Alice Goffman: How we're priming some kids for college — and others for prison

279,648 views ・ 2015-05-01

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譯者: Melody Tang 審譯者: 庭芝 梁
美國兒童在成長的過程中,
00:13
On the path that American children travel to adulthood,
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00:16
two institutions oversee the journey.
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有兩種機構發揮著守望的功能:
00:20
The first is the one we hear a lot about: college.
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第一種是我們經常聽到的:大學。
00:24
Some of you may remember the excitement that you felt
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你們當中有些人可能還記得,
當你收到錄取通知書的那一刻, 自己有多麼興奮。
00:26
when you first set off for college.
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00:29
Some of you may be in college right now
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有些人可能現在正在上大學,
00:31
and you're feeling this excitement at this very moment.
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此刻你正感到無比的興奮。
00:35
College has some shortcomings.
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當然大學也有一些不足之處,
00:37
It's expensive; it leaves young people in debt.
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比如學費太貴,導致年輕人負债累累。
但是整體來說, 大學是一條相當不錯的道路。
00:41
But all in all, it's a pretty good path.
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00:43
Young people emerge from college with pride and with great friends
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年輕人從大學畢業,帶著自豪, 結交好朋友,
同時也學到許多有關世界的知識。
00:49
and with a lot of knowledge about the world.
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00:51
And perhaps most importantly,
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或許更重要的是,
00:53
a better chance in the labor market than they had before they got there.
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對找工作來說, 他們比上大學前有了更好的機會。
00:57
Today I want to talk about the second institution
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今天,我要談談另一種
在美國守望著孩童成長過程的機構,
01:00
overseeing the journey from childhood to adulthood in the United States.
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01:06
And that institution is prison.
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那就是監獄。
01:10
Young people on this journey are meeting with probation officers
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在監獄裡,年輕人遇到的是觀護人,
01:14
instead of with teachers.
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而不是老師。
01:16
They're going to court dates instead of to class.
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他們得按時去法院報到,而不是教室。
01:20
Their junior year abroad is instead a trip to a state correctional facility.
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別人在大三出國旅遊時, 他們的旅途是去州立感化院。
01:25
And they're emerging from their 20s
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當他們在20多歲時,
01:28
not with degrees in business and English,
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他們拿到的不是企管或英文的學位,
01:31
but with criminal records.
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而是犯罪前科紀錄。
01:34
This institution is also costing us a lot,
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這個機構也花費許多公帑,
在紐澤西州, 將一個年輕人送進監獄的花費,
01:37
about 40,000 dollars a year
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01:38
to send a young person to prison in New Jersey.
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大約是一年4萬美元,
但這筆錢是納稅人付的。
01:43
But here, taxpayers are footing the bill
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01:45
and what kids are getting is a cold prison cell
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而這些孩子得到的是冰冷的監獄牢房,
01:49
and a permanent mark against them when they come home
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以及在他們出獄返家後,或是找工作時,
01:52
and apply for work.
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無法抹除的永久印記。
01:54
There are more and more kids on this journey to adulthood
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在美國,有愈來愈多的孩子 步上這條成長的道路,
01:58
than ever before in the United States and that's because in the past 40 years,
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因為在過去的40年,
02:03
our incarceration rate has grown by 700 percent.
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我們的監禁率,成長了百分之七百。
我為這場演講製作了一張投影片。
02:09
I have one slide for this talk.
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02:11
Here it is.
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就是這張。
02:13
Here's our incarceration rate,
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這是我們的監禁率。
02:15
about 716 people per 100,000 in the population.
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每十萬人當中有716人入獄服刑。
這是OECD經濟合作暨發展組織 會員國的監禁率圖表。
02:23
Here's the OECD countries.
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[圖表說明] 美國的監禁率全世界最高, 大約每十萬人有716人入獄服刑。
02:30
What's more, it's poor kids that we're sending to prison,
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更重要的是, 我們將貧窮的孩子們送進監獄。
02:33
too many drawn from African-American and Latino communities
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他們多數來自非裔美籍和拉丁裔社區。
02:37
so that prison now stands firmly between the young people trying to make it
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現在,監獄阻擋了這些想要成功,
02:41
and the fulfillment of the American Dream.
