Paul Collier's new rules for rebuilding a broken nation

33,658 views ・ 2009-06-24

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譯者: Tiffany Wang 審譯者: Jenny Yang
00:16
I'm going to talk about post-conflict recovery
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我今天要講的是關於衝突後重建的問題
00:22
and how we might do post-conflict recovery better.
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以及我們如何更好地進行戰後重建
00:27
The record on post-conflict recovery is not very impressive.
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以往關這方面的記錄並不是很好
00:32
40 percent of all post-conflict situations,
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歷史上,經過衝突後重建的地區,
00:36
historically, have reverted back to conflict within a decade.
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有40%在十年之內又再次發生了衝突
00:40
In fact, they've accounted for half of all civil wars.
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實際上,它們占了所有內戰的一半
00:45
Why has the record been so poor?
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為甚麼關於這方面的記錄如此不好呢?
00:48
Well, the conventional approach
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這是因為,傳統的解決
00:51
to post-conflict situations
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衝突後情況的方法
00:53
has rested on, on kind of, three principles.
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是基於以下三條原則
00:57
The first principle is: it's the politics that matters.
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第一條原則,政治是首要的。
01:02
So, the first thing that is prioritized is politics.
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所以,首先被給與優先的是政治,
01:05
Try and build a political settlement first.
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即應該先試著從政治角度解決。
01:10
And then the second step is to say,
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然後第二步就是要告訴大家
01:13
"The situation is admittedly dangerous, but only for a short time."
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雖然現如今的狀況很危險,但是這只會持續很短的時間
01:16
So get peacekeepers there, but get them home as soon as possible.
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於是就會派維和人員過去,不過要讓他們盡快撤出。
01:21
So, short-term peacekeepers.
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所以,第二點就是短期維和。
01:24
And thirdly, what is the exit strategy for the peacekeepers?
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第三個問題就是,維和人員撤出的策略是甚麼?
01:28
It's an election.
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那就是進行選舉
01:30
That will produce a legitimate and accountable government.
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這樣就能建立一個合法並且可信的政府
01:35
So that's the conventional approach.
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所以以上就是傳統的解決方式
01:38
I think that approach denies reality.
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我認為這種方式違背了實際的情況
01:42
We see that there is no quick fix.
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我們可以看到,這並不是一個非常快速的解決方法
01:46
There's certainly no quick security fix.
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因此也就肯定不能很快達到維和的目的。
01:49
I've tried to look at the risks of reversion to conflict,
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我已經開始關注在衝突後重建的十年之內
01:52
during our post-conflict decade.
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再次發生衝突的風險。
01:54
And the risks stay high throughout the decade.
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這樣的風險在這十年里非常高,
01:58
And they stay high regardless of the political innovations.
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而且不管如何進行政治上的創新,風險都會很高
02:05
Does an election produce an accountable and legitimate government?
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選舉真的能夠建立一個可信並且合法的政府嗎?
02:10
What an election produces is a winner and a loser.
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選舉產生的只有一個贏者和一個失敗者
02:15
And the loser is unreconciled.
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失敗者是不會甘心的
02:20
The reality is that we need to reverse the sequence.
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現實是我們需要把事情的順序倒過來
02:24
It's not the politics first;
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政治並不是最首要的
02:26
it's actually the politics last.
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實際上政治是最次要的
02:29
The politics become easier as the decade progresses
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在戰後十年的過程中,政治變得越來越容易
02:32
if you're building on a foundation
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如果你能夠在
02:35
of security and economic development --
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安定和經濟發展得基礎上進行重建
02:40
the rebuilding of prosperity.
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重建繁榮
02:42
Why does the politics get easier?
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為甚麼政治會變得越來越容易呢?
02:44
And why is it so difficult initially?
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而且為甚麼在最初的時候最難呢?
02:46
Because after years of stagnation and decline,
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這是因為經歷了幾年的停滯和倒退之後
02:50
the mentality of politics is that it's a zero-sum game.
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政治家的心態就是這是一個“零和”心態,即一方有所得,另外一方必然有所損失,得失相加等於零。
02:56
If the reality is stagnation,
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如果實際情況是停滯不前
02:58
I can only go up if you go down.
