Naomi Klein: Addicted to risk

90,196 views ・ 2011-01-18

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譯者: Patty Hsieh 審譯者: Tracie Chen
00:15
I just did something I've never done before.
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我剛完成一件從未做過的事
00:18
I spent a week at sea on a research vessel.
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我乘上一艄調查船,在海上待了一個星期
00:21
Now I'm not a scientist,
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我並非科學家
00:23
but I was accompanying a remarkable scientific team
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但有一個優秀的科學家團隊與我同行
00:26
from the University of South Florida
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團隊成員來自南弗羅里達大學
00:28
who have been tracking the travels of BP's oil
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他們正在追踪BP原油
00:31
in the Gulf of Mexico.
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在墨西哥灣的流向
00:33
This is the boat we were on, by the way.
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這就是我們所乘坐的那艘船
00:36
The scientists I was with
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與我同行的科學團隊
00:38
were not studying the effect of the oil and dispersants on the big stuff --
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並非研究原油及散油劑對大型生物的影響
00:41
the birds, the turtles,
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像是對鳥類、烏龜、
00:43
the dolphins, the glamorous stuff.
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海豚、其它美麗生物的影響
00:45
They're looking at the really little stuff
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而是研究原油對微生物的影響
00:48
that gets eaten by the slightly less little stuff
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較小的生物會吃掉微型生物
00:51
that eventually gets eaten by the big stuff.
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小型生物最終會被大型生物吃掉
00:54
And what they're finding
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他們的研究顯示
00:56
is that even trace amounts of oil and dispersants
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極微量的原油或散油劑
00:59
can be highly toxic to phytoplankton,
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對浮游植物來說都是劇毒
01:01
which is very bad news,
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這是個很糟的消息
01:03
because so much life depends on it.
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因為很多生物都以浮游植物為生
01:06
So contrary to what we heard a few months back
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所以不同於我們數月前聽到的-
01:08
about how 75 percent of that oil
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也就是75%的原油
01:10
sort of magically disappeared
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神奇似的消失了
01:12
and we didn't have to worry about it,
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我們用不著再擔心-
01:14
this disaster is still unfolding.
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事實上,災難還在持續擴散
01:17
It's still working its way up the food chain.
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災難正沿著食物鏈向上延伸
01:20
Now this shouldn't come as a surprise to us.
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我們不該以此感到訝異
01:23
Rachel Carson --
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瑞秋.卡森
01:25
the godmother of modern environmentalism --
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現代環保之母
01:27
warned us about this very thing
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很早就警告過我們
01:29
back in 1962.
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早在1962年之時
01:31
She pointed out that the "control men" --
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卡森指出她稱為
01:33
as she called them --
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環境控制者的人
01:35
who carpet-bombed towns and fields
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污染了城鎮及田野的各個角落
01:37
with toxic insecticides like DDT,
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他們噴灑DDT之類的毒性殺蟲劑
01:40
were only trying to kill the little stuff, the insects,
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是為了除掉昆蟲之類的小型生物
01:43
not the birds.
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本非為了除掉鳥類
01:45
But they forgot this:
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但他們忘了:
01:47
the fact that birds dine on grubs,
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鳥類以幼蟲為食
01:49
that robins eat lots of worms
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知更鳥所吃下的蚯蚓
01:51
now saturated with DDT.
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體內都累積了大量DDT
01:54
And so, robin eggs failed to hatch,
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結果導致知更鳥的蛋無法孵化
01:57
songbirds died en masse,
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歌聲悠揚的鳥兒大量死亡
01:59
towns fell silent.
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城鎮因而變得安靜
02:01
Thus the title "Silent Spring."
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因此卡森寫書名為《寂靜的春天》
02:05
I've been trying to pinpoint
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我一直試圖解釋
02:07
what keeps drawing me back to the Gulf of Mexico,
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是什麼不斷吸引我回到墨西哥灣
02:09
because I'm Canadian,
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我是加拿大人
02:11
and I can draw no ancestral ties.
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祖先並非來自墨西哥灣
02:13
And I think what it is
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我想自己不斷回來
02:15
is I don't think we have fully come to terms
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是因為我認為大家尚未真正理解
02:18
with the meaning of this disaster,
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這場災難的影響
02:21
with what it meant to witness a hole
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親見大地被撕裂
02:24
ripped in our world,
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究竟代表什麼
02:26
with what it meant to watch the contents of the Earth
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看見原油從地底衝出
02:29
gush forth on live TV,
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在電視上被實況轉播
02:31
24 hours a day,
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每天24小時
02:33
for months.
