Katherine Fulton: You are the future of philanthropy

譯者: Maggie Fung 審譯者: Christina Yu

I want to help you re-perceive what philanthropy is,

我希望幫助各位重新認識慈善事業，

what it could be,

看到它的可能性，

and what your relationship to it is.

以及它跟你的關係。

And in doing that, I want to offer you a vision,

為了要這樣做，我要向你展示一個遠景，

an imagined future, if you will,

一個想像中的未來樣貌，

of how, as the poet Seamus Heaney has put it,

就如詩人 Seamus Heaney 所說，

"Once in a lifetime

「人的一生中總有一次，

the longed-for tidal wave of justice can rise up,

一直盼望的正義之潮會升起，

and hope and history rhyme."

而希望正和歷史合奏著。」

I want to start with these word pairs here.

我想從這幾對字詞開始。

We all know which side of these we'd like to be on.

我們都知道我們想身於哪一方。

When philanthropy was reinvented a century ago,

一個世紀前，當慈善事業進行重整，

when the foundation form was actually invented,

開始出現基金會的形式時，

they didn't think of themselves on the wrong side of these either.

他們也沒有想到自己會屬於錯的這一方。

In fact they would never have thought of themselves

他們從沒想到自己會是

as closed and set in their ways,

封閉、故步自封，

as slow to respond to new challenges,

對新挑戰反應緩慢，

as small and risk-averse.

渺小而且經不起風險。

And in fact they weren't. They were reinventing charity in those times,

而事實上他們也不是。他們改革當時的慈善事業，

what Rockefeller called "the business of benevolence."

洛克費羅稱為「慈善生意」。

But by the end of the 20th century,

但到了二十世紀末，

a new generation of critics and reformers

新一代的評論家和改革者

had come to see philanthropy just this way.

指出了慈善事業的這些缺失。

The thing to watch for

我們可以觀察到

as a global philanthropy industry comes about --

全球慈善行業的走向，

and that's exactly what is happening --

目前正出現一股

is how the aspiration is to flip

強烈的企圖，

these old assumptions,

要翻轉這些舊有的認定，

for philanthropy to become open and big

企圖使慈善事業變得開放而且強大，

and fast and connected, in service of the long term.

快捷而且緊密連結，可以持續地為社會服務。

This entrepreneurial energy

這股具有企業精神的力量

is emerging from many quarters.

正從各個角落出現，

And it's driven and propelled forward by new leaders, like many of the people here,

在各位當中有些人正是新一代的領導者，

by new tools, like the ones we've seen here,

而我們剛才所見到的新工具，

and by new pressures.

以及新的壓力，也形成推動的力量。

I've been following this change for quite a while now, and participating in it.

我長期觀察並參與這樣的轉變。

This report is our main public report.

這份報告是我們的主要公開報告。

What it tells is the story of how today

而它會告訴你如今這個時代

actually could be as historic

就如同一百年前一樣

as 100 years ago.

具有歷史意義。

What I want to do is share some of the coolest things

我想與各位分享一些

that are going on with you.

正在發生的最酷的事情。

And as I do that, I'm not going to dwell much

但我不會講太多

on the very large philanthropy that everybody already knows about --

那些家傳戶曉的大型慈善事業，

the Gates or the Soros or the Google.

如蓋茨、索羅斯、Google等等。

Instead, what I want to do

相反的，我想講的是

is talk about the philanthropy of all of us:

屬於我們所有人的慈善事業，

the democratization of philanthropy.

慈善事業的民主化。

This is a moment in history when the average person

在今天，一個普通人所擁有的力量，

has more power than at any time.

是歷史上前所未有的強大。

What I'm going to do is look at five categories of experiments,

現在來看看五種類型的實驗，

each of which challenges an old assumption of philanthropy.

每一種都挑戰一項對慈善事業的既有認定。

The first is mass collaboration, represented here by Wikipedia.

第一種是群體協作，代表者有維基百科(Wikipedia)。

Now, this may surprise you.

這可能會令你如夢初醒，

But remember, philanthropy is about giving of time and talent, not just money.

但記著，慈善不止於金錢上的捐獻，也可以奉獻時間和才能。

Clay Shirky, that great chronicler of everything networked,

Clay Shirky這位網路發展的觀察者，

has captured the assumption that this challenges

把這實驗如何推翻固有的認定

in such a beautiful way.

作出很好的註解。

He said, "We have lived in this world

他說：「我們所在的世界，

where little things are done for love

是只能為愛做小事、

and big things for money.

為錢做大事的世界。

Now we have Wikipedia.