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那麼只有你下台了我才能上台
03:01
And that doesn't produce a productive politics.
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這不能建立一個非常有成效的政治體系
03:06
And so the mentality has to shift from
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所以這樣的心態需要
03:09
zero-sum to positive-sum
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從零和轉變到正和
03:11
before you can get a productive politics.
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這樣才能建立一個有成效的政治體系
03:15
You can only get positive, that mental shift,
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只有你轉變了思想,才能達到積極的結果
03:17
if the reality is that prosperity is being built.
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相信繁榮正在恢復。
03:21
And in order to build prosperity, we need security in place.
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為了能建立繁榮,我們需要安定
03:26
So that is what you get when you face reality.
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這才是面對現實的好處。
03:28
But the objective of facing reality
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但是面對現實的目的是
03:30
is to change reality.
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改變現實
03:32
And so now let me suggest
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所以接下來我想提
03:34
two complimentary approaches
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兩條補充的建議
03:38
to changing the reality of the situations.
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來改變現有的狀況
03:41
The first is to recognize the interdependence
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第一條是認識到三個主要角色的相互依賴性-
03:45
of three key actors, who are different actors,
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這三個因素各不相同
03:50
and at the moment are uncoordinated.
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而且目前還不能協調運作。
03:53
The first actor is the Security Council.
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第一個參與者是安理會
03:56
The Security Council typically has the responsibility
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安理會通常有義務
04:00
for providing the peacekeepers
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輸送維和人員
04:02
who build the security.
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來維持安定。
04:05
And that needs to be recognized,
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我們首先需要認識到
04:07
first of all, that peacekeeping works.
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維和是有效果的
04:10
It is a cost-effective approach.
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這是一個經濟有效的方法
04:12
It does increase security.
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確實能夠增強安定
04:15
But it needs to be done long-term.
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不過需要強調的是,維和是一項長期工程,
04:17
It needs to be a decade-long approach,
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需要延續十年
04:19
rather than just a couple of years.
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而不是僅僅堅持短短的幾年
04:21
That's one actor, the Security Council.
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這就是第一個關鍵角色,安理會
04:24
The second actor, different cast of guys,
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第二個來自另一個階層的角色,
04:27
is the donors.
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是捐助者,
04:29
The donors provide post-conflict aid.
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捐助者提供衝突後重建的資金幫助
04:32
Typically in the past,
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通常在過去
04:35
the donors have been interested in the first couple of years,
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捐助者在最初的幾年里對項目很感興趣
04:38
and then they got bored.
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後來他們就感到厭煩了
04:40
They moved on to some other situation.
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轉去關注其他事件。
04:43
Post-conflict economic recovery
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戰後的經濟重建
04:45
is a slow process.
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是一個非常漫長的過程
04:47
There are no quick processes in economics
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在經濟學上沒有甚麼捷徑,
04:50
except decline.
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除了經濟衰退以外
04:52
You can do that quite fast.
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這個發生起來可快了。
04:54
(Laughter)
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(觀眾笑)
04:55
So the donors have to stick with this situation
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所以捐助者要堅持下去,
05:00
for at least a decade.
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至少要堅持10年
05:04
And then the third key actor
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第三個關鍵角色,
05:06
is the post-conflict government.
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就是衝突後重建的政府
05:09
And there are two key things it's got to do.
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他們有兩個必須做得事情
05:11
One is it's got to do economic reform,
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一個就是進行經濟改革
05:15
not fuss about the political constitution.
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而不是在政治格局方面爭論不休。
05:18
It's got to reform economic policy.
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他們需要改革經濟政策
05:20
Why? Because during conflict
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為甚麼?因為在戰爭衝突中
05:23
economic policy typically deteriorates.
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經濟政策通常受到損害
05:26
Governments snatch short-term opportunities
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政府只顧抓住短期的利益
05:30
and, by the end of the conflict, the chickens have come home to roost.
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在戰爭結束的時候,就會發現害人終害己。
05:34
So this legacy of conflict is really bad economic policy.
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所以衝突的一個產物就是惡性的經濟政策。
05:37
So there is a reform agenda, and there is an inclusion agenda.
