看到至少三棵樹
05:22
on that island when we were there.
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當我們抵達那裡的時候。
05:24
Anyway, one tree is situated right next to
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總之,這個島緊挨著
05:26
a beautiful coral reef.
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一片美麗的珊瑚礁。
05:28
In fact, there's a surge channel
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事實上,這裡有一條衝浪流道
05:30
where the tide is moving back and forth, twice a day, pretty rapidly.
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在那裡,潮汐一天兩次快速地來回沖刷,
05:33
And there's a beautiful reef,
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這裡還有一片美麗的珊瑚礁
05:34
very complex reef, with lots of animals,
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很多動物生活在這片複雜的珊瑚礁中,
05:37
including a lot of octopus.
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包括很多章魚。
05:39
And not uniquely
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雖不是獨門行為,
05:41
but certainly, the octopus in Australia
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但澳洲的章魚,
05:43
are masters at camouflage.
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肯定是偽裝界的大師。
05:45
As a matter of fact,
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事實上,
05:47
there's one right there.
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在這個島上就有這樣的章魚。
05:49
So our first challenge was to find these things,
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所以我們的第一個挑戰就是找到這些傢伙,
05:51
and that was a challenge, indeed.
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而這的確是一個挑戰。
05:53
But the idea is, we were there for a month
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但是我們會在那裡呆上一個月,
05:55
and I wanted to acclimate the animals to us
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我想讓章魚適應我們的存在。
05:57
so that we could see behaviors without disturbing them.
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這樣我們才能看到它們未被騷擾時的行為。
06:00
So the first week was pretty much spent
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所以第一個星期就是
06:02
just getting as close as we could,
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儘量靠近它們
06:04
every day a little closer, a little closer, a little closer.
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每天都更近一點,更近一點,更近一點。
06:06
And you knew what the limit was: they would start getting twitchy
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然後你就知道底線在哪裡,再近牠們就要開始不安了,
06:08
and you'd back up, come back in a few hours.
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這時你就撤退,過幾個小時再回來,
06:11
And after the first week, they ignored us.
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第一個星期以後,它們就忽視我們了。
06:14
It was like, "I don't know what that thing is, but he's no threat to me."
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章魚可能覺得,“我也不知道這東西是啥,但是他對我沒什麽威脅。”
06:16
So they went on about their business
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於是就繼續忙自己的事了。
06:18
and from a foot away, we're watching mating
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就在三十公分的距離之外,我們觀察牠們交配,
06:20
and courting and fighting
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求偶和爭鬥,
06:22
and it is just an unbelievable experience.
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這真是一個令人難以置信的經驗。
06:25
And one of the most fantastic displays
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而我記得的其中一個最奇妙的行為
06:27
that I remember, or at least visually,
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至少是我能視覺上觀察到的
06:29
was a foraging behavior.
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是捕食行為。
06:31
And they had a lot of different techniques
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牠們掌握了很多不同的技巧
06:33
that they would use for foraging,
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用以捕食。
06:35
but this particular one used vision.
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但這種技巧用到視覺。
06:37
And they would see a coral head,
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比如它們看到一塊珊瑚岬
06:39
maybe 10 feet away,
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大約離著三公尺遠
06:41
and start moving over toward that coral head.
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就開始朝著那裡移動過去。
06:44
And I don't know whether they actually saw crab in it, or imagined that one might be,
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我也不知道牠們到底是看到有一隻螃蟹,還是猜想那裡可能有螃蟹,
06:48
but whatever the case, they would leap off the bottom
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無論怎樣,牠們都是凌空而起,
06:51
and go through the water and land right on top of this coral head,
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游過去,降落在這塊珊瑚岬的正頂部,
06:54
and then the web between the arms
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然後各觸手之間的襟膜
06:56
would completely engulf the coral head,
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將珊瑚岬完全包裹起來,
06:58
and they would fish out, swim for crabs.
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接著牠們把螃蟹從裡面趕出來。
07:00
And as soon as the crabs touched the arm, it was lights out.