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以及實現美國夢的年輕人。
02:45
The problem's actually a bit worse than this
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問題其實更為嚴重,
02:48
'cause we're not just sending poor kids to prison,
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因為我們不只是將貧窮的孩子關起來,
02:50
we're saddling poor kids with court fees,
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我們還讓這些孩子負擔法庭費用,
02:53
with probation and parole restrictions,
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用緩刑和假釋來限制他們,
02:56
with low-level warrants,
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或是對他們發布輕度通緝。
02:58
we're asking them to live in halfway houses and on house arrest,
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我們讓他們住在中途之家 或是進行居家監禁。
03:01
and we're asking them to negotiate a police force
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我們讓他們屈服於警察勢力
03:05
that is entering poor communities of color,
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進入到有色人種的貧窮社區裏,
03:07
not for the purposes of promoting public safety,
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目的不是為了要加強公共安全,
03:10
but to make arrest counts, to line city coffers.
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而是為了讓逮捕人數達到要求, 以增加市政府收入。
03:18
This is the hidden underside to our historic experiment in punishment:
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這是我們一直以來所進行的懲罰性實驗。 隱藏在背後的陰暗面是:
03:22
young people worried that at any moment, they will be stopped, searched and seized.
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年輕人擔心,他們隨時可能 被攔下來、被搜查、被逮捕。
03:28
Not just in the streets, but in their homes,
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不只是在街上如此,在家裡、
03:31
at school and at work.
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在學校、或在工作時都有可能。
03:34
I got interested in this other path to adulthood
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我開始對這一條成長的道路感到興趣,
03:38
when I was myself a college student
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當我還是賓州大學學生的時候,
03:40
attending the University of Pennsylvania
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03:42
in the early 2000s.
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那時是在2000年年初。
03:44
Penn sits within a historic African-American neighborhood.
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賓州大學位於一個 歷史上非裔美人居住的地區。
03:48
So you've got these two parallel journeys going on simultaneously:
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在那裡,可以看到這兩條平行的成長道路:
03:53
the kids attending this elite, private university,
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一邊的孩子,進入精英的的私人大學就讀,
03:56
and the kids from the adjacent neighborhood,
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住在另一邊鄰近社區的孩子們,
03:58
some of whom are making it to college,
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雖然有一些也進了大學,
04:00
and many of whom are being shipped to prison.
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但是大多數的孩子卻被送進監獄裏。
04:04
In my sophomore year, I started tutoring a young woman who was in high school
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在我大二那年, 我開始為一個高中的女孩補習。
04:09
who lived about 10 minutes away from the university.
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她住在距離這個大學10分鐘路程的地方。
04:12
Soon, her cousin came home from a juvenile detention center.
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不久,他的一位表弟 從少年拘留所回到家裡。
04:15
He was 15, a freshman in high school.
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他當時15歲,剛就讀高中一年級。
04:18
I began to get to know him and his friends and family,
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我開始認識他、他的朋友以及家人。
04:22
and I asked him what he thought about me writing about his life
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我問他,我是否可以在大四的論文裡
04:25
for my senior thesis in college.
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描寫有關他的故事。
04:28
This senior thesis became a dissertation at Princeton
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這篇大四所寫的論文,後來也成為 我在普林斯頓大學的博士論文,
04:32
and now a book.
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以及我所寫的一本書。
04:33
By the end of my sophomore year,
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在我大二那年結束時,
04:35
I moved into the neighborhood and I spent the next six years
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我搬到那個社區居住, 在接下來的六年裏,
04:38
trying to understand what young people were facing as they came of age.
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我試著了解年輕人 在成長過程所要面對的事物。
04:44
The first week I spent in this neighborhood,
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我住在那裡的第一週,
04:46
I saw two boys, five and seven years old,
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我看到兩個男孩,分別是五歲和七歲,
04:48
play this game of chase,
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他們正在玩追逐遊戲。
04:50
where the older boy ran after the other boy.