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數月如此,究竟代表什麼
02:35
After telling ourselves for so long
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長久以來,我們告訴自己
02:38
that our tools and technology can control nature,
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工具及科技可以控制大自然
02:41
suddenly we were face-to-face
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突然之間,我們必須面對
02:43
with our weakness,
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自己的軟弱
02:45
with our lack of control,
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我們束手無策
02:47
as the oil burst out
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看著原油由地底衝出
02:49
of every attempt to contain it --
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就算用盡方法也無法阻止油漏-
02:52
"top hats," "top kills"
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試圖「蓋頂」、「封頂」
02:54
and, most memorably, the "junk shot" --
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以及最讓人難忘的,投擲「垃圾彈」--
02:56
the bright idea
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這個天才法子
02:58
of firing old tires and golf balls
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要發射廢棄輪胎及高爾夫球
03:01
down that hole in the world.
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堵住地底的漏洞
03:03
But even more striking
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但比起那股由地底上衝的力量
03:05
than the ferocious power emanating from that well
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更加駭人的是
03:08
was the recklessness
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人們的魯莽、輕率
03:10
with which that power was unleashed --
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輕率所帶來的
03:12
the carelessness, the lack of planning
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是粗心大意、缺乏計劃
03:15
that characterized the operation
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計劃整個草率進行
03:17
from drilling to clean-up.
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從鑽油到清理油污都是如此
03:20
If there is one thing
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如果我們從 BP
03:22
BP's watery improv act made clear,
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缺乏實質的改進計劃學到些什麼
03:25
it is that, as a culture,
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那就是,在現今的文化下
03:27
we have become far too willing to gamble
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我們總是肆無忌憚地下注
03:29
with things that are precious
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賭的是我們最寶貴的資產
03:31
and irreplaceable,
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無法替代的資產
03:33
and to do so without a back-up plan,
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但我們並沒有後備計劃
03:36
without an exit strategy.
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也沒有退出策略
03:38
And BP was hardly
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此外,BP事件
03:40
our first experience of this in recent years.
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也並非近年來的首見
03:42
Our leaders barrel into wars,
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我們的領袖一頭鑽進戰爭
03:44
telling themselves happy stories
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卻用美好的故事自我催眠
03:46
about cakewalks and welcome parades.
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想像著閱兵儀式及迎軍遊行
03:49
Then, it is years of deadly damage control,
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但接下來卻是數年的災害控制
03:52
Frankensteins of sieges and surges
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無數城鎮被封鎖,各地興起反叛勢力
03:55
and counter-insurgencies,
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只得再次鎮壓反叛勢力
03:57
and once again, no exit strategy.
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同樣,我們沒有退出的策略
04:00
Our financial wizards routinely fall victim
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而聰明的金融界人士,一再地
04:03
to similar overconfidence,
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因過度自信而失腳
04:05
convincing themselves that the latest bubble
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他們一再說服自己,這次的泡沫
04:07
is a new kind of market --
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代表一種新型市場
04:09
the kind that never goes down.
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而這新的市場絕不會垮
04:11
And when it inevitably does,
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直到泡沫化真的發生
04:13
the best and the brightest
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那些最優秀、最聰明的人
04:15
reach for the financial equivalent of the junk shot --
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求助於金融界的「垃圾彈」--
04:17
in this case, throwing massive amounts
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意即,要將大眾急需的公款
04:19
of much-needed public money
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大量投擲到
04:21
down a very different kind of hole.
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一個很不一樣的漏洞
04:24
As with BP, the hole does get plugged,
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與 BP 一樣,洞是被封住了
04:26
at least temporarily,
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至少暫時封住了
04:28
but not before
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但至此
04:30
exacting a tremendous price.
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已付出巨額代價
04:32
We have to figure out
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我們必須想想清楚
04:34
why we keep letting this happen,
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為何讓同樣的事一再發生
04:36
because we are in the midst
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因為現今所處的時期
04:38
of what may be our highest-stakes gamble of all --
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要求我們拿出或許是最高額的賭注:
04:41
deciding what to do, or not to do,
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決定要對氣候變遷
04:43
about climate change.
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做什麼,或不做什麼
04:45
Now as you know,
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如你所知
04:47
a great deal of time is spent,
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美國以及世界各國
04:49
in this country and around the world,
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已花了許多時間
04:51
inside the climate debate,
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討論氣候議題
04:53
on the question of, "What if the IPC scientists
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也不斷在問,如果政府間氣候變遷小組的科學家
04:56
are all wrong?"