而現在我們有了維基百科(Wikipedia)。

Suddenly big things can be done for love."

突然之間，也可以為愛做成大事。」

Watch, this spring, for Paul Hawken's new book --

今年春天，留意Paul Hawken的新書，

Author and entrepreneur many of you may know about.

大家可能都認識這位作家及企業家。

The book is called "Blessed Unrest."

這本書名為「蒙福的動盪」。

And when it comes out, a series of wiki sites

在它出版時，名為 "WISER" 的一系列維基網站

under the label WISER, are going to launch at the same time.

也將會同時上線。

WISER stands for World Index

WISER 所代表的是

for Social and Environmental Responsibility.

「世界社會及環境責任指數」。

WISER sets out to document, link and empower

WISER 的宗旨是記錄、連結和推動

what Paul calls the largest movement,

Paul 所說的人類史上規模最大、

and fastest-growing movement in human history:

發展最快的行動。

humanity's collective immune response

可以說是人類對現有威脅的

to today's threats.

集體免疫反應。

Now, all of these big things for love -- experiments --

但是，這些為愛做大事的實驗

aren't going to take off.

並不是每一個都能成功。

But the ones that do

但是那些能夠成功的，

are going to be the biggest, the most open,

將成為人類史上最大、最開放、

the fastest, the most connected form of philanthropy in human history.

最敏捷、最相連的慈善事業。

Second category is online philanthropy marketplaces.

第二種是網上慈善賣場。

This is, of course, to philanthropy

這些賣場對於慈善事業，

what eBay and Amazon are to commerce.

正如eBay和Amazon對於傳統商業的意義一樣。

Think of it as peer-to-peer philanthropy.

將它想像成一對一的慈善事業。

And this challenges yet another assumption,

它挑戰另一項認定，

which is that organized philanthropy is only for the very wealthy.

就是有組織的慈善事業是富人的專利。

Take a look, if you haven't, at DonorsChoose.

如果你還不知道的話，請看DonorsChoose網站。

Omidyar Network has made a big investment in DonorsChoose.

DonorsChoose已獲得Omidyar Network的鉅額投資。

It's one of the best known of these new marketplaces

它是知名度最高的新賣場之一，

where a donor can go straight into a classroom

捐贈者可以直接進入一間教室，

and connect with what a teacher says they need.

與教師連結，瞭解他們所需要的是什麼。

Take a look at Changing the Present,

下次你要買結婚禮物或節日禮物，請逛一逛Changing the Present,

started by a TEDster, next time you need a wedding present or a holiday present.

這是由一名 TED 會員所設立的。

GiveIndia is for a whole country.

GiveIndia 是為印度這個國家捐獻。

And it goes on and on.

這樣的例子數之不盡。

The third category is represented by Warren Buffet,

第三種類型以巴菲特為代表，

which I call aggregated giving.

我稱它為集資捐獻。

It's not just that Warren Buffet was so amazingly generous

巴菲特去年夏天的這項歷史性創舉，

in that historic act last summer.

不只是因為他的慷慨捐獻而偉大，

It's that he challenged another assumption,

而是他打破了另一項認定，

that every giver should have his or her own

證明並不是每一個捐獻者都必須

fund or foundation.

成立自己的基金或基金會。

There are now, today, so many new funds

現在有很多新的慈善基金

that are aggregating giving and investing,

是採用集資捐獻及投資，

bringing together people

把人們集合起來，

around a common goal, to think bigger.

為共同的目標提供更大規模的捐獻。

One of the best known is Acumen Fund, led by Jacqueline Novogratz,

當中最廣為人知的是 Acumen Fund, 由 Jacqueline Novogratz 帶領，

a TEDster who got a big boost here at TED.

她是一位 TED 會員，從 TED 這裡得到大力幫助。

But there are many others: New Profit in Cambridge,

但當然不止於此。在劍橋的 New Profit,

New School's Venture Fund in Silicon Valley,

矽谷的 New School's Venture Fund,

Venture Philanthropy Partners in Washington,

華府的 Venture Philanthropy Partners

Global Fund for Women in San Francisco.

及三藩市的 Global Fund For Women.

Take a look at these.

觀察這些例子，

These funds are to philanthropy

這些基金與慈善事業的關係，

what venture capital, private equity, and eventually mutual funds

和風險投資、私人資本、共同基金等，

are to investing,

與投資項目之間的關係類似。

but with a twist --

但當然不完全一樣，

because often a community forms around these funds,

因為通常一個社群將會伴隨這些基金形成，

as it has at Acumen and other places.