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那個大男孩追著另一個男孩。
04:53
He played the cop.
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大男孩扮演警察。
04:54
When the cop caught up to the younger boy,
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當這個警察追到小男孩時,
04:56
he pushed him down,
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他將他推倒在地,
04:58
handcuffed him with imaginary handcuffs,
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假裝用手銬銬上他的手,
05:00
took a quarter out of the other child's pocket,
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從他的口袋拿出一個25分的硬幣,
05:03
saying, "I'm seizing that."
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他說:「我要拿走這個硬幣」。
05:06
He asked the child if he was carrying any drugs
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他問那個小孩是否身上有毒品,
05:10
or if he had a warrant.
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或者正在被通緝?
05:12
Many times, I saw this game repeated,
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我經常看到孩子們玩這個遊戲。
05:14
sometimes children would simply give up running,
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有時候,孩子會放棄逃跑,
05:17
and stick their bodies flat against the ground
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身體直直地趴在地上,
05:19
with their hands above their heads, or flat up against a wall.
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將手舉在頭上,或將手靠在牆壁上。
05:22
Children would yell at each other,
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孩子們會彼此大叫,
05:24
"I'm going to lock you up,
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「我要把你關起來。
05:25
I'm going to lock you up and you're never coming home!"
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我要把你關起來, 讓你永遠不能回家!」
05:29
Once I saw a six-year-old child pull another child's pants down
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有一次我看到一個六歲小孩 拉下另一個小孩的褲子,
05:33
and try to do a cavity search.
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試著對他做「體腔檢查」。
05:36
In the first 18 months that I lived in this neighborhood,
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我住在那個社區的前18個月,
05:39
I wrote down every time I saw any contact between police
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我紀錄下每一次我所看到
警察和我的鄰居之間的接觸過程。
05:43
and people that were my neighbors.
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05:46
So in the first 18 months,
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在那18個月當中,
05:48
I watched the police stop pedestrians or people in cars,
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我看著警察攔下行人 或是車子裡的人,
05:52
search people, run people's names,
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對他們搜查,問他們的名字,
05:54
chase people through the streets,
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在街上追著他們,
05:56
pull people in for questioning,
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將他們帶回去問話,或是逮捕他們。
05:58
or make an arrest every single day, with five exceptions.
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這些事每天都在上演, 只有五天平安無事。
06:03
Fifty-two times, I watched the police break down doors,
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總共有52次,我看到警察破門而入,
06:07
chase people through houses
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穿過房子追著人們,
06:09
or make an arrest of someone in their home.
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或者在他們的家裡抓人。
06:12
Fourteen times in this first year and a half,
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在一年半內有14次,
06:15
I watched the police punch, choke, kick, stomp on or beat young men
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我看到警察在逮捕年輕人後,
對他們打、嗆、踢、踩或揍。
06:20
after they had caught them.
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06:24
Bit by bit, I got to know two brothers,
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後來,我認識了兩兄弟,
06:26
Chuck and Tim.
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恰克 和 提姆。
06:28
Chuck was 18 when we met, a senior in high school.
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我遇到恰克時,他18歲, 就讀高中四年級。
06:31
He was playing on the basketball team and making C's and B's.
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他是籃球隊的隊員,成績有C有B。
06:34
His younger brother, Tim, was 10.
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他的弟弟提姆,那時10歲。
06:36
And Tim loved Chuck; he followed him around a lot,
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提姆很愛恰克, 他總是跟在恰克屁股後面,
06:39
looked to Chuck to be a mentor.
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視哥哥為偶像。
06:42
They lived with their mom and grandfather
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他們和母親、祖父居住在
06:44
in a two-story row home with a front lawn and a back porch.
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一座兩層樓的連棟房屋裡, 房屋前有草地,後有陽台。
06:47
Their mom was struggling with addiction all while the boys were growing up.
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在他們的成長過程裡, 他們的母親一直有吸毒問題。
06:51
She never really was able to hold down a job for very long.
