Metal that breathes | Doris Kim Sung

153,615 views ・ 2012-10-25

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Binglin Qi 校对人员: Bear Jin
00:15
I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,
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我曾经是这样一个小孩,每当我进入一辆车里,
00:19
I basically had to roll down the window.
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我基本上都要把车窗摇下来,
00:22
It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
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因为通常车里面要么太热,要么太闷,或者是有很浓的味道,
00:26
and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.
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并且我父亲不允许我们用空调。
00:28
He said that it would overheat the engine.
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他说这样会让引擎过热。
00:31
And you might remember, some of you,
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你或者你们中的某些人或许会记得
00:33
how the cars were back then, and it was
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当时的汽车是什么样子的,当时汽车
00:35
a common problem of overheating.
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的通病就是容易过热
00:37
But it was also the signal that capped the use,
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而过热也是一种负额超载
00:41
or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
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或者是过度使用高耗能的设备的表现
00:45
Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.
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而现在这一切都变了。我们可以乘车跨越整个国家
00:49
We blast the air conditioning the entire way,
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我们可以全程开空调
00:52
and we never experience overheating.
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并且我们现在根本不会遇到过热的问题
00:53
So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
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所以现在已经没有告诉我们要停用汽车的信号了
00:56
Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.
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很好吧 不是么? 我们的建筑其实有相似的问题
01:02
In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.
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在过去有空调之前 我们要砌一层很厚的墙
01:05
The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
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厚墙是个很好的隔热材料 它可以保持墙的内部
01:08
very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
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冬暖夏凉
01:12
and the small windows were also very good because
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这些小窗子也是个不错的设计
01:14
it limited the amount of temperature transfer
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因为它限制了热量在墙内与
01:17
between the interior and exterior.
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墙外之间传递
01:19
Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,
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然后到了大约20世纪30年代 随着平板玻璃的到来
01:23
rolled steel and mass production, we were able
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冷轧钢技术的出现及大规模的生产 我们可以
01:26
to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
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从天花板到地板都是玻璃 没有任何阻挡视线的东西
01:30
and with that came the irreversible reliance on
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还有我们逐渐依赖的
01:33
mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.
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机电冷却系统来降低那些晒烫了的房间
01:40
Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,
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随着时间的推移 房屋越建越高
01:43
our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems
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我们的工程学应用更好了 所以这些机械系统
01:46
were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.
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被大规模运用 而它们需要大量的能源去运转
01:50
They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,
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它们向空气排出大量的热
01:52
and for some of you may understand the heat island effect
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所以你们中的某些人能够理解城市中的热岛效应
01:56
in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm
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就是城市的温度相比相比于附近的郊区和农村
01:59
than the adjacent rural areas,
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的要高的多
02:02
but we also have problems that, when we lose power,
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但是我们仍然有些问题 当我们失去了能源之后
02:05
we can't open a window here, and so
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我们不能开窗 所以
02:08
the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant
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这些建筑将不再适合居住 所以必须空置出来
02:11
until that air conditioning system can start up again.
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直到空调系统重新启动
02:15
Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
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更差的是 当我们想要让这些建筑
02:19
move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it
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变成一个没有能量流入或者流出的状态 我们
02:24
just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
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无法通过提高系统运转效率而达到目的
02:26
We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
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我们需要寻找一些其他的东西 而我们之前有些作茧自缚了
02:30
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us
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所以我们应该这么做呢? 我们怎么才能把自己
02:34
out of this hole that we've dug?
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从自己挖的洞中救出来?
02:37
If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,
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如果我们从生物学来看 或许你们当中很多人都不知道
02:40
I was a biology major before I went into architecture,
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在我学建筑之前 我曾经主修生物,
02:43
the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates
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人体皮肤是一个可以自然调控
02:48
the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.
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身体温度的器官 这点非常神奇
02:51
That's the first line of defense for the body.
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它还是人体第一道防线
02:54
It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things
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它具有小孔 它有汗腺 它让所有这些
02:57
that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,
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高效协作 分工细致的各种小东西
03:00
and so what I propose is that our building skins
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所以我想我们建筑的外表
03:03
should be more similar to human skin,
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应该也跟人体皮肤相似
03:07
and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive
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根据不同的地点, 做出更加动态
03:11
and differentiated, depending on where it is.