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都錯了呢?
04:58
Now a far more relevant question --
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再說一個更為要緊的問題--
05:00
as MIT physicist Evelyn Fox Keller puts it --
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就是 MIT 物理學家 Evelyn Fox Keller 所問的 --
05:03
is, "What if those scientists are right?"
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若是氣候變遷科學家都說對了呢?
05:08
Given the stakes, the climate crisis
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由於影響深遠,針對氣候問題
05:10
clearly calls for us to act
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我們必須立即採取行動
05:12
based on the precautionary principle --
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行動應本於預防為主的原則上
05:15
the theory that holds
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預防原則說
05:17
that when human health and the environment
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當人類健康及環境
05:19
are significantly at risk
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受到極大威脅
05:21
and when the potential damage is irreversible,
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且潛在的傷害將無法逆轉時
05:24
we cannot afford to wait
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我們就不能等待--
05:26
for perfect scientific certainty.
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期待見到科學確據才行動
05:28
Better to err on the side of caution.
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寧可謹慎也不要後悔
05:31
More overt, the burden of proving
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再來,談到舉證責任
05:33
that a practice is safe
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一項行動是否安全
05:35
should not be placed on the public that would be harmed,
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不該由可能受行動傷害的公眾來證明
05:38
but rather on the industry that stands to profit.
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而應該由可能從中獲利的產業來證明
05:42
But climate policy in the wealthy world --
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但富裕世界的氣候政策 --
05:44
to the extent that such a thing exists --
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如果這政策真的存在的話 --
05:47
is not based on precaution,
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並不是基於預防原則
05:49
but rather on cost-benefit analysis --
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而是基於成本效益分析 --
05:52
finding the course of action that economists believe
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所尋找的行動方案,是經濟學家認為
05:54
will have the least impact
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對國家生產總額
05:56
on our GDP.
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影響最小的方案
05:58
So rather than asking, as precaution would demand,
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因此不像預防原則所問的
06:01
what can we do as quickly as possible
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我們可以儘快採取那些行動
06:03
to avoid potential catastrophe,
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以預防可能的災難
06:06
we ask bizarre questions like this:
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我們反而問奇怪的問題,像是:
06:09
"What is the latest possible moment we can wait
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現狀最久可以維持到什麼時候
06:12
before we begin seriously lowering emissions?
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然後才需要認真的降低排放量?
06:15
Can we put this off till 2020,
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可以維持到2020
06:17
2030, 2050?"
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2030, 2050?
06:20
Or we ask,
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或著我們會問:
06:22
"How much hotter can we let the planet get
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地球溫度還可上升幾度
06:24
and still survive?
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而人類可同時存活?
06:26
Can we go with two degrees, three degrees, or --
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可再加上2度、3度,或是--
06:28
where we're currently going --
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現在是說--
06:30
four degrees Celsius?"
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可再上升4度?
06:32
And by the way,
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順便一提
06:34
the assumption that we can safely control
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我們假設自己可以安全地控制
06:36
the Earth's awesomely complex climate system
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地球絕妙複雜的氣候系統
06:39
as if it had a thermostat,
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好似地球有個恆溫器
06:41
making the planet not too hot, not too cold,
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可將它調整到不太熱、不太冷
06:44
but just right -- sort of Goldilocks style --
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剛剛好的溫度、恰好適合居住的溫度
06:47
this is pure fantasy,
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這純粹是幻想
06:49
and it's not coming from the climate scientists.
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這種想法並非出自氣候科學家
06:52
It's coming from the economists
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而是來自於經濟學家
06:54
imposing their mechanistic thinking
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經濟學家將機械性的思考
06:56
on the science.
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運用於科學上
06:58
The fact is that we simply don't know
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事實是我們根本不知道
07:00
when the warming that we create
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我們所造成的暖化
07:02
will be utterly overwhelmed
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何時會因為循環作用
07:04
by feedback loops.
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使得地球無法負荷
07:06
So once again,
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所以我再問
07:08
why do we take these crazy risks
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為何我們拿最寶貴的東西
07:10
with the precious?
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下這場賭注呢?
07:12
A range of explanations
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一連串的解釋
07:14
may be popping into your mind by now,
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可能正從你腦海中冒出
07:16
like "greed."
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像是貪婪
07:18
This is a popular explanation, and there's lots of truth to it,
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許多人都如此解釋,而當中也不乏道理
07:21
because taking big risks, as we all know,
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因為我們都知道,承擔極大風險
07:24
pays a lot of money.
