Mike deGruy: Hooked by an octopus

73,557 views ・ 2010-04-15

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:15
I first became fascinated with octopus at an early age.
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I grew up in Mobile, Alabama --
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somebody's got to be from Mobile, right? --
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and Mobile sits at the confluence of five rivers,
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forming this beautiful delta.
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And the delta has alligators crawling
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in and out of rivers filled with fish
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and cypress trees dripping with snakes,
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birds of every flavor.
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It's an absolute magical wonderland to live in --
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if you're a kid interested in animals, to grow up in.
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And this delta water flows to Mobile Bay, and finally into the Gulf of Mexico.
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And I remember my first real contact with octopus
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was probably at age five or six.
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I was in the gulf, and I was swimming around and saw a little octopus on the bottom.
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And I reached down and picked him up, and immediately
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became fascinated and impressed by its speed and its strength and agility.
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It was prying my fingers apart and moving to the back of my hand.
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It was all I could do to hold onto this amazing creature.
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Then it sort of calmed down in the palms of my hands
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and started flashing colors,
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just pulsing all of these colors.
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And as I looked at it, it kind of tucked its arms under it,
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raised into a spherical shape
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and turned chocolate brown with two white stripes.
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I'm going, "My gosh!" I had never seen anything like this in my life!
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So I marveled for a moment, and then decided it was time to release him,
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so I put him down.
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The octopus left my hands and then did the damnedest thing:
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It landed on the bottom in the rubble
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and -- fwoosh! -- vanished
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right before my eyes.
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And I knew, right then, at age six,
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that is an animal that I want to learn more about. So I did.
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And I went off to college and got a degree in marine zoology,
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and then moved to Hawaii and entered graduate school
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at the University of Hawaii.
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And while a student at Hawaii, I worked at the Waikiki Aquarium.
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And the aquarium had a lot of big fish tanks
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but not a lot of invertebrate displays,
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and being the spineless guy, I thought, well
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I'll just go out in the field and collect these wonderful animals
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I had been learning about as a student
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and bring them in, and I built these elaborate sets and put them on display.
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Now, the fish in the tanks were gorgeous to look at,
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but they didn't really interact with people.
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But the octopus did.
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If you walked up to an octopus tank,
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especially early in the morning before anyone arrived,
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the octopus would rise up and look at you
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and you're thinking, "Is that guy really looking at me? He is looking at me!"
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And you walk up to the front of the tank. Then you realize
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that these animals all have different personalities:
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Some of them would hold their ground,
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others would slink into the back of the tank and disappear in the rocks,
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and one in particular, this amazing animal ...
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I went up to the front of the tank, and he's just staring at me,
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and he had little horns come up above his eyes.
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So I went right up to the front of the tank --
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I was three or four inches from the front glass --
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and the octopus was sitting on a perch, a little rock,
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and he came off the rock and he also came down right to the front of the glass.
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So I was staring at this animal about six or seven inches away,
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and at that time I could actually focus that close;
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now as I look at my fuzzy fingers I realize those days are long gone.
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Anyway, there we were, staring at each other,
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and he reaches down and grabs an armful of gravel
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and releases it in the jet of water entering the tank
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from the filtration system,
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and -- chk chk chk chk chk! -- this gravel hits the front of the glass and falls down.
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He reaches up, takes another armful of gravel, releases it --
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chk chk chk chk chk! -- same thing.
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Then he lifts another arm and I lift an arm.
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Then he lifts another arm and I lift another arm.
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And then I realize the octopus won the arms race,
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because I was out and he had six left. (Laughter)
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But the only way I can describe what I was seeing that day
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was that this octopus was playing,
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which is a pretty sophisticated behavior for a mere invertebrate.
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So, about three years into my degree,
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a funny thing happened on the way to the office,
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which actually changed the course of my life.