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只要螃蟹一碰到觸手,牠就完蛋了。
07:03
And I always wondered what happened under that web.
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我總是想知道在襟膜包裹之下發生了些什麽。
07:05
So we created a way to find out, (Laughter)
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於是我們發明了一個方法去觀察。
07:08
and I got my first look at that famous beak in action.
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這樣我才第一次看到章魚那著名的嘴如何運動。
07:11
It was fantastic.
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真是太奇妙了。
07:13
If you're going to make a lot of films about a particular group of animals,
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如果你想拍攝關於某一群動物的大量影片,
07:16
you might as well pick one that's fairly common.
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你可能也想選擇一種非常常見的動物。
07:18
And octopus are, they live in all the oceans.
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章魚就是;牠們生活在各個大洋裡。
07:20
They also live deep.
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牠們也生活在深海。
07:22
And I can't say octopus are responsible
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雖不能說章魚就是主因
07:24
for my really strong interest
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觸發我真正濃厚的興趣
07:26
in getting in subs and going deep,
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鑽進潛艇潛入深海,
07:28
but whatever the case, I like that.
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但不管怎樣,我都喜歡這一行。
07:30
It's like nothing you've ever done.
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這個工作是無與倫比的。
07:32
If you ever really want to get away from it all
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如果你真的想從現實世界抽身而出,
07:34
and see something that you have never seen,
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去看一些前所未見的東西,
07:36
and have an excellent chance of seeing something
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那一個絕好的機會就是
07:38
no one has ever seen, get in a sub.
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鑽進一個潛水艇。
07:41
You climb in, seal the hatch, turn on a little oxygen,
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你爬進去,密封艙門,釋放一些氧氣,
07:43
turn on the scrubber,
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啟動這個刷子,
07:45
which removes the CO2 in the air you breathe, and they chuck you overboard.
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它能去除你呼出的二氧化碳,然後他們把你扔下船。
07:48
Down you go. There's no connection to the surface
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你就開始下沉。與水面失去一切聯繫,
07:50
apart from a pretty funky radio.
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除了一個相當時髦的無線電對講器。
07:52
And as you go down, the washing machine
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在下沉的過程中,水面上的顛簸
07:54
at the surface calms down.
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平靜下來。
07:56
And it gets quiet.
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四周變得安靜。
07:58
And it starts getting really nice.
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一切開始變得非常美好。
08:00
And as you go deeper, that lovely, blue water you were launched in
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當你繼續下潛,剛才悅目的藍色海水
08:03
gives way to darker and darker blue.
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變成越來越深邃的藍。
08:06
And finally, it's a rich lavender,
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最終,變成深紫色,
08:08
and after a couple of thousand feet, it's ink black.
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而幾百公尺以下,就成了漆黑一團。
08:11
And now you've entered the realm
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現在你所在的
08:13
of the mid-water community.
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是海洋的中間層區域。
08:16
You could give an entire talk
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你可以開一個講座
08:18
about the creatures that live in the mid-water.
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就講生活在中間層的生物。
08:20
Suffice to say though, as far as I'm concerned,
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就我所知,我可以這麼說,
08:23
without question, the most bizarre designs
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毫無疑問,最古怪的生理構造
08:26
and outrageous behaviors
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和最駭人聽聞的行為
08:29
are in the animals that live in the mid-water community.
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就存在於生活在中間層的動物群落中。
08:32
But we're just going to zip right past this area,
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但是我們要很快地離開這個區域,
08:34
this area that includes about 95 percent
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這個區域包括了我們星球95%的
08:37
of the living space on our planet
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有生命存在的空間。
08:39
and go to the mid-ocean ridge, which I think is even more extraordinary.
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我們要去的是洋中脊,我覺得這個地區更加光怪陸離。
08:42
The mid-ocean ridge is a huge mountain range,
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洋中脊是一片巨大的山脈,
08:45
40,000 miles long, snaking around the entire globe.
