Metal that breathes | Doris Kim Sung

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Ivan Lovas Recezent: Suzana Baric

I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,

Bila sam jedna od one djece koja su morala spustiti prozor

I basically had to roll down the window.

svaki put kad bi bila u autu.

It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,

Obično je bilo prevruće, pretijesno ili jednostavno prezagušljivo,

and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.

a moj nam otac nije dao da koristimo klimu.

He said that it would overheat the engine.

Rekao je da bi to pregrijalo motor.

And you might remember, some of you,

Možda se neki od vas sjećaju

how the cars were back then, and it was

kakvi su auti bili tada,

a common problem of overheating.

problem pregrijavanja bio je čest.

But it was also the signal that capped the use,

Ali to je bio i signal koji je ograničio korištenje,

or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.

odnosno pretjerano korištenje uređaja koji troše energiju.

Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.

Stvari su se sada promijenile. Imamo aute kojima putujemo na drugi kraj zemlje.

We blast the air conditioning the entire way,

Raspalimo klimu cijelim putem

and we never experience overheating.

i motor se nikada ne pregrije.

So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.

Dakle, nema više signala koji nam govori da stanemo.

Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.

Odlično, zar ne? Slične probleme imamo u zgradama.

In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.

U prošlosti, prije klima uređaja, imali smo debele zidove

The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior

koji su odlični za izolaciju. Održavaju unutrašnjost

very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,

vrlo hladnom tijekom ljeta, a toplom tijekom zime.

and the small windows were also very good because

Mali prozori su također bili jako dobri

it limited the amount of temperature transfer

jer su ograničavali prijelaz topline

between the interior and exterior.

između unutrašnjosti i okoline.

Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,

Negdje 1930-ih, s pojavom staklenih ploča,

rolled steel and mass production, we were able

valjanih limova i masovne proizvodnje, mogli smo

to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,

napraviti prozore od poda do stropa i tako imati neometani pogled

and with that came the irreversible reliance on

a s tim je došlo neizbježno oslanjanje

mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.

na klimatizacijske uređaje da ohlade naše suncem ugrijane prostore.

Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,

S vremenom, zgrade su postajale više i veće,

our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems

naše inženjerstvo još bolje, tako da su mehanički sustavi

were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.

bili ogromni. Zahtijevaju ogromne količine energije.

They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,

Prenose mnogo topline u atmosferu,

and for some of you may understand the heat island effect

i neki od vas vjerojatno razumiju efekt toplinskog otoka

in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm

u gradovima, gdje su urbana područja mnogo toplija

than the adjacent rural areas,

nego okolna ruralna područja,

but we also have problems that, when we lose power,

ali također postoje problemi da, kad nestane struje,

we can't open a window here, and so

ne možemo otvoriti prozor

the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant

pa zgrade postaju nenaseljive i mora ih se napustiti

until that air conditioning system can start up again.

dok se opet ne pokrene klimatizacijski sustav.

Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings

Još gore, našu namjeru da zgrade učinimo

move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it

nisko energetskim potrošačima ne možemo ostvariti

just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.

samo tako da mehaničke sustave učinimo sve učinkovitijima.

We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.

Moramo potražiti nešto drugo, a pomalo smo zapali u rutinu.

So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us

Pa što da učinimo onda? Kako da se osvijestimo

out of this hole that we've dug?

i izađemo iz te rutine?

If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,

Ako pogledamo biologiju, a mnogi od vas vjerovatno ne znaju

I was a biology major before I went into architecture,

da sam bila magistar biologije prije nego sam se upustila u arhitekturu,

the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates

ljudska je koža organ koji prirodno regulira

the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.

temperaturu tijela i to je fantastična stvar.

That's the first line of defense for the body.

To je prva linija obrane našeg tijela.

It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things

Ima pore, znojne žlijezde i sve te stvari

that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,

koje zajedno rade vrlo dinamično i vrlo učinkovito.

and so what I propose is that our building skins

Stoga predlažem da bi pokrov naših zgrada

should be more similar to human skin,

trebao biti sličniji ljudskoj koži,

and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive

i tad će biti mnogo dinamičniji, osjetljiviji

and differentiated, depending on where it is.

i razlikovati se, ovisno o tome gdje se nalazi.