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會帶來極大的利益
07:26
Another explanation that you often hear for recklessness
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大家常為輕率所做的另一個解釋
07:28
is hubris.
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是傲慢
07:30
And greed and hubris
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貪婪以及傲慢
07:32
are intimately intertwined
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兩者時常如影隨形
07:34
when it comes to recklessness.
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特別是在談到輕率之時
07:36
For instance, if you happen to be a 35-year-old banker
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例如,如果你恰巧是一位35歲的銀行家
07:39
taking home 100 times more
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所賺取的收入
07:41
than a brain surgeon,
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是腦外科醫師的100倍之多
07:43
then you need a narrative,
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那你就需要使用敘事技巧
07:45
you need a story
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並需要一個故事
07:47
that makes that disparity okay.
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讓收入差距合理化
07:49
And you actually don't have a lot of options.
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而事實上,你沒有太多選擇
07:52
You're either an incredibly good scammer,
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你要不是技術高超的騙子
07:55
and you're getting away with it -- you gamed the system --
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厲害到可以瞞天過海、掌握全局
07:57
or you're some kind of boy genius,
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要不就最好是個天才小子
07:59
the likes of which the world has never seen.
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且是全世界都沒見過的那種
08:02
Now both of these options -- the boy genius and the scammer --
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而這兩種呢--天才或騙子--
08:05
are going to make you vastly overconfident
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都會讓你變得過分自信
08:07
and therefore more prone
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也因此更有可能
08:09
to taking even bigger risks in the future.
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在未來冒更大的風險
08:13
By the way, Tony Hayward, the former CEO of BP,
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順帶一提,BP 的前總裁東尼.海沃德
08:16
had a plaque on his desk
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在他桌上有一銘牌
08:18
inscribed with this inspirational slogan:
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上面刻了這段引人發省的標語:
08:20
"What would you attempt to do
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「如果你知道自己不會失敗,
08:22
if you knew you could not fail?"
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那你會嘗試做什麼事?」
08:25
Now this is actually a popular plaque,
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這銘牌倒是挺流行的
08:28
and this is a crowd of overachievers,
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喜歡的人各個野心勃勃
08:30
so I'm betting that some of you have this plaque.
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我猜你們當中也有人有這銘牌
08:33
Don't feel ashamed.
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別感到羞愧
08:35
Putting fear of failure out of your mind
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將害怕失敗的心情拋諸腦後
08:37
can be a very good thing
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可以是一件好事
08:39
if you're training for a triathlon
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像是當你在接受鐵人三項之時
08:41
or preparing to give a TEDTalk,
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或當你在準備 TEDTalk 之時
08:44
but personally, I think people with the power
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但我個人認為,這些人擁有強大權利
08:46
to detonate our economy and ravage our ecology
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可以對經濟及生態造成破壞
08:49
would do better having
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他們的牆上若有伊卡魯斯的畫像
08:51
a picture of Icarus hanging from the wall,
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或許會成就更好的事
08:53
because -- maybe not that one in particular --
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因為--未必一定要掛伊卡魯斯的畫像--
08:56
but I want them thinking about the possibility of failure
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但我要他們想想失敗的可能性
08:59
all of the time.
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無論何時都想到那可能性
09:01
So we have greed,
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所以我們都同意
09:03
we've got overconfidence/hubris,
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我們都變得過分自信/傲慢
09:05
but since we're here at TEDWomen,
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但既然我們來參與 TEDWomen
09:07
let's consider one other factor
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可以一同想想有什麼做法
09:09
that could be contributing in some small way
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或許可以貢獻一點微小力量
09:11
to societal recklessness.
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來抗衡社會的輕率魯莽
09:15
Now I'm not going to belabor this point,
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接下來這點,我不會說明過多
09:17
but studies do show that, as investors,
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不過據研究顯示,同為投資人
09:19
women are much less prone
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女性比起男性
09:21
to taking reckless risks than men,
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較少輕率地冒風險
09:24
precisely because, as we've already heard,
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這是因為,就如我們所知的
09:26
women tend not to suffer from overconfidence
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女性不會像男性那樣
09:29
in the same way that men do.
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過度地自我膨脹
09:31
So it turns out
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所以我們發現
09:33
that being paid less and praised less
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獲得較少的薪資及讚美
09:35
has its upsides --
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其實是有好處的--
09:37
for society at least.
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至少對社會而言是如此
09:39
The flipside of this
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反之
09:41
is that constantly being told
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不斷聽到他人對你說
09:43
that you are gifted, chosen
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你有天賦,是萬中選一的人才
09:45
and born to rule
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生來就要統御他人
09:47
has distinct societal downsides.