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她沒有長期穩定的工作,
06:55
It was their grandfather's pension that supported the family,
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他們依靠祖父的退休金生活。
06:58
not really enough to pay for food and clothes
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那筆退休金並不足以支付 成長中男孩所需的食物和衣服,
07:01
and school supplies for growing boys.
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以及學費開銷。
07:04
The family was really struggling.
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那個家庭實在過得很幸苦。
07:06
So when we met, Chuck was a senior in high school.
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我認識他們時,恰克在讀高中四年級。
07:08
He had just turned 18.
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他剛滿18歲。
07:11
That winter, a kid in the schoolyard
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那個冬天,一個學校的孩子
07:14
called Chuck's mom a crack whore.
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辱罵恰克的母親是"吸毒婊子"。
07:18
Chuck pushed the kid's face into the snow
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恰克將那個孩子的臉壓到雪裡,
07:20
and the school cops charged him with aggravated assault.
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校警以重度攻擊罪名起訴他。
07:24
The other kid was fine the next day,
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那個被打的孩子,其實第二天就沒事了,
07:26
I think it was his pride that was injured more than anything.
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我想主要是他的自尊心受到傷害。
07:29
But anyway, since Chuck was 18,
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但是,由於恰克已經年滿18歲,
07:31
this agg. assault case sent him to adult county jail
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他因為重度攻擊罪名, 被關進郡立的成人監獄。
07:34
on State Road in northeast Philadelphia,
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這所監獄位於費城東北邊的州立公路上。
07:37
where he sat, unable to pay the bail -- he couldn't afford it --
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他因為無法付出假釋金而被關著 -- 他根本負擔不起 --
07:41
while the trial dates dragged on and on and on
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他的出庭日期被一拖再拖,
07:44
through almost his entire senior year.
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幾乎拖延了他整個高中四年級。
07:47
Finally, near the end of this season,
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最後,在這個季節快要結束前,
07:50
the judge on this assault case threw out most of the charges
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審理這個傷害案的法官 駁回了大多數的控告,
07:54
and Chuck came home
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恰克可以回家了,
07:55
with only a few hundred dollars' worth of court fees hanging over his head.
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卻也欠下數百美元的訴訟費債務。
08:00
Tim was pretty happy that day.
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提姆那天很高興。
08:02
The next fall, Chuck tried to re-enroll as a senior,
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隔年秋天,恰克要返校重讀高四,
08:05
but the school secretary told him that
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但是學校秘書告訴他,
08:07
he was then 19 and too old to be readmitted.
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由於他已經19歲了, 超過高四的就學年齡,無法復學。
08:10
Then the judge on his assault case issued him a warrant for his arrest
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接著,審理恰克傷害案的法官 對他發佈一份通緝,
08:14
because he couldn't pay the 225 dollars in court fees
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因為他沒有支付225美元的訴訟費用。
08:17
that came due a few weeks after the case ended.
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通緝令在他的案件審理結束後的 幾個星期發出。
08:20
Then he was a high school dropout living on the run.
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當時,他被高中退學, 而且還要躲避通緝,
08:24
Tim's first arrest came later that year
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提姆在那一年後期,第一次被警察逮捕,
08:26
after he turned 11.
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那時他才剛滿11歲。
08:28
Chuck had managed to get his warrant lifted
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恰克後來被解除通緝,
08:30
and he was on a payment plan for the court fees
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因為他用分期付款來支付訴訟費用。
08:33
and he was driving Tim to school in his girlfriend's car.
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有一天,他開著女朋友的車子 載提姆去學校,
08:37
So a cop pulls them over, runs the car,
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一位警察攔住他們,盤查他們的車,
08:39
and the car comes up as stolen in California.
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結果那是一輛在加州失竊的贓車。
08:43
Chuck had no idea where in the history of this car it had been stolen.
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恰克並不知道,這輛車曾經被偷,
08:47
His girlfriend's uncle bought it from a used car auction
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那是他的女朋友的叔叔,
在費城東北區向一位中古車商買的。
08:51
in northeast Philly.