And this gets me back to my research.

To me dovodi natrag do mog istraživanja.

What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.

Predložila sam da prvo pogledamo drugačiju paletu materijala s kojima bismo to mogli postići.

I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,

Trenutno radim s pametnim materijalima,

and a smart thermo-bimetal.

i pametnim termo-bimetalima.

First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires

Prije svega, pretpostavljam da ih možemo zvati pametnima jer ne zahtijevaju

no controls and it requires no energy,

nikakvo upravljanje ili energiju,

and that's a very big deal for architecture.

što je velika stvar za arhitekturu.

What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.

Ovo je spoj dva različita metala.

You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.

To možete vidjeti ovdje, odsjaj je drugačiji na ovoj strani.

And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,

Kako ima dva različita koeficijenta istezanja,

when heated, one side will expand faster than the other

kad se zagrije, jedna strana brže će se rasteći od druge

and result in a curling action.

i rezultat će biti svijanje metala.

So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see

U prvim prototipovima izgradila sam ove površine kako bih vidjela

how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow

kako će savijeni metal reagirati na temperaturu i možda dopustiti

air to ventilate through the system,

prolazak zraka kroz sustav,

and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity

u drugim prototipovima probala sam vidjeti mogu li površine

of having these strips together can try to make

s većim brojem povezanih traka postići

bigger movement happen when also heated,

veće pomake pri zagrijavanju,

and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery

i trenutno se ova instalacija nalazi u Galeriji za materijale i primjenu

in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.

u Silver Lakeu, u blizini, i ondje je do kolovoza, ukoliko je želite vidjeti.

It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely

Zove se "Cvat" i površina je u potpunosti sačinjena od

out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy

termo-bimetala, a zamisao je da se stvori platno

that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that

koje čini dvije stvari. Jedna je da služi kao suncobran, tako da

when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,

ograniči količinu svjetlosti koja prolazi kad sunce obasja njegovu površinu,

and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,

a s druge strane služi kao sustav za ventilaciju,

so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually

tako da topao zrak ispod može zapravo

move through and out when necessary.

proći i izaći van kad je to potrebno.

You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,

U ovom ubrzanom videu možete vidjeti da na sunce,

as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,

koje prelazi preko povrišine, isto kao i na sjene,

each of the tiles moves individually.

svaka traka reagira pojedinačno.

Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,

Imajte na umu da je s digitalnom tehnologijom koju imamo danas

this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces

ovo napravljeno od oko 14.000 dijelova

and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.

i ne postoje dva ista dijela. Svaki je drugačiji.

And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate

I odlično je što možemo kalibrirati

each one to be very, very specific to its location,

svaku posebno da bude točno podešena prema mjestu na kojem se nalazi,

to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.

prema kutu smjera sunca, a možemo odrediti i kako će se savijati.

So this kind of proof of concept project

Stoga ova vrsta projekta provjere koncepta

has a lot of implications

ima mnogo utjecaja

to actual future application in architecture,

na buduću primjenu u arhitekturi,

and in this case, here you see a house,

i u ovom slučaju vidite kuću,

that's for a developer in China,

ona je za poduzetnika u Kini,

and it's actually a four-story glass box.

i to je zapravo staklena kocka na četiri kata.

It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,

Još uvijek se vidi da je staklena kocka jer želimo imati pogled,

but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,

ali obložena je slojem termo-bimetala.

it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually

To je zastor koji se omata oko nje i taj se sloj može

open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.

otvarati i zatvarati kako sunce prolazi oko te površine.

In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,

Uz to, također može pregraditi prostore radi privatnosti,

so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas

tako da ih može odvojiti od javnih prostora

in the space during different times of day.

tijekom različitih dijelova dana.