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A man came into the aquarium. It's a long story, but essentially
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he sent me and a couple of friends of mine to the South Pacific
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to collect animals for him,
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and as we left, he gave us two 16-millimeter movie cameras.
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He said, "Make a movie about this expedition."
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"OK, a couple of biologists making a movie --
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this'll be interesting,"
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and off we went. And we did, we made a movie,
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which had to be the worst movie ever made
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in the history of movie making,
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but it was a blast. I had so much fun.
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And I remember that proverbial light going off in my head,
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thinking, "Wait a minute.
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Maybe I can do this all the time.
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Yeah, I'll be a filmmaker."
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So I literally came back from that job,
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quit school, hung my filmmaking shingle
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and just never told anyone that I didn't know what I was doing.
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It's been a good ride.
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And what I learned in school though was really beneficial.
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If you're a wildlife filmmaker
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and you're going out into the field to film animals,
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especially behavior,
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it helps to have a fundamental background
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on who these animals are,
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how they work and, you know, a bit about their behaviors.
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But where I really learned about octopus
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was in the field, as a filmmaker
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making films with them,
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where you're allowed to spend large periods of time
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with the animals, seeing octopus being octopus
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in their ocean homes.
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I remember I took a trip to Australia,
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went to an island called One Tree Island.
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And apparently, evolution had occurred
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at a pretty rapid rate on One Tree,
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between the time they named it and the time I arrived,
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because I'm sure there were at least three trees
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on that island when we were there.
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Anyway, one tree is situated right next to
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a beautiful coral reef.
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In fact, there's a surge channel
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where the tide is moving back and forth, twice a day, pretty rapidly.
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And there's a beautiful reef,
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very complex reef, with lots of animals,
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including a lot of octopus.
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And not uniquely
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but certainly, the octopus in Australia
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are masters at camouflage.
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As a matter of fact,
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there's one right there.
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So our first challenge was to find these things,
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and that was a challenge, indeed.
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But the idea is, we were there for a month
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and I wanted to acclimate the animals to us
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so that we could see behaviors without disturbing them.
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So the first week was pretty much spent
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just getting as close as we could,
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every day a little closer, a little closer, a little closer.
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And you knew what the limit was: they would start getting twitchy
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and you'd back up, come back in a few hours.
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And after the first week, they ignored us.
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It was like, "I don't know what that thing is, but he's no threat to me."
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So they went on about their business
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and from a foot away, we're watching mating
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and courting and fighting
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and it is just an unbelievable experience.
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And one of the most fantastic displays
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that I remember, or at least visually,
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was a foraging behavior.
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And they had a lot of different techniques
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that they would use for foraging,
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but this particular one used vision.
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And they would see a coral head,
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maybe 10 feet away,
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and start moving over toward that coral head.
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And I don't know whether they actually saw crab in it, or imagined that one might be,
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but whatever the case, they would leap off the bottom
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and go through the water and land right on top of this coral head,
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and then the web between the arms
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would completely engulf the coral head,
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and they would fish out, swim for crabs.
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And as soon as the crabs touched the arm, it was lights out.
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And I always wondered what happened under that web.
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So we created a way to find out, (Laughter)
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and I got my first look at that famous beak in action.
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It was fantastic.
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If you're going to make a lot of films about a particular group of animals,
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you might as well pick one that's fairly common.
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And octopus are, they live in all the oceans.
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They also live deep.
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And I can't say octopus are responsible
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for my really strong interest
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in getting in subs and going deep,
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but whatever the case, I like that.
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It's like nothing you've ever done.
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If you ever really want to get away from it all
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and see something that you have never seen,
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and have an excellent chance of seeing something
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no one has ever seen, get in a sub.
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You climb in, seal the hatch, turn on a little oxygen,
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turn on the scrubber,
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which removes the CO2 in the air you breathe, and they chuck you overboard.
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Down you go. There's no connection to the surface
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apart from a pretty funky radio.
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And as you go down, the washing machine
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at the surface calms down.