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我們需要一個改革的計劃,同時還要有一個如何吸納各方力量的計劃。
05:41
The inclusion agenda doesn't come from elections.
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這一個計劃並不能通過選舉來實現
05:44
Elections produce a loser, who is then excluded.
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選舉會產生一個失敗者,他們通常都會被排除在外
05:49
So the inclusion agenda means genuinely
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吸納計劃是真正
05:52
bringing people inside the tent.
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將人們集合到同一個帳營下來。
05:55
So those three actors.
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這就是我所說的三個重要角色,
05:57
And they are interdependent
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他們在很長一段時間內,
05:59
over a long term.
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是相互依賴的。
06:02
If the Security Council doesn't commit to security
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如果安理會在今後的十年內
06:06
over the course of a decade,
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並不致力於社會安定,
06:08
you don't get the reassurance which produces private investment.
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就不可能得到吸引私人投資
06:12
If you don't get the policy reform and the aid,
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如果你不能實現政策改革,不能得到資助
06:16
you don't get the economic recovery,
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就不能實現經濟復蘇
06:18
which is the true exit strategy for the peacekeepers.
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維和人員就沒有辦法真正撤出。
06:22
So we should recognize that interdependence,
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因此,對於這種相互依賴性,
06:26
by formal, mutual commitments.
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應該以各方的正式承諾來相互認定。
06:29
The United Nations actually has a language
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事實上聯合國對於這種相互承諾
06:32
for these mutual commitments, the recognition of mutual commitments;
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有專門的表述
06:35
it's called the language of compact.
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叫做約定語言
06:39
And so we need a post-conflict compact.
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而我們需要的就是衝突後的約定。
06:42
The United Nations even has an agency which could broker these compacts;
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聯合國甚至還有個對這類約定仲裁的機構,
06:45
it's called the Peace Building Commission.
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叫做“和平建立委員會”。
06:49
It would be ideal to have a standard set of norms
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要是有一套標準就理想了,
06:54
where, when we got to a post-conflict situation,
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這樣不論何時何地出現衝突後事件,
06:57
there was an expectation of these mutual commitments
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人們可以期待上述三個角色
07:01
from the three parties.
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建立履行這些承諾。
07:04
So that's idea one:
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以上是我的兩條改變衝突後現狀的補充方法之一 -
07:07
recognize interdependence.
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認識相互依賴性。
07:10
And now let me turn to the second approach, which is complimentary.
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下面我要講的是第二個補充辦法,
07:14
And that is to focus on a few critical objectives.
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即專著於實現幾個關鍵目標。
07:23
Typical post-conflict situation is a zoo
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傳統的衝突後情況就像一個動物園,
07:26
of different actors with different priorities.
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裡面有許多不同的角色,他們都有不同的側重點。
07:30
And indeed, unfortunately, if you navigate by needs
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如果以需求為導向,那麼很不幸的,
07:34
you get a very unfocused agenda,
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將會有一堆雜亂,沒有重點的事要辦。
07:37
because in these situations, needs are everywhere,
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這是因為衝突後,需求無處不在,
07:40
but the capacity to implement change is very limited.
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而滿足這些需求的能力是有限的。
07:44
So we have to be disciplined and focus on things that are critical.
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所以我們應有秩序,集中解決關鍵的事。
07:49
And I want to suggest that in the typical post-conflict situation
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我的建議是,在一般的衝突後情況下,
07:52
three things are critical.
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三件事是關鍵的。
07:55
One is jobs.
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一是就業,
07:57
One is improvements in basic services --
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一是改進基礎服務,
07:59
especially health, which is a disaster during conflict.
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尤其是衛生,衝突時根本無衛生可言。
08:03
So jobs, health, and clean government.
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另一個是廉潔的政府。
08:08
Those are the three critical priorities.
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這三者是黨務之急。
08:12
So I'm going to talk a little about each of them.
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下面我會就這三者稍微分別談論一下。
08:14
Jobs.
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就業
08:16
What is a distinctive approach
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甚麼方法是明確有效的,
08:19
to generating jobs in post-conflict situations?
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能在衝突後的地區創造就業機會?