就如 Acumen 及其他基金的例子。

Now, imagine for a second

現在，想像一下

these first three types of experiments:

前面三種類型的實驗：

mass collaboration, online marketplaces, aggregated giving.

群體協作、網上賣場、集資捐獻。

And understand how they help us re-perceive

了解它們如何幫助我們重新認識

what organized philanthropy is.

有組織的慈善事業。

It's not about foundations necessarily; it's about the rest of us.

不一定屬於基金會，而是屬於我們所有人的。

And imagine the mash-up, if you will, of these things, in the future,

再想像一下，當這些混搭元素

when these things come together in the experiments of the future --

未來相互結合，進行更多實驗 －

imagine that somebody puts up, say,

例如有人提出目標，

100 million dollars

價值一億美元的

for an inspiring goal --

群體捐獻目標 －

there were 21 gifts of 100 million dollars or more in the US last year,

去年在美國有21筆捐獻的單筆金額超過一億美元，

not out of the question --

這並不是不可能的 －

but only puts it up if it's matched

但達到這個目標的方法

by millions of small gifts from around the globe,

是募集全球數百萬筆的小型捐獻。

thereby engaging lots of people,

所以它能使許多人參與在其中，

and building visibility and engaging people

建立其公信力，吸引人群參與，

in the goal that's stated.

以達成所設立的目標。

I'm going to look quickly at the fourth and fifth categories,

我會很快地說明第四及第五種類型，

which are innovation, competitions and social investing.

也就是創新、競爭及社會投資。

They're betting a visible competition, a prize,

以實際的競賽、獎項，

can attract talent and money to some of the most difficult issues,

吸引人才及資金，對付一些最困難的議題，

and thereby speed the solution.

加快解決議題的腳步。

This tackles yet another assumption,

這挑戰了另一項認定，

that the giver and the organization is at the center,

就是以捐贈者及組織為中心，

as opposed to putting the problem at the center.

而不是以問題為主。

You can look to these innovators

你可以依賴這些革新者，

to help us especially with things that require

來幫助我們解決問題，

technological or scientific solution.

特別是需要科技支援的問題。

That leaves the final category, social investing,

最後一種類型，社會投資，

which is really, anyway, the biggest of them all,

從任何方面來說，這都是在五種類型當中最大的一個。

represented here by Xigi.net.

以 Xigi.net 為代表。

And this, of course, tackles the biggest assumption of all,

當然，這是要挑戰最大的認定，

that business is business,

就是在商言商，

and philanthropy is the vehicle of people who want to create change in the world.

而慈善是由一班想改變世界的人所推動。

Xigi is a new community site

Xigi 是一個新的社群網站，

that's built by the community,

由社群所創立，

linking and mapping this new social capital market.

把這最新的社會資本市場連結起來。

It lists already 1,000 entities

它列出一千個為社會企業

that are offering debt and equity for social enterprise.

提供借貸及資本的組織。

So we can look to these innovators

所以這群革新者

to help us remember

提醒了我們，

that if we can leverage even a small amount of the capital

即使運用很少的資金

that seeks a return,

去追求報酬，

the good that can be driven could be astonishing.

所能推動的善行也很驚人。

Now, what's really interesting here

而最有趣的是，

is that we're not thinking our way

我們不是透過思想

into a new way of acting;

去啟發新一種行為。

we're acting our way into a new way of thinking.

我們正以行動啟動新一波的思維。

Philanthropy is reorganizing itself

慈善事業正在我們眼前

before our very eyes.

徹底重整。

And even though all of the experiments and all of the big givers

就算這些實驗和所有的大慈善家

don't yet fulfill this aspiration,

還沒有實現這個企圖，

I think this is the new zeitgeist:

我想這就是新的時代精神：

open, big, fast, connected,

開放、強大、快捷、相互連結。

and, let us also hope, long.

而且希望可以長久持續。

We have got to realize that it is going to take a long time to do these things.

我們必須明白，這些事不是一朝一夕可以完成的。

If we don't develop the stamina to stick with things --

如果我們沒有毅力去堅持 －

whatever it is you pick, stick with it --

無論你選擇了什麼，堅持著 －

all of this stuff is just going to be, you know, a fad.

所有東西都只會淪為一時的風潮。

But I'm really hopeful.

但我是滿懷希望的。

And I'm hopeful because it's not only philanthropy

而我充滿希望是因為

that's reorganizing itself,

不止是慈善事業在進行重整。

it's also whole other portions of the social sector,

而是其他所有的社會組織

and of business,

以及商業組織，

that are busy challenging "business as usual."