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08:52
Chuck and Tim had never been outside of the tri-state,
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恰克和提姆從來沒有離開過 鄰近三個州的範圍,
08:55
let alone to California.
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更不用說到過加州。
08:57
But anyway, the cops down at the precinct
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但是,管轄當地的警察
08:59
charged Chuck with receiving stolen property.
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以收受贓物的罪名起訴恰克。
09:03
And then a juvenile judge, a few days later,
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接著幾天之後,一位主管少年案件的法官
09:06
charged Tim, age 11,
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起訴了11歲的提姆,
09:08
with accessory to receiving a stolen property
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罪名是收受贓物罪的共犯,
09:11
and then he was placed on three years of probation.
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並且判處三年的緩刑。
09:16
With this probation sentence hanging over his head,
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因為這個緩刑的判決,
09:19
Chuck sat his little brother down
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恰克開始教他的弟弟
09:21
and began teaching him how to run from the police.
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如何躲避警察。
09:24
They would sit side by side on their back porch
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他們比肩坐在家裡的後陽台,
09:27
looking out into the shared alleyway
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對著公共的巷道,
09:29
and Chuck would coach Tim how to spot undercover cars,
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恰克教提姆如何辨別便衣警察的車子,
09:33
how to negotiate a late-night police raid, how and where to hide.
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如何避開深夜警察的盤查, 以及去哪裡躲藏。
09:39
I want you to imagine for a second
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我要你們想像一下,
09:40
what Chuck and Tim's lives would be like
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恰克和提姆過著什麼樣的生活?
09:43
if they were living in a neighborhood where kids were going to college,
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如果他們居住在 孩子們都能上大學的地區,
09:47
not prison.
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而不是被送進監獄。
09:49
A neighborhood like the one I got to grow up in.
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就像是我從小到大所居住的社區。
09:53
Okay, you might say.
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好吧,你會說,
09:54
But Chuck and Tim, kids like them, they're committing crimes!
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但是像恰克和提姆這樣的孩子, 他們還是有犯罪啊!
09:58
Don't they deserve to be in prison?
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他們不應該關在監獄嗎?
10:00
Don't they deserve to be living in fear of arrest?
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他們害怕被逮捕,難道不是應得的嗎?
10:04
Well, my answer would be no.
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好,我的回答是:「不」。
10:07
They don't.
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他們不應該如此被對待。
10:08
And certainly not for the same things that other young people
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尤其他們所做的事,
10:11
with more privilege are doing with impunity.
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和那些住在優渥環境的年輕人一樣, 但是後者卻不會受罰。
10:14
If Chuck had gone to my high school,
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如果恰克進入我所就讀的高中,
10:16
that schoolyard fight would have ended there,
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他在學校內的打架事件,不會擴大到校外,
10:19
as a schoolyard fight.
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就只是當作校園事件處理。
10:20
It never would have become an aggravated assault case.
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這樣的行為並不會演變成重度傷害罪。
10:24
Not a single kid that I went to college with
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我有許多大學同學,
10:27
has a criminal record right now.
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到現在沒有任何一位有犯罪紀錄。
10:29
Not a single one.
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一個都沒有。
10:31
But can you imagine how many might have if the police had stopped those kids
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但是你可以想像: 如果警察把他們攔下來,
10:35
and searched their pockets for drugs as they walked to class?
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搜查他們的口袋是否有毒品, 會有多少人因此留下犯罪紀錄?
10:39
Or had raided their frat parties in the middle of the night?
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或者在半夜,到他們的聚會進行臨檢?
10:44
Okay, you might say.
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好,你可能會說,
10:45
But doesn't this high incarceration rate
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難道不是因為提高監禁率,
10:47
partly account for our really low crime rate?
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才降低了犯罪率嗎?
10:50
Crime is down. That's a good thing.
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能降低犯罪率,當然是件好事。
10:52
Totally, that is a good thing. Crime is down.
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總體而言,那是件好事,犯罪率降低了。
10:55
It dropped precipitously in the '90s and through the 2000s.
