Metal that breathes | Doris Kim Sung

153,615 views ・ 2012-10-25

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Karen SONG 審譯者: Geoff Chen
00:15
I was one of those kids that, every time I got in the car,
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小時候,每當我鑽進汽車
00:19
I basically had to roll down the window.
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第一件事就是要搖下車窗
00:22
It was usually too hot, too stuffy or just too smelly,
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車廂裡不是太熱太悶,就是充滿異味
00:26
and my father would not let us use the air conditioner.
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我父親還不允許我們開空調
00:28
He said that it would overheat the engine.
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他說開空調會讓發動機過熱
00:31
And you might remember, some of you,
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你們當中有些人可能還記得
00:33
how the cars were back then, and it was
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以前的汽車什麼樣
00:35
a common problem of overheating.
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那時候發動機過熱是個普遍的問題
00:37
But it was also the signal that capped the use,
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但同時它也是一個信號
00:41
or overuse, of energy-consuming devices.
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表明了耗能設備的使用,或者說過度使用
00:45
Things have changed now. We have cars that we take across country.
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時過境遷。我們現在可以駕車跨越國境
00:49
We blast the air conditioning the entire way,
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空調一直開著
00:52
and we never experience overheating.
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也不會讓發動機過熱
00:53
So there's no more signal for us to tell us to stop.
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於是不再有任何信號告訴我們該停下了
00:56
Great, right? Well, we have similar problems in buildings.
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是不是很棒?我們在建築中遇到了同樣的問題
01:02
In the past, before air conditioning, we had thick walls.
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在沒有空調的過去,建築物有厚厚的牆壁
01:05
The thick walls are great for insulation. It keeps the interior
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厚牆能很好地隔熱
01:08
very cool during the summertime, and warm during the wintertime,
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讓建築內部冬暖夏涼
01:12
and the small windows were also very good because
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小窗戶也非常有用
01:14
it limited the amount of temperature transfer
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它限制了內外部的
01:17
between the interior and exterior.
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溫度轉換
01:19
Then in about the 1930s, with the advent of plate glass,
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後來到了20世紀30年代,隨著平板玻璃、
01:23
rolled steel and mass production, we were able
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軋鋼和批量生產的出現
01:26
to make floor-to-ceiling windows and unobstructed views,
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我們能夠造出落地窗,實現開闊視野
01:30
and with that came the irreversible reliance on
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隨之而來的是一種無法逆轉的依賴
01:33
mechanical air conditioning to cool our solar-heated spaces.
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我們必須對受陽光照射的空間進行機械降溫
01:40
Over time, the buildings got taller and bigger,
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大樓越來越高,規模越來越大
01:43
our engineering even better, so that the mechanical systems
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工程不斷進步,機械系統極其龐大
01:46
were massive. They require a huge amount of energy.
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而且運行這個系統耗能巨大
01:50
They give off a lot of heat into the atmosphere,
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它向大氣排放大量的熱能
01:52
and for some of you may understand the heat island effect
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你們也許知道城市熱島效應
01:56
in cities, where the urban areas are much more warm
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是說市區比周邊的郊區
01:59
than the adjacent rural areas,
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要熱很多
02:02
but we also have problems that, when we lose power,
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但相應會產生問題:萬一斷電了
02:05
we can't open a window here, and so
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所有的窗戶都無法打開
02:08
the buildings are uninhabitable and have to be made vacant
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人們無法呆在裡面,必須撤離
02:11
until that air conditioning system can start up again.
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直到空調系統重新開機才能再次進入
02:15
Even worse, with our intention of trying to make buildings
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更糟的是,由於我們旨在做出
02:19
move towards a net-zero energy state, we can't do it
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零能源建築
02:24
just by making mechanical systems more and more efficient.
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我們無法僅僅通過把機械系統做得更加高效來實現目標
02:26
We need to look for something else, and we've gotten ourselves a little bit into a rut.
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我們需要另闢蹊徑,但卻困住了自己的手腳
02:30
So what do we do here? How do we pull ourselves and dig us
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我們怎麼辦?我們怎麼從自掘的墳墓中
02:34
out of this hole that we've dug?
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拯救自己?
02:37
If we look at biology, and many of you probably don't know,
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也許你們不知道,如果從生物學的角度看問題
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I was a biology major before I went into architecture,
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我在讀建築前曾是生物專業的學生
02:43
the human skin is the organ that naturally regulates
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人類的皮膚是一個能夠自然調節
02:48
the temperature in the body, and it's a fantastic thing.
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體溫的器官,構造精妙絕倫
02:51
That's the first line of defense for the body.
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這是人體防禦的第一道屏障
02:54
It has pores, it has sweat glands, it has all these things
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有毛孔,有汗腺,
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that work together very dynamically and very efficiently,
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所有一切協同做出動態而且高效的反應
03:00
and so what I propose is that our building skins
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所以我提議建築的皮膚
03:03
should be more similar to human skin,
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也應該像人類的皮膚一樣
03:07
and by doing so can be much more dynamic, responsive
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應該更動態,更靈敏
03:11
and differentiated, depending on where it is.