都在挑戰過去習以為常的做法。

And everywhere I go, including here at TED,

我所到的每一個地方，包括在 TED 這裡，

I feel that there is a new moral hunger

我也感受到對道德的一股新的渴望，

that is growing.

正在不斷成長。

What we're seeing is people really wrestling

我們看到人們絞盡腦汁

to describe what is this new thing that's happening.

要描述正在發生的這件事情。

Words like "philanthrocapitalism,"

出現了如「慈善資本主義」、

and "natural capitalism," and "philanthroentrepreneur,"

「自然資本主義」、「慈善企業家」

and "venture philanthropy."

以及「慈善風險投資」等各種名稱。

We don't have a language for it yet.

我們暫時沒有專門的用語。

Whatever we call it,

但無論我們怎樣稱呼它，

it's new, it's beginning,

這是新的，這是起步，

and I think it's gong to quite significant.

而且我想它會是很重要的。

And that's where my imagined future comes in,

這與我所想像的未來有關，

which I am going to call the social singularity.

我將把它稱為 "社會奇異點" 。

Many of you will realize that I'm ripping a bit off of the science fiction writer

你們當中有些人知道我借用了科幻小說家

Vernor Vinge's notion of a technological singularity,

Vernor Vinge "科技奇異點" 的概念，

where a number of trends accelerate and converge

當幾個不同的趨勢加速並聚合的時候，

and come together to create, really, a shockingly new reality.

將共同創造一個令人震撼的新世界。

It may be that the social singularity

我們將面臨的社會奇異點，

ahead is the one that we fear the most:

正是我們最害怕的。

a convergence of catastrophes,

當不同的災難一同發生，

of environmental degradation,

如環境破壞、

of weapons of mass destruction, of pandemics,

大規模毀滅性武器、流行疫症，

of poverty.

以及貧窮。

That's because

這是因為

our ability to confront the problems that we face

我們解決所遭遇問題的能力，

has not kept pace with our ability to create them.

遠比我們製造問題的能力慢。

And as we've heard here,

就如我們剛才所聽到的，

it is no exaggeration to say

要說我們對人類文明的未來

that we hold the future of our civilization in our hands

有著前所未有的掌握能力，

as never before.

其實一點也不誇張。

The question is, is there a positive social singularity?

問題是，有沒有正面的社會奇異點？

Is there a frontier for us

有沒有一個先例可以啟示我們

of how we live together?

要如何共同生活？

Our future doesn't have to be imagined.

我們的未來不需要只憑空想像。

We can create a future where hope and history rhyme.

我們可以創造一個未來，讓今日的希望成為明日的歷史。

But we have a problem.

但我們有一個問題。

Our experience to date, both individually and collectively,

到今天為止，我們的經驗，無論是個人或集體的，

hasn't prepared us for what we're going to need to do,

都不足以預備我們面對未來將要做的，

or who we're going to need to be.

或是我們將要成為的未來。

We are going to need

我們會需要

a new generation of citizen leaders

新一代的公民領袖，

willing to commit ourselves to growing and changing and learning

願意身體力行去不斷成長，

as rapidly as possible.

快速地轉變及學習。

That's why I have one last thing I want to show you.

因此，我有最後一件東西想給大家看。

This is a photograph taken about 100 years ago

這張照片攝於大約一百年前，

of my grandfather and great-grandfather.

相中人是我的祖父和曾祖父。

This is a newspaper publisher and a banker.

他們是日報發行人和銀行家，

And they were great community leaders.

也是傑出的社群領袖。

And, yes, they were great philanthropists.

而且，沒錯，他們都是大慈善家。

I keep this photograph close by to me --

這張照片和我形影不離。

it's in my office --

我把它放在我的辦公室裡。

because I've always felt a mystical connection to these two men,

因為我總感覺到和這兩位我從不認識的長輩

both of whom I never knew.

有一種神祕的聯繫。

And so, in their honor,

所以，以他們之名，

I want to offer you this blank slide.

我把這張空白的幻燈片送給你們。

And I want you to imagine

我希望各位想像，

that this a photograph of you.

這是一張你的照片。

And I want you to think about the community

我希望你想像一下

that you want to be part of creating.

你希望參與創造的那個社群。

Whatever that means to you.

無論它對你具有什麼意義。

And I want you to imagine

我也要你想像

that it's 100 years from now,

一百年之後，

and your grandchild, or great-grandchild,

你的孫兒或曾孫兒，

or niece or nephew or god-child,

姪兒、甥兒或教子，

is looking at this photograph of you.

看著你的這一張照片。

What is the story you most want for them to tell?

你最希望他們述說什麼故事？

Thank you very much.

謝謝各位。

(Applause)

（掌聲）