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反应更加迅速 更加针对性的反馈
03:14
And this gets me back to my research.
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然后再说回我的研究
03:16
What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.
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我提出首先应该寻找一个不同于现在的材料面板去做
03:21
I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,
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我现在正在研究某些智能材料
03:24
and a smart thermo-bimetal.
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和一些只能热双金属
03:26
First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires
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首先 我想我们称它为智能是因为它
03:29
no controls and it requires no energy,
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不需要控制或者能量
03:31
and that's a very big deal for architecture.
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这个是个建筑学里一件非常大的事情
03:34
What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.
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它是什么? 它是由两种不同的金属薄膜组成的薄板
03:37
You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.
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你可以看见这一面不同的反射
03:41
And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,
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因为它有两种不同系数的延展
03:44
when heated, one side will expand faster than the other
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当他被加热的时候 一边会比另一边延展得快
03:48
and result in a curling action.
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然后变成有一个弯曲的效果
03:51
So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see
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所以在早期的原型我建了些曲面来了解
03:55
how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow
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卷曲会如何对温度作出反应 还有可能
03:59
air to ventilate through the system,
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让空气在系统中循环通风
04:02
and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity
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在其他原型中我做一种表面
04:05
of having these strips together can try to make
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能够让多块这些东西绑在一起 能够
04:08
bigger movement happen when also heated,
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在受热的情况下有更大的移动出现
04:12
and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery
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现在我们把这个装置放在Silver Lake(银湖)材料以及应用展览馆里
04:16
in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.
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非常近 而且它会在那里展览直到八月 你们可以去看一下。
04:19
It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely
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它叫做“bloom”,它的表面全是
04:22
out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy
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热双金属做的 它是让这个遮篷
04:26
that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that
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做这两件事情:第一 做成一个遮太阳的装置
04:30
when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,
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当太阳光射在它的表面时 它可以限制太阳光通过装置的量
04:34
and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,
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第二 它是一个通风系统
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so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually
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这样被它困在下面的热空气可以
04:40
move through and out when necessary.
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在有需要的时候穿过或者离开这个装置
04:44
You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,
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你可以在这个快进的视频中看到
04:48
as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,
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太阳光和阴影 印在这个材料表面
04:51
each of the tiles moves individually.
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每一片材料 在各自移动
04:53
Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,
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记住 在我们现有的数字科技基础上
04:55
this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces
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这个材料是由大约1万4千片组成
04:59
and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.
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并且没有两块是一样的 每一片都不同
05:03
And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate
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它还有一个巨大的优点 就是我们可以校正
05:06
each one to be very, very specific to its location,
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每一片精确到它最理想的位置
05:10
to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
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它面向太阳的角度 和这个材料是怎么弯曲的都达到最佳
05:15
So this kind of proof of concept project
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所以这种概念项目被证明
05:18
has a lot of implications
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有深远的影响
05:19
to actual future application in architecture,
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对于未来建筑材料的应用
05:23
and in this case, here you see a house,
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还有就是在这件事一样 你看到的房子
05:26
that's for a developer in China,
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这是一名在中国的开发者发明的
05:28
and it's actually a four-story glass box.
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实际上它是一个四层的玻璃盒子
05:31
It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,
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因为我们想要看到它的里面 所以它依然是一个玻璃框
05:35
but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,
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但现在它被热双金属层护套保护
05:39
it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually
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一个屏幕环绕 并且那层热双金属层可以
05:41
open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.
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根据太阳移动进行开关
05:45
In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,
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此外,他可以遮挡隐私区域,
05:50
so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas
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这样可以把私人空间和公共空间
05:52
in the space during different times of day.