And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,

U suštini to implicira da u kućama sada

we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore

više ne trebamo zavjese, grilje ili rolete

because we can sheath the building with these things,

jer možemo obložiti zgradu ovakvim stvarima

as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.

te kontrolirati količinu klimatizacije potrebne unutar zgrade.

I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,

Također pokušavam razviti neke građevinske komponente za tržište.

and so here you see a pretty typical

Ovdje vidite prilično običan

double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,

panel s dvostrukim staklom i u tom panelu,

between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,

između ta dva stakla,

I'm trying to work on making

pokušavam postaviti

a thermo-bimetal pattern system

termo-bimetalni sustav,

so that when the sun hits that outside layer

u kojem će se kad sunce obasja vanjski sloj

and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal

i zagrije tu unutrašnju prazninu, taj termo-bimetal

will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then

početi savijati i na taj način

is it'll start to block out the sun

zakloniti sunce

in certain areas of the building,

u određenim dijelovima zgrade,

and totally, if necessary.

ili u potpunosti, ako je to potrebno.

And so you can imagine, even in this application, that

Možete zamisliti, čak i u ovoj primjeni, da se

in a high-rise building where the panel systems go

u visokim neboderima gdje se paneli protežu

from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface

od kata do kata, čak po 30, 40 katova, čitava površina

could be differentiated at different times of day

može razlikovati u različitim dijelovima dana

depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.

ovisno o tome kako se sunce kreće i obasjava tu površinu.

And these are some later studies that I'm working on

Ovdje možete vidjeti zadnja istraživanja

right now that are on the boards, where you can see,

na kojima trenutno radim.

in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually

U donjem desnom kutu, ovo crveno su zapravo

smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,

mali komadi termometala i mi pokušavamo postići

we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.

da se kreće poput cilija ili trepavica.

This last project is also of components.

Ovaj posljednji projekt također se tiče komponenata.

The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my

Utjecaj je - možda ste već primijetili, jedna od mojih

spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.

utjecajnih sfera je biologija - došao od skakavaca.

And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.

Skakavci imaju drugačiji dišni sustav od našeg.

They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,

Oni dišu preko otvora na bokovima koji se zovu stigme,

and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,

preko njih zrak ulazi i prolazi kroz njihov sustav te ih hladi.

and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can

U ovom projektu, proučavam kako

consider that in architecture too, how we can bring

primijeniti to u arhitekturi, kako dovesti

air through holes in the sides of a building.

zrak preko otvora na stranama zgrada.

And so you see here some early studies of blocks,

Ovdje vidite neka rana proučavanja blokova,

where those holes are actually coming through,

kroz koje rupe zapravo prolaze u cijelosti,

and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,

i ovo je prije nego se primijeni termo-bimetal,

and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little

a ovo je nakon njegove primjene. Ispričavam se, malo je

hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.

teško primijetiti, ali na površini možete vidjeti ove crvene strelice.

On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal

Lijevo je prikaz kad je hladno, tada je termo-bimetal

is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,

ravan pa sprečava prolazak zraka kroz blokove,

and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls

a desno se termo-bimetal savija

and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different

i dozvoljava zraku da prođe. To su dvije različite

components that I'm working on, and again,

komponente na kojima radim, i to je opet

it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine

sasvim druga stvar, jer možete zamisliti

that air could potentially be coming through the walls

da bi zrak mogao dolaziti kroz zidove

instead of opening windows.

umjesto kroz otvorene prozore.

So I want to leave you with one last impression about

Želim vas ostaviti s još jedim posljednjim dojmom o

the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.

projektu, odnosno ovoj vrsti posla i upotrebi pametnih materijala.

When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds

Kad se umorite od otvaranja i zatvaranja tih zastora

day after day, when you're on vacation

dan za danom, kad ste na odmoru

and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,

i preko vikenda nema nikoga da pali i gasi regulatore,

or when there's a power outage, and you have

ili kada nestane struje i nema

no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals

električne energije na koju se možete osloniti, ovi termo-bimetali

will still be working tirelessly, efficiently

još uvijek će raditi neumorno, učinkovito

and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)

i neprestrano. Hvala. (Pljesak)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)