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這種說法對社會有害
09:50
And this problem -- call it the "perils of privilege" --
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且會產生問題--稱其為特權的危害--
09:53
brings us closer, I think,
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但我認為,也會讓我們了解
09:55
to the root of our collective recklessness.
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眾人行為輕率的根本原因
09:58
Because none of us -- at least in the global North --
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因為我們當中所有人--至少在北半球--
10:00
neither men nor women,
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不管男女
10:02
are fully exempt from this message.
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多少都受自我吹捧的言辭影響
10:05
Here's what I'm talking about.
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我所要談的就是這個
10:07
Whether we actively believe them
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不管我們是相信自我吹捧的言辭
10:09
or consciously reject them,
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或有意識的拒絕
10:11
our culture remains in the grips
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我們的文化依舊相信
10:13
of certain archetypal stories
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一些典型的故事
10:15
about our supremacy
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當中講述我們如何優秀
10:17
over others and over nature --
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比他人或大自然還要優秀
10:19
the narrative of the newly discovered frontier
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故事講述一個新天新地
10:22
and the conquering pioneer,
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由拓荒者所征服
10:24
the narrative of manifest destiny,
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這是一個關於天命的故事
10:26
the narrative of apocalypse and salvation.
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關於末日與救贖的故事
10:28
And just when you think these stories are fading into history,
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當你以為故事已淡入歷史
10:30
and that we've gotten over them,
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已被人遺忘時
10:32
they pop up in the strangest places.
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故事又在意想不到的地方跳出
10:35
For instance, I stumbled across this advertisement
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例如,我有次看到這則廣告
10:37
outside the women's washroom
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廣告在堪薩斯市機場
10:39
in the Kansas City airport.
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女性洗手間的外面
10:41
It's for Motorola's new Rugged cell phone,
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廣告在主打摩托羅拉Rugged系列新款手機
10:43
and yes, it really does say,
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而沒錯,廣告上寫著
10:45
"Slap Mother Nature in the face."
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甩大地之母一巴掌
10:47
And I'm not just showing it to pick on Motorola --
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我提出來不是要挑摩托羅拉的錯
10:49
that's just a bonus.
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不過是順帶指出錯誤
10:51
I'm showing it because --
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我提出廣告是因為--
10:53
they're not a sponsor, are they? --
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他們不是這場演講的贊助商吧?
10:55
because, in its own way,
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是因為,某方面來說
10:57
this is a crass version
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這則廣告是我們故事
10:59
of our founding story.
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的簡易版本
11:01
We slapped Mother Nature around and won,
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我們甩了大地之母一巴掌然後贏了
11:03
and we always win,
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我們總是勝利
11:05
because dominating nature is our destiny.
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因為征服大自然是我們的命運
11:08
But this is not the only fairytale we tell ourselves about nature.
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但關於大自然的神話,我們說的還不僅於此
11:11
There's another one, equally important,
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還有另一個,也不可忽視
11:14
about how that very same Mother Nature
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我們說同樣那位大地之母
11:16
is so nurturing and so resilient
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慷慨養育眾生,又能迅速復原
11:19
that we can never make a dent in her abundance.
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我們不可能減損其豐盛富足
11:22
Let's hear from Tony Hayward again.
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我們再聽聽BP老闆東尼.海沃德說的話
11:24
"The Gulf of Mexico is a very big ocean.
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「墨西哥灣的幅員廣闊
11:27
The amount of oil and dispersants that we are putting into it
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原油以及我們所注入的散油劑
11:30
is tiny in relation to the total water volume."
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相對整體水量,顯得微不足道」
11:33
In other words, the ocean is big;
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換句話說,海洋很大
11:35
she can take it.
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她承受得住
11:38
It is this underlying assumption of limitlessness
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有這種短視近利的假設
11:41
that makes it possible
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才會使得我們
11:43
to take the reckless risks that we do.
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輕率地去冒風險
11:46
Because this is our real master-narrative:
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真正主宰我們的故事,如此敘述:
11:49
however much we mess up,
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不過我們怎麼亂搞
11:51
there will always be more --
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總是有更多資源等著
11:53
more water, more land,
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有更多水、更多土地
11:56
more untapped resources.
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更多為開發的資源
11:58
A new bubble will replace the old one.
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新的泡沫會取代舊的
12:00
A new technology will come along
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新的科技會出現
12:02
to fix the messes we made with the last one.