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在1990和2000年之間,犯罪率明顯地降低。
10:58
But according to a committee of academics
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但是,根據去年由美國國家科學院舉辦的
11:00
convened by the National Academy of Sciences last year,
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一場學術性會議結果,
11:04
the relationship between our historically high incarceration rates
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過去我們的高監禁率
11:08
and our low crime rate is pretty shaky.
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與低犯罪率之間的關係,非常微弱。
11:12
It turns out that the crime rate goes up and down
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也就是說,犯罪率的高低
11:15
irrespective of how many young people we send to prison.
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與年輕人被關在監獄的數量無關。
11:21
We tend to think about justice in a pretty narrow way:
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我們常常用狹隘的觀點來看待正義:
11:24
good and bad, innocent and guilty.
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只有好與壞,無辜和有罪。
11:27
Injustice is about being wrongfully convicted.
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錯誤判決並不等於正義。
11:31
So if you're convicted of something you did do,
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如果你是因為確實做了壞事而被判有罪,
11:33
you should be punished for it.
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你是應該受到懲罰。
11:35
There are innocent and guilty people,
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但是,有無辜的人和有罪的人,
11:37
there are victims and there are perpetrators.
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有被害人,有肇事者。
11:39
Maybe we could think a little bit more broadly than that.
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或許我們可以有更寬廣的思維。
11:44
Right now, we're asking kids who live in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods,
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現在,我們如何看待這些 住在最貧困環境裡的小孩?
11:48
who have the least amount of family resources,
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他們缺乏家庭的資源,
11:50
who are attending the country's worst schools,
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他們就讀郡裡最差的學校,
11:53
who are facing the toughest time in the labor market,
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他們在找工作時,面對最艱困的情境,
11:56
who are living in neighborhoods where violence is an everyday problem,
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他們所居住的環境,每天都有暴力事件,
11:59
we're asking these kids to walk the thinnest possible line --
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我們讓這些孩子, 走在最狹窄的道路上 --
12:04
to basically never do anything wrong.
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就是基本上,不可以犯任何過錯。
12:08
Why are we not providing support to young kids facing these challenges?
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這些孩子面臨困難時, 為何我們不給予支持?
12:12
Why are we offering only handcuffs, jail time and this fugitive existence?
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為什麼我們給他們的只是逮捕, 入獄,或是不斷逃亡的日子?
12:20
Can we imagine something better?
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難道我們不能想到更好的解決方式嗎?
12:22
Can we imagine a criminal justice system that prioritizes recovery,
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我們能否設想一個重視復原、預防,
12:26
prevention, civic inclusion,
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以及公民包容的刑事司法系統,
12:29
rather than punishment?
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而不是只能強調懲罰?
12:32
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
12:39
A criminal justice system that acknowledges
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設想一個刑事司法系統
願意承認在美國歷史上, 曾經排斥有色人種,
12:42
the legacy of exclusion that poor people of color in the U.S. have faced
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並且不再促進和延續這種排斥觀點。
12:46
and that does not promote and perpetuate those exclusions.
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12:50
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
12:55
And finally, a criminal justice system that believes in black young people,
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最後,設想一個 相信黑人青年的刑事司法系統,
12:59
rather than treating black young people as the enemy to be rounded up.
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而不是將這些黑人青年 當作是敵人一樣加以逮捕。
13:03
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
13:11
The good news is that we already are.
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好消息是,我們已經在做了。
13:14
A few years ago, Michelle Alexander wrote "The New Jim Crow,"
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幾年前,蜜雪兒.亞歷山大寫了 "The New Jim Crow“ 這本書,
13:19
which got Americans to see incarceration as a civil rights issue
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它讓美國民眾 採用和以往不同的方式
13:23
of historic proportions in a way they had not seen it before.
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將"監禁"視為一項重要的人權議題。
13:27
President Obama and Attorney General Eric Holder have come out very strongly
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歐巴馬總統和檢察總長 Eric Holder
對於量刑改革
13:31
on sentencing reform,
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13:32
on the need to address racial disparity in incarceration.