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And it gets quiet.
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And it starts getting really nice.
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And as you go deeper, that lovely, blue water you were launched in
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gives way to darker and darker blue.
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And finally, it's a rich lavender,
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and after a couple of thousand feet, it's ink black.
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And now you've entered the realm
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of the mid-water community.
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You could give an entire talk
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about the creatures that live in the mid-water.
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Suffice to say though, as far as I'm concerned,
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without question, the most bizarre designs
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and outrageous behaviors
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are in the animals that live in the mid-water community.
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But we're just going to zip right past this area,
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this area that includes about 95 percent
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of the living space on our planet
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and go to the mid-ocean ridge, which I think is even more extraordinary.
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The mid-ocean ridge is a huge mountain range,
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40,000 miles long, snaking around the entire globe.
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And they're big mountains, thousands of feet tall,
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some of which are tens of thousands of feet
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and bust through the surface,
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creating islands like Hawaii.
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And the top of this mountain range
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is splitting apart, creating a rift valley.
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And when you dive into that rift valley, that's where the action is
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because literally thousands of active volcanoes
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are going off at any point in time
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all along this 40,000 mile range.
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And as these tectonic plates are spreading apart,
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magma, lava is coming up and filling those gaps,
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and you're looking land -- new land --
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being created right before your eyes.
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And over the tops of them is 3,000 to 4,000 meters of water
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creating enormous pressure,
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forcing water down through the cracks toward the center of the earth,
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until it hits a magma chamber
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where it becomes superheated
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and supersaturated with minerals,
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reverses its flow and starts shooting back to the surface
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and is ejected out of the earth like a geyser at Yellowstone.
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In fact, this whole area
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is like a Yellowstone National Park with all of the trimmings.
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And this vent fluid is about 600 or 700 degrees F.
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The surrounding water is just a couple of degrees above freezing.
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So it immediately cools,
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and it can no longer hold in suspension
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all of the material that it's dissolved,
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and it precipitates out, forming black smoke.
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And it forms these towers, these chimneys
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that are 10, 20, 30 feet tall.
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And all along the sides of these chimneys
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is shimmering with heat and loaded with life.
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You've got black smokers going all over the place
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and chimneys that have tube worms
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that might be eight to 10 feet long.
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And out of the tops of these tube worms
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are these beautiful red plumes.
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And living amongst the tangle of tube worms
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is an entire community of animals:
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shrimp, fish, lobsters, crab,
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clams and swarms of arthropods
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that are playing that dangerous game
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between over here is scalding hot and freezing cold.
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And this whole ecosystem
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wasn't even known about
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until 33 years ago.
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And it completely threw science on its head.
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It made scientists rethink
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where life on Earth might have actually begun.
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And before the discovery of these vents,
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all life on Earth, the key to life on Earth,
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was believed to be the sun and photosynthesis.
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But down there, there is no sun,
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there is no photosynthesis;
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it's chemosynthetic environment down there driving it,
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and it's all so ephemeral.
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You might film this
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unbelievable hydrothermal vent,
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which you think at the time has to be on another planet.
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It's amazing to think that this is actually on earth;
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it looks like aliens in an alien environment.
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But you go back to the same vent eight years later
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and it can be completely dead.
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There's no hot water.
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All of the animals are gone, they're dead,
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and the chimneys are still there
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creating a really nice ghost town,
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an eerie, spooky ghost town,
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but essentially devoid of animals, of course.
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But 10 miles down the ridge...
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pshhh! There's another volcano going.
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And there's a whole new hydrothermal vent community that has been formed.
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And this kind of life and death of hydrothermal vent communities
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is going on every 30 or 40 years
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all along the ridge.
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And that ephemeral nature
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of the hydrothermal vent community
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isn't really different from some of the
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areas that I've seen
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in 35 years of traveling around, making films.
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Where you go and film a really nice sequence at a bay.
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And you go back, and I'm at home,
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and I'm thinking, "Okay, what can I shoot ...