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整頓我們使用舊科技所造成的混亂
12:05
In a way, that is the story
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從某方面來說,這故事
12:07
of the settling of the Americas,
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就是創建美洲大陸的故事
12:09
the supposedly inexhaustible frontier
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美洲應該是不會衰敗的新天地
12:11
to which Europeans escaped.
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歐洲人因此逃來此地
12:14
And it's also the story of modern capitalism,
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這故事也是現代資本主義的故事
12:17
because it was the wealth from this land
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因為從大地而出的財富
12:19
that gave birth to our economic system,
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造就了我們的經濟系統
12:22
one that cannot survive without perpetual growth
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此系統若不持續成長
12:25
and an unending supply
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若沒有新天地的無限供應
12:27
of new frontiers.
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便無法存續
12:29
Now the problem is
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但問題是
12:31
that the story was always a lie.
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這故事從來都是個謊言
12:33
The Earth always did have limits.
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地球一直以來都有其限制
12:35
They were just beyond our sights.
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只是我們看不到而已
12:37
And now we are hitting those limits
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但現在我們已來到臨界點
12:39
on multiple fronts.
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在許多方面皆如此
12:42
I believe that we know this,
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我想大家都明白目前的處境
12:44
yet we find ourselves trapped in a kind of narrative loop.
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卻發現自己困在某種敘事的輪迴當中
12:47
Not only do we continue to tell and retell
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我們不僅不停複述
12:50
the same tired stories,
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同樣的故事
12:52
but we are now doing so
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我們還狂熱地
12:54
with a frenzy and a fury
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將其付諸實踐
12:56
that, frankly, verges on camp.
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甚至將其誇張化
12:59
How else to explain the cultural space
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否則我們該怎麼解釋莎拉.裴林
13:02
occupied by Sarah Palin?
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佔領文化界的情形
13:04
Now on the one hand,
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一方面,她唆使大家
13:06
exhorting us to "drill, baby, drill,"
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鑽油吧寶貝,鑽!
13:08
because God put those resources into the ground
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因為上帝將資源藏至地底
13:11
in order for us to exploit them,
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就是要讓我們去榨取
13:14
and on the other, glorying in the wilderness
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另一方面,在她受歡迎的真人秀上
13:17
of Alaska's untouched beauty
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斐林大讚阿拉斯加人跡罕至
13:19
on her hit reality TV show.
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的野性之美
13:22
The twin message is as comforting as it is mad.
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矛盾的訊息既瘋狂又慰撫人心
13:25
Ignore those creeping fears
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叫我們忽略潛伏的恐懼
13:27
that we have finally hit the wall.
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忘記我們已走到盡頭
13:29
There are still no limits.
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告訴自己沒有極限
13:31
There will always be another frontier.
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永遠有新的天地
13:34
So stop worrying and keep shopping.
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所以不要擔憂,繼續購物
13:37
Now, would that this were just about
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如果這只是莎拉.斐林
13:39
Sarah Palin and her reality TV show.
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及她的真人秀就好了
13:41
In environmental circles,
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在環保的圈子當中
13:43
we often hear that, rather than shifting to renewables,
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多數時候,我們非但沒有永續方案
13:46
we are continuing with business as usual.
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反而持續舊有方法
13:49
This assessment, unfortunately,
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不幸的是,就算如此
13:51
is far too optimistic.
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也過於樂觀
13:53
The truth is that we have already exhausted
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事實是我們已經用盡
13:56
so much of the easily accessible fossil fuels
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容易取得的石化燃料
13:59
that we have already entered
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我們已經開始
14:01
a far riskier business era,
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更危險的交易
14:04
the era of extreme energy.
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進入極端能源的時代
14:06
So that means drilling for oil in the deepest water,
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這表示我們往最深的水域鑽油
14:09
including the icy Arctic seas,
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包括在冰冷的極地海域鑽油
14:11
where a clean-up may simply be impossible.
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要在那裡清理油污,幾乎是不可能的
14:14
It means large-scale hydraulic fracking for gas
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為了天然氣,採用大規模水力破裂法
14:17
and massive strip-mining operations for coal,
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為了煤碳,開始大規模露天開採
14:19
the likes of which we haven't yet seen.
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規模之大,前所未見
14:22
And most controversially, it means the tar sands.
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爭議更多的,是開採焦油砂
14:25
I'm always surprised by how little
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加拿大之外的人
14:27
people outside of Canada
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對艾伯塔省的焦油砂,所知甚少
14:29
know about the Alberta Tar Sands,
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我對此感到訝異
14:31
which this year are projected to become
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從焦油砂提煉出的油
14:33
the number one source of imported oil
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預計在今年,成為美國
14:36
to the United States.