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六萬五千公里長,綿延了整個地球。
08:48
And they're big mountains, thousands of feet tall,
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而且它們都是巍峨的群山,幾百公尺高,
08:50
some of which are tens of thousands of feet
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有些甚至上千近萬,
08:52
and bust through the surface,
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高聳出海面,
08:54
creating islands like Hawaii.
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形成像夏威夷這樣的海島。
08:56
And the top of this mountain range
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而這些山脈的頂部
08:58
is splitting apart, creating a rift valley.
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分開成兩半,形成裂谷。
09:01
And when you dive into that rift valley, that's where the action is
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當你潛入到這裂谷,那裡才是所有事情發生的地方
09:04
because literally thousands of active volcanoes
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因為那裡真的有上千個活火山
09:07
are going off at any point in time
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隨時會噴發,
09:09
all along this 40,000 mile range.
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這些火山就分佈在這六萬五千公里長的洋中脊。
09:11
And as these tectonic plates are spreading apart,
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當這些構造板塊移動分開的時後,
09:14
magma, lava is coming up and filling those gaps,
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岩漿和熔岩就會湧出來,填入這些空隙。
09:17
and you're looking land -- new land --
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你看到的就是大陸,新大陸
09:20
being created right before your eyes.
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正在你眼前創生。
09:22
And over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4,000 meters of water
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而在這之上是3到4千米的水體,
09:25
creating enormous pressure,
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產生巨大的壓力,
09:27
forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth,
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促使海水向下穿裂壓向地心,
09:30
until it hits a magma chamber
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直到擊中一個岩漿室,
09:32
where it becomes superheated
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那裡的溫度極高
09:34
and supersaturated with minerals,
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充滿了大量的礦物質,
09:36
reverses its flow and starts shooting back to the surface
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造成水流逆轉,衝向洋面,
09:38
and is ejected out of the earth like a geyser at Yellowstone.
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像黃石公園的間歇泉一樣衝出地表。
09:41
In fact, this whole area
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事實上,這整個區域
09:43
is like a Yellowstone National Park with all of the trimmings.
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就像一個全套的黃石公園。
09:46
And this vent fluid is about 600 or 700 degrees F.
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這管流溫度高達三四百度。
09:49
The surrounding water is just a couple of degrees above freezing.
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而周圍的水溫只比冰點高幾度。
09:52
So it immediately cools,
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所以它馬上就冷卻了,
09:54
and it can no longer hold in suspension
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無法再維持懸浮狀態,
09:56
all of the material that it's dissolved,
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所有的物質熔化
09:58
and it precipitates out, forming black smoke.
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和凝析出來的東西,形成黑煙。
10:01
And it forms these towers, these chimneys
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然後又形成這些塔,這些煙囪,
10:03
that are 10, 20, 30 feet tall.
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有三米高的,六米的,八米的。
10:05
And all along the sides of these chimneys
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沿著這些煙囪上下
10:08
is shimmering with heat and loaded with life.
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都閃動著熱氣,爬滿了生物。
10:11
You've got black smokers going all over the place
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這些海底黑煙柱隨處可見,
10:13
and chimneys that have tube worms
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煙囪上長滿管蟲
10:15
that might be eight to 10 feet long.
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可以長達兩三公尺。
10:18
And out of the tops of these tube worms
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在這些管蟲的頂部,
10:20
are these beautiful red plumes.
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伸出這些美麗的紅色羽狀物。
10:22
And living amongst the tangle of tube worms
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而生活在這團管蟲之間的,
10:25
is an entire community of animals:
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是一個完整的生物群落,
10:27
shrimp, fish, lobsters, crab,
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有蝦,魚,龍蝦,螃蟹,
10:29
clams and swarms of arthropods
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蚌和一群一群的節肢動物,
10:31
that are playing that dangerous game
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牠們彷彿在玩一個非常危險的遊戲,
10:33
between over here is scalding hot and freezing cold.
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一邊是極熱,一邊是極冷。
10:36
And this whole ecosystem
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而這整個生態系統
10:38
wasn't even known about
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一直不為人所知,
10:40
until 33 years ago.
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直到33年前。
10:42
And it completely threw science on its head.