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Ah! I know where I can shoot that.
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There's this beautiful bay, lots of soft corals and stomatopods."
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And you show up, and it's dead.
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There's no coral, algae growing on it, and the water's pea soup.
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You think, "Well, what happened?"
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And you turn around,
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and there's a hillside behind you with a neighborhood going in,
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and bulldozers are pushing piles of soil back and forth.
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And over here
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there's a golf course going in.
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And this is the tropics.
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It's raining like crazy here.
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So this rainwater is flooding down the hillside,
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carrying with it sediments from the construction site,
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smothering the coral and killing it.
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And fertilizers and pesticides
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are flowing into the bay from the golf course --
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the pesticides killing all the larvae and little animals,
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fertilizer creating this beautiful plankton bloom --
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and there's your pea soup.
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But, encouragingly, I've seen just the opposite.
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I've been to a place that was a pretty trashed bay.
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And I looked at it, just said, "Yuck,"
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and go and work on the other side of the island.
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Five years later, come back,
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and that same bay is now gorgeous. It's beautiful.
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It's got living coral, fish all over the place,
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crystal clear water, and you go, "How did that happen?"
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Well, how it happened is
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the local community galvanized.
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They recognized what was happening on the hillside and put a stop to it;
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enacted laws and made permits required
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to do responsible construction
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and golf course maintenance
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and stopped the sediments flowing into the bay,
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and stopped the chemicals flowing into the bay,
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and the bay recovered.
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The ocean has an amazing ability
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to recover, if we'll just leave it alone.
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I think Margaret Mead
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said it best.
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She said that a small group of thoughtful people
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could change the world.
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Indeed, it's the only thing that ever has.
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And a small group of thoughtful people
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changed that bay.
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I'm a big fan of grassroots organizations.
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I've been to a lot of lectures
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where, at the end of it, inevitably,
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one of the first questions that comes up is,
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"But, but what can I do?
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I'm an individual. I'm one person.
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And these problems are so large and global, and it's just overwhelming."
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Fair enough question.
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My answer to that is don't look
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at the big, overwhelming issues of the world.
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Look in your own backyard.
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Look in your heart, actually.
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What do you really care about that isn't right where you live?
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And fix it.
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Create a healing zone in your neighborhood
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and encourage others to do the same.
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And maybe these healing zones can sprinkle a map,
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little dots on a map.
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And in fact, the way that we can communicate today --
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where Alaska is instantly knowing what's going on in China,
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and the Kiwis did this, and then over in England they tried to ...
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and everybody is talking to everyone else --
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it's not isolated points on a map anymore,
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it's a network we've created.
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And maybe these healing zones can start growing,
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and possibly even overlap, and good things can happen.
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So that's how I answer that question.
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Look in your own backyard, in fact, look in the mirror.
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What can you do that is more responsible
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than what you're doing now?
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And do that, and spread the word.
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The vent community animals
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can't really do much
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about the life and death
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that's going on where they live, but up here we can.
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In theory, we're thinking, rational human beings.
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And we can make changes to our behavior
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that will influence and affect the environment,
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like those people changed the health of that bay.
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Now, Sylvia's TED Prize wish
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was to beseech us to do anything we could,
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everything we could,
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to set aside not pin pricks,
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but significant expanses
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of the ocean for preservation,
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"hope spots," she calls them.
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And I applaud that. I loudly applaud that.
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And it's my hope that some of these "hope spots"
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can be in the deep ocean,
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an area that has historically
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been seriously neglected, if not abused.
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The term "deep six" comes to mind:
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"If it's too big or too toxic for a landfill,
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deep six it!"
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So, I hope that we can also keep
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some of these "hope spots" in the deep sea.
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Now, I don't get a wish,
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but I certainly can say
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that I will do anything I can
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to support Sylvia Earle's wish.
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And that I do.
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Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Original video on YouTube.com
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