08:22
And why are jobs so important?
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還有為甚麼就業如此重要?
08:24
Jobs for whom? Especially jobs for young men.
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讓誰就業?首要是年輕男性。
08:29
In post-conflict situations,
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發生過衝突的地區,
08:31
the reason that they so often revert to conflict,
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為甚麼會回復到衝突狀態的一個原因
08:35
is not because elderly women get upset.
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並不是因上了年紀的
08:38
It's because young men get upset.
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而是因為年輕男人感到不滿意
08:41
And why are they upset? Because they have nothing to do.
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為甚麼他們感到不滿意。因為他們無事可做
08:44
And so we need a process of generating jobs,
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正因為如此,我們需要有一套流程
08:50
for ordinary young men, fast.
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給普通年輕男性創造工作機會,而且要快。
08:53
Now, that is difficult.
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要做到這一點,是很不容易的。
08:56
Governments in post-conflict situation
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衝突後的政府
08:58
often respond by puffing up the civil service.
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通常的應對方式就是猛招公務員。
09:02
That is not a good idea.
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這並不是一個很好的主意
09:04
It's not sustainable.
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這是不可持續的
09:06
In fact, you're building a long-term liability
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實際上,把政府部門變得臃腫,
09:09
by inflating civil service.
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是在欠下長期債務。
09:11
But getting the private sector to expand is also difficult,
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然而,要讓私人行業擴張也很困難
09:15
because any activity which is open to international trade
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因為任何國際貿易相關的業務
09:20
is basically going to be uncompetitive
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在衝突後的情況下
09:22
in a post-conflict situation.
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基本都不會有競爭力
09:24
These are not environments where you can build export manufacturing.
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這種環境下發展出口型生產是行不通的。
09:29
There's one sector which isn't exposed to international trade,
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有一個行業,跟國際貿易無關
09:34
and which can generate a lot of jobs,
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並且能創造很多工作機會
09:37
and which is, in any case, a sensible sector
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而且這個行業,無論怎麼說
09:39
to expand, post-conflict,
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在衝突後擴大,都是很明智的
09:41
and that is the construction sector.
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這就是建築業
09:45
The construction sector has a vital role,
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很明顯,建築業在重建中,
09:48
obviously, in reconstruction.
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扮演關鍵角色
09:51
But typically that sector has withered away during conflict.
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不過在衝突過程中,它一般都萎縮掉了。
09:56
During conflict people are doing destruction.
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衝突時,人們破壞建築
09:58
There isn't any construction going on. And so the sector shrivels away.
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沒有任何工程在建,行業也就因此收縮了。
10:02
And then when you try and expand it,
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那麼當想要擴張的時候,
10:04
because it's shriveled away,
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由於行業已經收縮了,
10:06
you encounter a lot of bottlenecks.
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就會碰到很多瓶頸
10:09
Basically, prices soar
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基本上價格飛漲
10:11
and crooked politicians then milk the rents from the sector,
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不良政客還要從中牟利
10:15
but it doesn't generate any jobs.
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卻沒有新的工作崗位產生。
10:17
And so the policy priority is to break the bottlenecks
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為此, 應該有政策優先打破
10:20
in expanding the construction sector.
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妨礙建築業擴張的瓶頸。
10:23
What might the bottlenecks be?
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瓶頸都有哪些呢
10:25
Just think what you have to do
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只要設想一下有個建築項目,需要雇用大量勞動力
10:28
successfully to build a structure, using a lot of labor.
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有甚麼是要順利完成的,就清楚了。
10:31
First you need access to land.
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首先需要土地
10:33
Often the legal system is broken down
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通常這個時候法律系統是癱瘓的
10:35
so you can't even get access to land.
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可能根本沒有辦法得到土地
10:37
Secondly you need skills,
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其次需要技術
10:39
the mundane skills of the construction sector.
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建築業必須的技術
10:43
In post-conflict situations we don't just need Doctors Without Borders,
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衝突後,需要的不只是無國界醫生
10:47
we need Bricklayers Without Borders,
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還需要無國界的磚瓦匠
10:49
to rebuild the skill set.
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來重新掌握技術
10:52
We need firms. The firms have gone away.