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根據位置的不同而更易區分
03:14
And this gets me back to my research.
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這種想法把我帶回了我的研究
03:16
What I proposed first doing is looking at a different material palette to do that.
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我首先要做的是從其他材料庫中選材
03:21
I presently, or currently, work with smart materials,
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目前我在用智慧材料
03:24
and a smart thermo-bimetal.
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一種熱雙金屬
03:26
First of all, I guess we call it smart because it requires
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之所以叫它“智慧”,我想首先一個原因是
03:29
no controls and it requires no energy,
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它不用控制,也無需耗能
03:31
and that's a very big deal for architecture.
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這在建築學上至關重要
03:34
What it is, it's a lamination of two different metals together.
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它究竟是什麼呢?這是兩種不同金屬材料的疊加
03:37
You can see that here by the different reflection on this side.
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你們可以從兩面的不同反光看出來
03:41
And because it has two different coefficients of expansion,
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由於它在加熱時有兩種不同的膨脹係數
03:44
when heated, one side will expand faster than the other
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一面會比另一面膨脹得更快
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and result in a curling action.
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材料就會發生捲曲
03:51
So in early prototypes I built these surfaces to try to see
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在最早的模型中我做了這些表面
03:55
how the curl would react to temperature and possibly allow
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來檢驗這個曲面如何對溫度產生反應
03:59
air to ventilate through the system,
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這個系統如何能讓空氣迴圈
04:02
and in other prototypes did surfaces where the multiplicity
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在另一些模型中我又做了一些表面
04:05
of having these strips together can try to make
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這些長條所帶來的多樣性
04:08
bigger movement happen when also heated,
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在被加熱時能夠產生更大的運動
04:12
and currently have this installation at the Materials & Applications gallery
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目前這些裝置在銀湖的M&A美術館展出,一直到8月份
04:16
in Silver Lake, close by, and it's there until August, if you want to see it.
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離這裡不遠,你們可以去看看
04:19
It's called "Bloom," and the surface is made completely
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展覽叫做“綻放”,這個表面完全是用
04:22
out of thermo-bimetal, and its intention is to make this canopy
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熱雙金屬做成的,我們想讓這個穹頂
04:26
that does two things. One, it's a sun-shading device, so that
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擁有兩個功能。第一,這是一個遮陽的設施
04:30
when the sun hits the surface, it constricts the amount of sun passing through,
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當陽光照射到表面,它能夠減少穿過材料的陽光
04:34
and in other areas, it's a ventilating system,
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在其他區域,它是一個通風系統
04:38
so that hot, trapped air underneath can actually
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材料下面無法流動的熱空氣可以
04:40
move through and out when necessary.
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在必要時穿過這些材料得到釋放
04:44
You can see here in this time-lapse video that the sun,
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在這個延時錄影中你們能看到
04:48
as it moves across the surface, as well as the shade,
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當太陽東升西落,陽光和陰影相應移動
04:51
each of the tiles moves individually.
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每一片材料也會單獨運動
04:53
Keep in mind, with the digital technology that we have today,
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請記住,運用今天的數位技術
04:55
this thing was made out of about 14,000 pieces
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這個裝置其實是由14,000片材料組成
04:59
and there's no two pieces alike at all. Every single one is different.
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每一片都不盡相同,每一片都是獨特的
05:03
And the great thing with that is the fact that we can calibrate
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這裡有個再美妙不過的事實
05:06
each one to be very, very specific to its location,
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我們可以把每一片材料都非常精准地放到它們自己的位置上
05:10
to the angle of the sun, and also how the thing actually curls.
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對應陽光的照射角度,並且精確控制每一片的曲度
05:15
So this kind of proof of concept project
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這樣概念式的專案
05:18
has a lot of implications
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有許多的啟示
05:19
to actual future application in architecture,
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可以實際運用在未來建築上
05:23
and in this case, here you see a house,
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在這個案例中,你們看到一個房子
05:26
that's for a developer in China,
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這是為中國的一個開發商做的
05:28
and it's actually a four-story glass box.
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實際上這是一個四層樓高的玻璃盒子
05:31
It's still with that glass box because we still want that visual access,
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它依然是個玻璃盒子,因為我們仍然需要有這樣的視覺呈現
05:35
but now it's sheathed with this thermo-bimetal layer,
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但它現在包裹著一層熱雙金屬材料
05:39
it's a screen that goes around it, and that layer can actually
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是一層環繞這個建築的屏障
05:41
open and close as that sun moves around on that surface.
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表層可以根據陽光的移動而開關
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In addition to that, it can also screen areas for privacy,
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此外,它也可以根據隱私的需要來開關
05:50
so that it can differentiate from some of the public areas
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所以在一天中的不同時刻,這個空間中的區域
05:52
in the space during different times of day.
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能跟其他公共區域區分開來
05:55
And what it basically implies is that, in houses now,
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這意味著,在今天的房屋中
05:58
we don't need drapes or shutters or blinds anymore
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我們不再需要窗簾和百葉窗
06:01
because we can sheath the building with these things,
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因為我們可以用這種新材料來遮蔽建築
06:03
as well as control the amount of air conditioning you need inside that building.