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它完全顛覆了科學常識。
10:46
It made scientists rethink
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它促使科學家反思,
10:48
where life on Earth might have actually begun.
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地球上的生命起源自哪裡。
10:50
And before the discovery of these vents,
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在這些熱泉被發現以前,
10:53
all life on Earth, the key to life on Earth,
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人們以為地球上的生命,生命起源的關鍵,
10:55
was believed to be the sun and photosynthesis.
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在於太陽和光合作用,
10:57
But down there, there is no sun,
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但是在這裡,完全不見陽光,
10:59
there is no photosynthesis;
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也就沒有光合作用。
11:01
it's chemosynthetic environment down there driving it,
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這裡主要是化學合成環境,
11:04
and it's all so ephemeral.
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一切都是轉瞬即逝。
11:06
You might film this
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當你拍攝這個
11:08
unbelievable hydrothermal vent,
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不可思議的深海熱泉時,
11:10
which you think at the time has to be on another planet.
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你可能會覺得自己是在另一個星球。
11:13
It's amazing to think that this is actually on earth;
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想想看這其實是地球,多麼神奇!
11:15
it looks like aliens in an alien environment.
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看上去卻像是生活在外星上的異形。
11:18
But you go back to the same vent eight years later
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但是當你8年以後回到同一個熱泉,
11:21
and it can be completely dead.
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它可能已經完全死亡。
11:23
There's no hot water.
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熱水枯竭了。
11:25
All of the animals are gone, they're dead,
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所有的動物都不見了,死了。
11:27
and the chimneys are still there
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只有那些煙囪還在,
11:29
creating a really nice ghost town,
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簡直就是一個鬼城,
11:31
an eerie, spooky ghost town,
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陰森恐怖,鬼氣森森的鬼城,
11:33
but essentially devoid of animals, of course.
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當然,沒有任何動物存在了。
11:35
But 10 miles down the ridge...
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但是從洋中脊向下十六公里,
11:38
pshhh! There's another volcano going.
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噗絲絲絲絲!另一個火山在噴發。
11:40
And there's a whole new hydrothermal vent community that has been formed.
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那裡已經形成了一個全新的深海熱泉生態群落。
11:43
And this kind of life and death of hydrothermal vent communities
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這種生物群落的生生死死
11:46
is going on every 30 or 40 years
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每30到40年就輪迴一次,
11:48
all along the ridge.
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整個洋中脊都是如此。
11:50
And that ephemeral nature
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深海熱泉生態圈
11:52
of the hydrothermal vent community
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這種短命特色
11:54
isn't really different from some of the
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和我見過的其他地區
11:56
areas that I've seen
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並沒有什麽不同。
11:58
in 35 years of traveling around, making films.
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過去三十五年裡,我到處去拍攝電影。
12:01
Where you go and film a really nice sequence at a bay.
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你去一個海灣拍了一系列非常棒的片子。
12:04
And you go back, and I'm at home,
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然後你回到家,
12:06
and I'm thinking, "Okay, what can I shoot ...
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想,“嗯,我要拍什麽呢?
12:08
Ah! I know where I can shoot that.
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啊,我知道我可以去哪裡拍攝了!
12:10
There's this beautiful bay, lots of soft corals and stomatopods."
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有這麼一個美麗的海灣,那裡有很多軟珊瑚和口足動物。”
12:12
And you show up, and it's dead.
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然後當你到那裡時,那裡已經死了。
12:15
There's no coral, algae growing on it, and the water's pea soup.
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珊瑚都不見了,長了大片海藻,海水好像豌豆湯。
12:18
You think, "Well, what happened?"
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你會納悶,“阿?怎麼回事?”
12:20
And you turn around,
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然後你張望四周,
12:22
and there's a hillside behind you with a neighborhood going in,
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背後立起一座小丘,上頭正建造一片新社區,
12:24
and bulldozers are pushing piles of soil back and forth.
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推土機來來回回推土。
12:27
And over here
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就在這裡,
12:29
there's a golf course going in.