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另外還需要公司。原來的公司已經撤掉了
10:55
So we need to encourage the growth of local firms.
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那就要鼓勵發展地方企業
10:58
If we do that, we not only get the jobs,
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這樣做,不僅能製造就業機會
11:01
we get the improvements in public infrastructure,
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還能改善基礎公共設施
11:04
the restoration of public infrastructure.
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修復基礎公共設施
11:07
Let me turn from jobs to the second objective,
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講了就業,下面要講第二個目標
11:13
which is improving basic social services.
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改善基礎社會服務
11:17
And to date, there has been a sort of a schizophrenia
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然而至今為止,關於衝突後情況下,
11:21
in the donor community,
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如何改善基本服務
11:23
as to how to build basic services
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在捐助者群體中,
11:26
in post-conflict sectors.
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存在著一種精神分裂
11:28
On the one hand it pays lip service
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一方面他們嘴上說得很好聽
11:30
to the idea of rebuild an effective state
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要重建一個有效的國家
11:34
in the image of Scandinavia in the 1950s.
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以50年代的斯堪地那維亞為藍本;
11:37
Lets develop line ministries of this, that, and the other,
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設立這樣那樣的部
11:40
that deliver these services.
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來提供這些服務
11:43
And it's schizophrenic because in their hearts
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說捐助者們精神分裂,是因為他們心裡知道
11:46
donors know that's not a realistic agenda,
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這樣的計劃是不現實的
11:49
and so what they also do is the total bypass:
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所以儘管這樣說,他們做的卻是繞道而行
11:52
just fund NGOs.
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即資助非政府組織
11:56
Neither of those approaches is sensible.
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這些方法其實都行不通
11:59
And so what I'd suggest
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我的建議
12:03
is what I call Independent Service Authorities.
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我把它叫做“獨立服務權威機構”。
12:06
It's to split the functions of a monopoly line ministry up into three.
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這個機構把原來政府一把抓的職能分成三個部份
12:11
The planning function and policy function stays with the ministry;
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規劃和制定政策的功能仍歸政府部門
12:15
the delivery of services on the ground,
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而政策服務的實地執行
12:18
you should use whatever works --
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要啓用任何可用的力量
12:20
churches, NGOs, local communities,
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包括教堂,民間組織,當地社區等等
12:23
whatever works.
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所有的力量
12:25
And in between, there should be a public agency,
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而這中間,應該有一個公共機構
12:28
the Independent Service Authority,
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也就是我說的“地理服務權威機構”
12:30
which channels public money,
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負責將公眾的錢
12:32
and especially donor money,
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特別是捐款
12:34
to the retail providers.
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發放給各類服務的供應商
12:37
So the NGOs become part of a public government system,
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這樣民間組織就變成了一個公共政府系統的一部分
12:42
rather than independent of it.
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而不是獨立於政府之外的
12:45
One advantage of that is that you can allocate money coherently.
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這樣做一個好處是可以系統的分配錢
12:49
Another is, you can make NGOs accountable.
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另外還能使民間組織對自身的行為負責
12:52
You can use yardstick competition,
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為此可以設立競爭的標準
12:54
so they have to compete against each other
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這樣不同的民間組織可以相互競爭
12:57
for the resources.
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來獲取資源
12:59
The good NGOs, like Oxfam, are very keen on this idea.
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優秀的民間組織例如Oxfam,就會贊成這樣的做法
13:02
They want to have the discipline and accountability.
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他們希望有紀律性和責任制
13:08
So that's a way to get basic services scaled up.
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以上講的就是改善基礎服務的一個方法
13:11
And because the government would be funding it,
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由於這個方法政府也要贊助
13:14
it would be co-branding these services.
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因此可以給活動命名時加上自己的名字
13:16
So they wouldn't be provided thanks to
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這樣活動就不是
13:20
the United States government and some NGO.
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以美國政府和某個非政府組織的名義了
13:24
They would be co-branded
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而是可以加上
13:26
as being done by the post-conflict government, in the country.
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衝突後國家政府的名義
13:31
So, jobs, basic services, finally, clean government.