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在一天不同的时间区别开来
05:55
And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,
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这就说明 就像这个房子
05:58
we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore
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我们不再需要窗帘和百叶窗了
06:01
because we can sheath the building with these things,
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因为我们可以在这栋建筑上挡住一些东西
06:03
as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
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并能管理室内的空气清新的状况
06:09
I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,
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我一直也在创造一个市场需要的建筑组成元素
06:12
and so here you see a pretty typical
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所以在这里你看到一个典型的
06:15
double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,
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双层玻璃窗
06:20
between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,
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在两层玻璃窗之间
06:22
I'm trying to work on making
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我打算做
06:25
a thermo-bimetal pattern system
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一个热双金属式的系统
06:27
so that when the sun hits that outside layer
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这样当太阳光照射到外层时
06:29
and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal
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它会加热两层玻璃中间的空隙 然后热双金属
06:34
will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then
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就会使其弯曲 然后
06:37
is it'll start to block out the sun
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它会在这栋建筑的某些区域
06:39
in certain areas of the building,
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如果必要的话
06:41
and totally, if necessary.
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挡住所有太阳光
06:43
And so you can imagine, even in this application, that
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你可以想象 在这款应用中,
06:45
in a high-rise building where the panel systems go
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一栋高楼的大板体系
06:48
from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface
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从一楼一直到三四十楼 整栋建筑的表面
06:53
could be differentiated at different times of day
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可能会在一天的不同时间有不同温度
06:55
depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
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这取决于有太阳光照射的频率
07:01
And these are some later studies that I'm working on
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还有 这些是我现在在做的研究
07:03
right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
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把热双金属应用到 你可以看见
07:06
in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually
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在右下角 有一些红色的 它实际上是
07:09
smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,
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小片的热双金属 并且它可以
07:11
we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
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我们也在想办法让它像细菌的鞭毛或者我们的眼睫毛一样动
07:16
This last project is also of components.
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最后一项也是组成部分中的一个
07:19
The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my
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如果你注意到的话 我的专长之一就是生物学
07:23
spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.
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这个想法源于蚱蜢的身体构造
07:26
And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.
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蚱蜢有一套完全不同的呼吸系统
07:29
They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,
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它们通过身体侧面的呼吸孔来呼吸
07:32
and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,
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这些呼吸孔让空气进入并且通过系统达到降温的目的
07:36
and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can
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所以在这个项目中 我尝试着怎么也把它
07:39
consider that in architecture too, how we can bring
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应用到建筑中去 我们怎样可以
07:41
air through holes in the sides of a building.
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让空气从建筑的侧面进入到建筑内部
07:44
And so you see here some early studies of blocks,
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你可以看到在早期对多层建筑的研究中发现
07:47
where those holes are actually coming through,
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这些孔实际上让空气进入的地方
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and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,
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这是在使用热双金属之前
07:53
and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little
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这是在使用热双金属之后 抱歉
07:56
hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.
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这个有点难看明白 不过在表面上你可以看见红色的箭头
07:59
On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal
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左边的图显示 当空气是冷的时候 热双金属是平的
08:02
is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,
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所以它将限制空气从每层中间穿过
08:06
and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
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而右图上显示热双金属弯曲
08:08
and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
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让空气从中穿过 这就是两个
08:12
components that I'm working on, and again,
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我正在做的项目 在这里我再次强调
08:13
it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine
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这是一个跟以往完全不同的东西 因为你可以想象
08:16
that air could potentially be coming through the walls
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空气可以在墙内流动
08:18
instead of opening windows.
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而不是打开窗户
08:21
So I want to leave you with one last impression about
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所以我想在最后再讲一点这个工程
08:24
the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.
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或者说这类智能材料
08:28
When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds
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当你对开关百叶窗厌烦时
08:32
day after day, when you're on vacation
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尤其是一天又一天的重复 或者是你在度假时
08:35
and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,
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没有人可以去控制百叶窗的开关
08:39
or when there's a power outage, and you have
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或者在停电时
08:41
no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals
158
521457
3021
和你没有可用的电力时 这些热双金属
08:44
will still be working tirelessly, efficiently
159
524478
3998
还是会继续高效工作
08:48
and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)
160
528476
3306
直到永远 谢谢!(掌声)
08:51
(Applause)
161
531782
2792
(掌声)
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