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正在蓋一個高爾夫球場。
12:31
And this is the tropics.
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這是熱帶。
12:33
It's raining like crazy here.
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雨瘋狂下著。
12:35
So this rainwater is flooding down the hillside,
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這些雨水沿著山坡向下沖刷,
12:38
carrying with it sediments from the construction site,
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帶著工地裡的沉積物,
12:40
smothering the coral and killing it.
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覆蓋在珊瑚上,將它毒死。
12:42
And fertilizers and pesticides
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化肥和殺蟲劑
12:44
are flowing into the bay from the golf course --
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從高爾夫球場流入海灣。
12:47
the pesticides killing all the larvae and little animals,
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殺蟲劑殺死了所有的珊瑚幼蟲和小動物,
12:50
fertilizer creating this beautiful plankton bloom --
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化肥造成浮游生物大肆繁殖,
12:52
and there's your pea soup.
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最後就成了豌豆湯。
12:54
But, encouragingly, I've seen just the opposite.
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但是,讓人鼓舞的是,我也見過相反的情況。
12:57
I've been to a place that was a pretty trashed bay.
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我曾經去過一個污染嚴重的海灣。
13:00
And I looked at it, just said, "Yuck,"
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當我看到它時,我只能說,“噁心!”
13:02
and go and work on the other side of the island.
317
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然後去島的另一頭工作。
13:04
Five years later, come back,
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5年以後,我又來到這裡,
13:06
and that same bay is now gorgeous. It's beautiful.
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同一個海灣現在非常美麗。賞心悅目。
13:09
It's got living coral, fish all over the place,
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這裡有活躍的珊瑚,到處都是魚群,
13:11
crystal clear water, and you go, "How did that happen?"
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海水清澈透明,你會問,“怎麼會這樣?”
13:14
Well, how it happened is
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那麼,怎麼會這樣呢,
13:16
the local community galvanized.
323
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是當地的社區採取行動。
13:18
They recognized what was happening on the hillside and put a stop to it;
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他們發現在山坡上發生的種種問題,決定要喊停,
13:21
enacted laws and made permits required
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他們通過法案,要經過許可
13:23
to do responsible construction
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才能進行負責任的建設
13:25
and golf course maintenance
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和高爾夫球場的維護
13:27
and stopped the sediments flowing into the bay,
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阻止沉積物沖刷進海灣,
13:29
and stopped the chemicals flowing into the bay,
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阻止化學物質流入海灣,
13:31
and the bay recovered.
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然後海灣就恢復了生機。
13:33
The ocean has an amazing ability
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海洋有著驚人的修復能力,
13:35
to recover, if we'll just leave it alone.
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只要我們能不去打攪它。
13:38
I think Margaret Mead
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我認為Margaret Mead
13:40
said it best.
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說的最好。
13:42
She said that a small group of thoughtful people
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她說一小群深謀遠慮的人
13:44
could change the world.
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就能改變世界。
13:46
Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.
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確實,就是這麼簡單。
13:49
And a small group of thoughtful people
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正是一小群深謀遠慮的人
13:51
changed that bay.
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改變了海灣。
13:53
I'm a big fan of grassroots organizations.
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我非常贊成和支持民間組織。
13:56
I've been to a lot of lectures
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我去過很多地方講演,
13:58
where, at the end of it, inevitably,
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無論哪裡,到最後,無可避免地,
14:00
one of the first questions that comes up is,
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第一個被問到的問題總是,
14:02
"But, but what can I do?
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“但是,我能做什麽呢?
14:04
I'm an individual. I'm one person.
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我就自己一個人,單槍匹馬,
14:06
And these problems are so large and global, and it's just overwhelming."
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而那些問題都那麼大,全球性的,太超出我的能力了。”
14:09
Fair enough question.
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這的確是個問題。
14:11
My answer to that is don't look
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我的回答是,不要老是盯著
14:13
at the big, overwhelming issues of the world.
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那些大的,世界性的問題。
14:16
Look in your own backyard.
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看看自己的後院。
14:18
Look in your heart, actually.