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這樣,就業和基礎服務有了,最後還有了廉潔的政府。
13:37
Clean means follow their money.
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“廉潔”指的是追蹤錢的去處。
13:40
The typical post-conflict government is so short of money
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一般的衝突後政府都會極缺錢,
13:45
that it needs our money
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甚至到了要靠我們的捐助
13:47
just to be on a life-support system.
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來維持生命。
13:50
You can't get the basic functions of the state done
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如果我們不給這些國家提供核心預算的錢,
13:53
unless we put money into the core budget of these countries.
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他們的政府基本職能就沒法實現。
13:57
But, if we put money into the core budget,
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但是如果我們投了錢進去,
14:01
we know that there aren't the budget systems with integrity
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我們知道不會有可靠的預算體系
14:08
that mean that money will be well spent.
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來保證錢用的到位。
14:11
And if all we do is put money in and close our eyes
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所以如果我們只是捐錢,然後就甚麼都不管,
14:15
it's not just that the money is wasted --
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那麼不只錢會被浪費
14:17
that's the least of the problems --
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這個問題還是最其次的
14:19
it's that the money is captured.
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問題是這些錢會被利用了
14:22
It's captured by the crooks who are at the heart of the political problem.
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被那些侵蝕政府的蛀蟲給利用了
14:28
And so inadvertently we empower the people who are the problem.
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而無意中,我們就成了這些蛀蟲的幫兇
14:33
So building clean government means, yes, provide money
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所以要構建廉潔的政府,的確是要
14:36
to the budget,
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提供資金來做預算
14:38
but also provide a lot of scrutiny,
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但同時還要提供充分的監督
14:43
which means a lot of technical assistance that follows the money.
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即提供了錢之後,還要提供大量的技術支持來追蹤錢的去向
14:46
Paddy Ashdown, who was the grand high nabob of Bosnia
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帕迪 阿什唐,原聯合國
14:51
to the United Nations,
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波斯尼亞最高代表
14:53
in his book about his experience, he said,
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在他的書中說
14:55
"I realize what I needed
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“我發現在得到錢之後,
14:58
was accountants without borders,
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我需要的
15:02
to follow that money."
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是無國界的會計師來監督那些錢。”
15:04
So that's the -- let me wrap up,
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所以,這就是,總結起來,
15:07
this is the package.
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就是一個計劃包。
15:10
What's the goal?
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他的目標
15:12
If we follow this, what would we hope to achieve?
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假如遵循這個計劃包,我們想達到甚麼目標?
15:16
That after 10 years,
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目標就是經過十年
15:19
the focus on the construction sector
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集中發展建築業
15:22
would have produced both jobs
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會帶來工作機會
15:24
and, hence, security --
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以及社會安定
15:26
because young people would have jobs --
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因為年輕人都有了工作
15:28
and it would have reconstructed the infrastructure.
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此外,還完成了基礎設施的重建
15:32
So that's the focus on the construction sector.
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這既是集中發展建築業想要實現的目標
15:35
The focus on the basic service delivery
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通過獨立的權威服務機構
15:37
through these independent service authorities
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來集中提供基礎服務
15:40
would have rescued basic services
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將拯救這些服務
15:43
from their catastrophic levels,
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使得他們不在是災難的水平
15:46
and it would have given ordinary people
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這個計劃包還會使老百姓
15:49
the sense that the government was doing something useful.
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感覺到政府是做了實事的
15:53
The emphasis on clean government
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對廉潔政府的強調
15:56
would have gradually squeezed out the political crooks,
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會逐漸把政治蛀蟲清理掉
15:59
because there wouldn't be any money
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因為從政
16:03
in taking part in the politics.
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再沒錢好撈了
16:05
And so gradually the selection,
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所以逐漸的選舉
16:07
the composition of politicians,
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或政府人員的構成
16:09
would shift from the crooked to the honest.
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會由腐敗變為誠實的
16:14
Where would that leave us?
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這樣會帶來甚麼?
16:17
Gradually it would shift
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會逐漸的使
16:19
from a politics of plunder
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一個充滿掠奪的政治
16:22
to a politics of hope. Thank you.
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轉向一個充滿希望的政治。謝謝。
16:25
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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