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進口石油的主要來源
14:38
It's worth taking a moment to understand this practice,
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我們該花點時間,了解開採過程
14:41
because I believe it speaks to recklessness
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因為我認為,沒有比過程本身
14:43
and the path we're on
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更能看出我們的輕率
14:45
like little else.
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以及我們所選擇的道路
14:47
So this is where the tar sands live,
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這就是焦油砂的所在地
14:50
under one of the last magnificent
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位在世界最後一片
14:52
Boreal forests.
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美麗的北方森林之下
14:54
The oil is not liquid.
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重油並非液態
14:56
You can't just drill a hole and pump it out.
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無法透過鑽洞、抽油的方式
14:58
Tar sand's oil is solid,
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焦油砂的油是固態的
15:00
mixed in with the soil.
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當中混著泥砂
15:02
So to get at it,
377
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要獲得焦油砂
15:04
you first have to get rid of the trees.
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首先得砍掉所有的樹
15:07
Then, you rip off the topsoil
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接著挖開表土
15:09
and get at that oily sand.
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然後才開採油膩的砂石
15:12
The process requires a huge amount of water,
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開採過程要用到大量的水
15:15
which is then pumped into massive toxic tailing ponds.
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之後將水排到大型、有毒的礦渣池
15:19
That's very bad news for local indigenous people
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對住在當地下游的原住民來說
15:22
living downstream
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這是件壞事
15:24
who are reporting alarmingly high cancer rates.
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他們得癌的機率十分驚人
15:27
Now looking at these images,
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現在看看這些影像
15:29
it's difficult to grasp the scale of this operation,
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其作業規模超乎想像
15:32
which can already be seen from space
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從外太空都看得到
15:35
and could grow to an area the size of England.
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範圍可能達到英國那樣的大小
15:38
I find it helps actually
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我發現,看那用來搬運砂石的卡車
15:40
to look at the dump trucks that move the earth,
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有助於了解其規模
15:42
the largest ever built.
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這是有史以來最大的卡車
15:44
That's a person down there by the wheel.
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輪子下邊是一個人
15:46
My point is that
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我要說的是
15:48
this is not oil drilling.
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這不是在鑽油
15:50
It's not even mining.
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甚至不是在採礦
15:52
It is terrestrial skinning.
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這是在破壞地表
15:54
Vast, vivid landscapes
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幅員廣闊的地貌
15:56
are being gutted,
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被掏空
15:58
left monochromatic gray.
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剩下單調的灰色
16:00
Now I should confess that as [far as] I'm concerned
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我承認自己很擔心
16:03
this would be an abomination
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就算這過程不會造成碳排放
16:05
if it emitted not one particle of carbon.
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開採還是會令人厭惡
16:07
But the truth is that, on average,
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而事實是,平均而言
16:10
turning that gunk into crude oil
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由焦油砂提煉重油
16:13
produces about three times more greenhouse gas pollution
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在加拿大
16:16
than it does to produce conventional oil
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會比傳統的產油方式
16:18
in Canada.
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排放三倍的溫室氣體
16:20
How else to describe this,
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該怎麼說呢?
16:22
but as a form of mass insanity?
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只能說是集體瘋狂
16:25
Just when we know we need to be learning
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就在我們剛了解到
16:28
to live on the surface of our planet,
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必須依賴地表資源
16:30
off the power of sun, wind and waves,
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依賴陽光、風力、潮汐而活時
16:33
we are frantically digging
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我們卻瘋狂地挖掘,要獲得
16:35
to get at the dirtiest,
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我們想到最髒、
16:37
highest-emitting stuff imaginable.
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污染度最高的東西
16:40
This is where our story of endless growth
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這就是無盡的成長
16:42
has taken us,
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所帶我們來到的地方
16:44
to this black hole at the center of my country --
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一個位在家鄉中心的黑洞
16:47
a place of such planetary pain
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一個行星的傷痛
16:49
that, like the BP gusher,
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就像BP的漏油
16:51
one can only stand to look at it for so long.
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讓人不忍卒睹
16:55
As Jared Diamond and others have shown us,
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如作家賈德.戴蒙及其他人告訴我們的
16:58
this is how civilizations commit suicide,
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文明就是如此走向毀滅
17:01
by slamming their foot on the accelerator
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就在我們該踩剎車之時
17:04
at the exact moment
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我們卻在那一刻
17:06
when they should be putting on the brakes.