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同時也能夠調節室內的溫度
06:09
I'm also looking at trying to develop some building components for the market,
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我也在嘗試開發市場需要的建築元件
06:12
and so here you see a pretty typical
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你們現在看到的是一個很典型的
06:15
double-glazed window panel, and in that panel,
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雙層玻璃窗構件
06:20
between those two pieces of glass, that double-glazing,
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在兩層玻璃中間
06:22
I'm trying to work on making
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我嘗試做出
06:25
a thermo-bimetal pattern system
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一個熱雙金屬構造系統
06:27
so that when the sun hits that outside layer
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在外層收到陽光照射的時候
06:29
and heats that interior cavity, that thermo-bimetal
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中空層受熱
06:34
will begin to curl, and what actually will happen then
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熱雙金屬開始捲曲
06:37
is it'll start to block out the sun
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材料就能抵擋陽光
06:39
in certain areas of the building,
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遮蔽建築的部分區域
06:41
and totally, if necessary.
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或者在需要的時候遮蔽全部區域
06:43
And so you can imagine, even in this application, that
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你們可以想像這種應用
06:45
in a high-rise building where the panel systems go
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在高層建築中
06:48
from floor to floor up to 30, 40 floors, the entire surface
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三四十層樓都安裝這種構件系統
06:53
could be differentiated at different times of day
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整個表面都可以在一天中不同時刻做出區分
06:55
depending on how that sun moves across and hits that surface.
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隨陽光照射角度不同而不同
07:01
And these are some later studies that I'm working on
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這些是我近期的研究
07:03
right now that are on the boards, where you can see,
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你們可以看到現在展示的投影片上
07:06
in the bottom right-hand corner, with the red, it's actually
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在右下角红色的模型
07:09
smaller pieces of thermometal, and it's actually going to,
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其實這是一些小片的熱雙金屬
07:11
we're trying to make it move like cilia or eyelashes.
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我們希望它能模仿睫毛運動
07:16
This last project is also of components.
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最後一個專案也是由零件組成
07:19
The influence -- and if you have noticed, one of my
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你們或許已經注意到我受生物學影響很深
07:23
spheres of influence is biology -- is from a grasshopper.
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——這個造型受到了蚱蜢的影響
07:26
And grasshoppers have a different kind of breathing system.
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蚱蜢有一種獨特的呼吸系統
07:29
They breathe through holes in their sides called spiracles,
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牠們用腹部兩側的通氣孔呼吸
07:32
and they bring the air through and it moves through their system to cool them down,
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空氣流遍全身來降溫
07:36
and so in this project, I'm trying to look at how we can
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在這個專案中,我探討的是
07:39
consider that in architecture too, how we can bring
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如何將其運用於建築中
07:41
air through holes in the sides of a building.
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如何通過建築兩側的呼吸孔來讓空氣流通
07:44
And so you see here some early studies of blocks,
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這是一些早期關於風擋的研究
07:47
where those holes are actually coming through,
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是通氣孔的運用實例
07:50
and this is before the thermo-bimetal is applied,
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這是安裝熱雙金屬前
07:53
and this is after the bimetal is applied. Sorry, it's a little
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這是安裝後。不好意思,圖片有些模糊
07:56
hard to see, but on the surfaces, you can see these red arrows.
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但是你們能看到表面上的這些紅箭頭
07:59
On the left, it's when it's cold and the thermo-bimetal
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左邊這張圖是氣溫低的時候
08:02
is flat so it will constrict air from passing through the blocks,
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熱雙金屬是平的,可以限制空氣流出
08:06
and on the right, the thermo-bimetal curls
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郵編這張圖是氣溫高的時候,熱雙金屬發生捲曲
08:08
and allows that air to pass through, so those are two different
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空氣開始流動,這是我正在著手的兩個不同的構件
08:12
components that I'm working on, and again,
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我要再次重申
08:13
it's a completely different thing, because you can imagine
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它們是劃時代的,因為你們可以想像
08:16
that air could potentially be coming through the walls
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空氣可以透過牆進來
08:18
instead of opening windows.
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而無需開窗
08:21
So I want to leave you with one last impression about
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最後我想向你們展示
08:24
the project, or this kind of work and using smart materials.
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這個專案,這樣運用智慧材料的作品
08:28
When you're tired of opening and closing those blinds
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當你們對日復一日開關百葉窗感到厭倦
08:32
day after day, when you're on vacation
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當你們在休假時
08:35
and there's no one there on the weekends to be turning off and on the controls,
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沒有人在家裡開關空調
08:39
or when there's a power outage, and you have
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或者說突然斷電了,你沒有
08:41
no electricity to rely on, these thermo-bimetals
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任何可以用的電源,熱雙金屬
08:44
will still be working tirelessly, efficiently
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仍舊會不知疲倦地高效工作
08:48
and endlessly. Thank you. (Applause)
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永不停歇。謝謝大家(掌聲)
08:51
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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