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以及監禁的種族歧視問題 非常重視。
13:36
We're seeing states throw out Stop and Frisk
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我們看到一些州廢除了「攔檢」和「搜查」
13:39
as the civil rights violation that it is.
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因為這些行為違反了人權。
13:42
We're seeing cities and states decriminalize possession of marijuana.
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我們看到一些城市和州 不再將持有大麻視為犯罪。
13:47
New York, New Jersey and California
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在紐約州、紐澤西州和加州,
13:49
have been dropping their prison populations, closing prisons,
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正在減少囚犯人數,關閉監獄,
13:53
while also seeing a big drop in crime.
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同時也看到犯罪率大幅降低。
13:55
Texas has gotten into the game now,
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德州也開始加入改革,
13:57
also closing prisons, investing in education.
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關閉一些監獄,轉而投資教育。
14:00
This curious coalition is building from the right and the left,
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有一些令人驚訝的組織, 由社會各階層人士共同組成,
14:04
made up of former prisoners and fiscal conservatives,
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其中包括了更生人和財政保守派,
14:08
of civil rights activists and libertarians,
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人權鬥士和自由主義者,
14:11
of young people taking to the streets to protest police violence
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有些年輕人走上街頭,
抗議警察以暴力對付 手無寸鐵的黑人青年,
14:15
against unarmed black teenagers,
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14:18
and older, wealthier people --
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除此之外,還有許多年長,富有的人 --
14:20
some of you are here in the audience --
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你們有些正坐在觀眾席裡 --
14:22
pumping big money into decarceration initiatives
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熱心捐款贊助反監禁行動。
14:27
In a deeply divided Congress,
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在意見分歧的國會裡,
14:29
the work of reforming our criminal justice system
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改革現有刑事司法系統的工作
14:31
is just about the only thing that the right and the left
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成為無論左派或右派議員
14:34
are coming together on.
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唯一彼此有共識的議題。
14:37
I did not think I would see this political moment in my lifetime.
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我從未曾想過, 在有生之年可以看到這一刻。
14:41
I think many of the people who have been working tirelessly
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我想到,有許多人竭盡心力
14:44
to write about the causes and consequences
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在探討史上高監禁率的原因和結果時,
14:46
of our historically high incarceration rates
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他們也未曾想過
14:49
did not think we would see this moment in our lifetime.
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會在有生之年見證這個時刻。
14:52
The question for us now is, how much can we make of it?
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現在我們的問題是, 我們能因此學到什麼?
14:56
How much can we change?
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我們能改變多少?
14:59
I want to end with a call to young people,
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最後,我要向年輕人呼籲,
15:02
the young people attending college
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無論你是正在讀大學的年輕人,
15:03
and the young people struggling to stay out of prison
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還是努力想要離開監獄的年輕人,
15:06
or to make it through prison and return home.
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或者即將服完刑期返家的年輕人。
15:10
It may seem like these paths to adulthood are worlds apart,
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這些長大成人的道路天差地遠,
15:14
but the young people participating in these two institutions
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但是經由這兩種機構而成長的年輕人
15:18
conveying us to adulthood,
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讓我們所看到
15:20
they have one thing in common:
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他們的共同點是:
15:22
Both can be leaders in the work of reforming our criminal justice system.
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他們都可以成為 改革刑事司法系統的領導者。
15:28
Young people have always been leaders in the fight for equal rights,
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在爭取平權的戰鬥中, 年輕人一直扮演著領導的角色。
15:31
the fight for more people to be granted dignity
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這是為了替更多的人爭取尊嚴,
15:34
and a fighting chance at freedom.
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以及爭取自由的機會。
15:36
The mission for the generation of young people
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這一代年輕人的使命,
15:39
coming of age in this, a sea-change moment, potentially,
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在這個急劇變化的時刻, 很有可能實現的
15:43
is to end mass incarceration and build a new criminal justice system,
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是結束大規模的監禁, 並且建立一個嶄新的
強調「公平正義」的刑事司法系統。
15:49
emphasis on the word justice.
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15:52
Thanks.
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謝謝。
15:53
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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