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大力踩下油門
17:08
The problem is that our master-narrative
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問題是我們的故事主線
17:11
has an answer for that too.
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卻也為此行為圓場:
17:13
At the very last minute, we are going to get saved
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我們會在最後一刻被救起
17:16
just like in every Hollywood movie,
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就像在所有好萊塢電影裡
17:18
just like in the Rapture.
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或像在末日被提升天一樣
17:21
But, of course, our secular religion is technology.
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當然,我們俗世的信仰是科技
17:24
Now, you may have noticed
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你可能已經發現
17:27
more and more headlines like these.
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有越來越多頭條像這些
17:29
The idea behind this form of "geoengineering" as it's called,
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地球工程這個名稱背後的想法是
17:32
is that, as the planet heats up,
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當地球溫度升高時
17:34
we may be able to shoot sulfates and aluminum particles
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我們也許能將硫化物及鋁分子
17:37
into the stratosphere
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注入到平流層
17:39
to reflect some of the sun's rays
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可以將部分陽光
17:41
back to space,
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反射回外太空
17:43
thereby cooling the planet.
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讓地球降溫
17:46
The wackiest plan -- and I'm not making this up --
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最瘋狂的計劃 --而這不是我編的--
17:48
would put what is essentially a garden hose
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是將18.5英里長的水管
17:51
18-and-a-half miles high into the sky,
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利用氣球支撐
17:54
suspended by balloons,
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伸入高空
17:56
to spew sulfur dioxide.
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噴灑二氧化硫
17:58
So, solving the problem of pollution with more pollution.
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製造更多污染,以解決污染問題
18:01
Think of it as the ultimate junk shot.
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可以把它視作終極的「垃圾彈」
18:05
The serious scientists involved in this research
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真正參與研究的科學家
18:07
all stress that these techniques
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都強調這項技術
18:09
are entirely untested.
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未經證實
18:11
They don't know if they'll work,
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他們不知道是否真正有效
18:13
and they have no idea
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他們也不知道
18:15
what kind of terrifying side effects they could unleash.
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會帶出什麼可怕的副作用
18:18
Nevertheless, the mere mention of geoengineering
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儘管如此,光是提出地球工程
18:21
is being greeted in some circles,
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就被一些圈子
18:23
particularly media circles,
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特別是媒體圈
18:25
with a relief tinged with euphoria.
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以欣喜之心接受
18:27
An escape hatch has been reached.
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好似找到了逃生出口
18:29
A new frontier has been found.
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找到了新天新地
18:31
Most importantly,
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更重要的是
18:33
we don't have to change our lifestyles after all.
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我們不用改變生活形態
18:35
You see, for some people,
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你得知道,對某些人來說
18:37
their savior is a guy in a flowing robe.
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他們的救主穿著一件袍子
18:39
For other people, it's a guy with a garden hose.
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對其他人而言,是個拿著水管的傢伙
18:43
We badly need some new stories.
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我們亟需新的故事
18:46
We need stories that have different kinds of heroes
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我們需要有不同英雄
18:49
willing to take different kinds of risks --
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這些英雄要能承擔不同風險--
18:52
risks that confront recklessness head on,
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能夠對付輕率的風險
18:54
that put the precautionary principle into practice,
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確實採取預防措施
18:57
even if that means through direct action --
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就算要採取直接行動,也會去行
19:00
like hundreds of young people willing to get arrested,
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就像有上百位年輕人被逮捕
19:02
blocking dirty power plants
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因為他們圍堵高污染的發電廠
19:04
or fighting mountaintop-removal coal mining.
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或阻止在山頂開採煤礦
19:07
We need stories
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我們需要新的故事
19:09
that replace that linear narrative of endless growth
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取代無盡成長的線性敘事
19:12
with circular narratives
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開始循環的敘事方式
19:14
that remind us
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提醒我們
19:16
that what goes around comes around.
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因果循環不斷
19:18
That this is our only home.
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這是我們唯一的家
19:20
There is no escape hatch.
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沒有逃生出口
19:22
Call it karma, call it physics,
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稱之為因緣也好,物理也好
19:25
action and reaction, call it precaution --
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作用力與反作用力,或稱為謹慎預防
19:28
the principle that reminds us
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這些原則提醒我們
19:30
that life is too precious to be risked
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生命太寶貴
19:32
for any profit.
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不值得為利益去冒風險
19:34
Thank you.
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謝謝
19:36
(Applause)
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(掌聲)

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