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事實上,看看自己的內心。
14:21
What do you really care about that isn't right where you live?
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在你周圍有什麽你真正關心的地方出了問題。
14:24
And fix it.
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解決它。
14:26
Create a healing zone in your neighborhood
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在你家社區建立一塊恢復自然的休養區,
14:28
and encourage others to do the same.
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並鼓勵他人也這麼做。
14:30
And maybe these healing zones can sprinkle a map,
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也許這些修復區會成為星星之火,
14:32
little dots on a map.
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散佈整個地圖。
14:34
And in fact, the way that we can communicate today --
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其實,今天我們溝通信息的方式,
14:37
where Alaska is instantly knowing what's going on in China,
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使得阿拉斯加的人能馬上就知道中國在發生什麽,
14:40
and the Kiwis did this, and then over in England they tried to ...
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紐西蘭人怎樣了,英國人又在幹什麼……
14:42
and everybody is talking to everyone else --
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誰和誰都能夠說上話
14:44
it's not isolated points on a map anymore,
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這讓我們不再是地圖上分散的點,
14:46
it's a network we've created.
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我們已經建立起一個網絡。
14:48
And maybe these healing zones can start growing,
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也許這些修復區能開始擴展,
14:50
and possibly even overlap, and good things can happen.
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甚至重疊,美好的事情就能發生。
14:53
So that's how I answer that question.
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所以我就是這樣回答這個問題的。
14:56
Look in your own backyard, in fact, look in the mirror.
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看看自己的後院,事實上,看看鏡子。
14:59
What can you do that is more responsible
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你能做點什麽比
15:01
than what you're doing now?
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你現在正在做的事負起更多責任?
15:03
And do that, and spread the word.
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那就去做,並且到處宣傳。
15:06
The vent community animals
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熱泉群落裡的動物們
15:08
can't really do much
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對自己的生死
15:10
about the life and death
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無能為力,
15:12
that's going on where they live, but up here we can.
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只能聽天由命,但我們可以有所作為。
15:15
In theory, we're thinking, rational human beings.
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理論上,我們會思考,我們是理性的人類。
15:18
And we can make changes to our behavior
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我們可以改變自己的行為
15:21
that will influence and affect the environment,
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來影響和改變環境。
15:24
like those people changed the health of that bay.
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就像那些改變了海灣狀況的人們。
15:26
Now, Sylvia's TED Prize wish
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Sylvia的TED獲獎願望是
15:29
was to beseech us to do anything we could,
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呼籲我們盡我們所能,
15:32
everything we could,
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傾我們所有,
15:34
to set aside not pin pricks,
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劃出大片海域,
15:36
but significant expanses
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而不是芝麻綠豆大的面積,
15:38
of the ocean for preservation,
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作為保育區,
15:40
"hope spots," she calls them.
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她稱之為“希望小區”
15:42
And I applaud that. I loudly applaud that.
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我為此而大聲鼓掌喝彩。
15:46
And it's my hope that some of these "hope spots"
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我希望,這些希望小區當中能有些
15:49
can be in the deep ocean,
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放在深海,
15:51
an area that has historically
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這些地方在過去
15:54
been seriously neglected, if not abused.
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被嚴重忽略了,假如沒有被濫用的話——
15:57
The term "deep six" comes to mind:
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我想到“海拋”。
15:59
"If it's too big or too toxic for a landfill,
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不管什麼東西對垃圾掩埋場來說太大或太毒,
16:02
deep six it!"
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那就扔海裡去。
16:04
So, I hope that we can also keep
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所以我希望我們也能
16:06
some of these "hope spots" in the deep sea.
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在深海保留一些“希望小區”。
16:09
Now, I don't get a wish,
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現在我還不能許願,
16:12
but I certainly can say
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但我敢說
16:15
that I will do anything I can
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我要盡我所能地
16:17
to support Sylvia Earle's wish.
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支持Sylvia Earle的願望。
16:19
And that I do.
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我心甘情願。
16:21
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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非常感謝大家。(觀眾鼓掌)

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