Tasso Azevedo: Hopeful lessons from the battle to save rainforests

翻译人员: Sam Sun 校对人员: Sherry Chen

When the Portuguese arrived in Latin America about 500 years ago,

当葡萄牙人在 500 年前 到达拉丁美洲大陆时，

they obviously found this amazing tropical forest.

很显然，他们发现了 这片神奇的热带雨林。

And among all this biodiversity that they had never seen before,

在他们从未见过的多样化生物中，

they found one species that caught their attention very quickly.

有一种生物很快引起了他们的注意。

This species, when you cut the bark, you find a very dark red resin

这种生物，当你切开它的树皮， 就会发现一种暗红色的树脂。

that was very good to paint and dye fabric to make clothes.

它是制作布料染色剂的上佳原料。

The indigenous people called this species pau brasil,

土著叫它“巴西木”，

and that's the reason why this land became "land of Brasil," and later on, Brazil.

这也是为何这片地方成为“巴西之地”， 也就是后来的“巴西”。

That's the only country in the world that has the name of a tree.

“巴西”成为了世界上 唯一一个以树为名的国家。

So you can imagine that it's very cool to be a forester in Brazil,

你可以想象，在巴西， 做一个护林员是很拉风的，

among other reasons.

这只是众多原因之一。

Forest products are all around us.

林产品在我们周围随处可见。

Apart from all those products,

除了这些产品，森林对气候调节 起到非常重要的作用。

the forest is very important for climate regulation.

In Brazil, almost 70 percent of the evaporation that makes rain

在巴西，构成雨的70%的水蒸气

actually comes from the forest.

实际上来自于森林。

Just the Amazon pumps to the atmosphere 20 billion tons of water every day.

仅亚马逊雨林就每天 向大气蒸发200亿吨水。

This is more than what the Amazon River, which is the largest river in the world,

这比亚马逊河，世界上最大的河，

puts in the sea per day, which is 17 billion tons.

每天注入大海的 170 亿吨水还要多，

If we had to boil water to get the same effect as evapotranspiration,

如果我们需要通过烧水 来达到同样的蒸发量，

we would need six months of the entire power generation capacity of the world.

我们需要六个月的全球发电总量。

So it's a hell of a service for all of us.

所以森林为我们立下了汗马功劳。

We have in the world about four billion hectares of forests.

全世界大概有四十亿公顷森林。

This is more or less China, U.S., Canada and Brazil all together,

这大概是中国、美国、 加拿大和巴西的面积总和，

in terms of size, to have an idea.

基本上是这么个概念。

Three quarters of that is in the temperate zone,

其中四分之三是在温带，

and just one quarter is in the tropics,

仅仅四分之一在热带。

but this one quarter, one billion hectares, holds most of the biodiversity,

但就是这四分之一，十亿公顷， 拥有着最丰富的生物多样性，

and very importantly, 50 percent of the living biomass, the carbon.

非常重要的是，这片区域拥有 高达 50% 的生物质能，即“碳”。

Now, we used to have six billion hectares of forest --

我们曾有 60 亿公顷的森林，

50 percent more than what we have -- 2,000 years ago.

比我们现在多 50％ — 但那是在 2000 年以前。

We've actually lost two billion hectares in the last 2,000 years.

在过去的 2000 年里， 我们总共失去了 20 亿公顷森林。

But in the last 100 years, we lost half of that.

但是在最近的 100 年里， 我们失去了其中的一半。

That was when we shifted from deforestation of temperate forests

那正是当我们将森林砍伐 从温带转移至热带。

to deforestation of tropical forests.

So think of this: In 100 years,

大家想一想：在 100 年里，

we lost the same amount of forest in the tropics

我们所失去的热带森林总量

that we lost in 2,000 years in temperate forests.

跟我们在 2000 年里 失去的温带森林一样多。

That's the speed of the destruction that we are having.

这就是我们破坏环境的速度。

Now, Brazil is an important piece of this puzzle.

现在，巴西是解决 这个问题关键的一环。

We have the second largest forest in the world, just after Russia.

我们有仅次于俄罗斯的 第二大森林覆盖率，

It means 12 percent of all the world's forests are in Brazil,

这意味着全世界 12% 的森林都在巴西，

most of that in the Amazon.

而这些绝大部分在亚马逊地区。

It's the largest piece of forest we have. It's a very big, large area.

这是我们所拥有的最广的森林， 是一片非常广阔的区域。

You can see that you could fit many of the European countries there.

你可以把很多欧洲国家塞进这里来。

We still have 80 percent of the forest cover.

我们仍有80%的森林覆盖率。

That's the good news.

这是个好消息。

But we lost 15 percent in just 30 years.

但是在过去 30 年里， 我们失去了其中的 15%。

So if you go with that speed,

按照个速度，用不了不久，

very soon, we will loose this powerful pump that we have in the Amazon

我们就会失去亚马逊 这个气候调节的天然泵。

that regulates our climate.

Deforestation was growing fast and accelerating

在 90 年代末、2000 年初， 森林破坏的速度很快并且在加速。

at the end of the '90s and the beginning of the 2000s.

(Chainsaw sound)

（锯子声）

(Sound of falling tree)

（树倒下的声音）

Twenty-seven thousand square kilometers in one year.

每年27000平方公里，

This is 2.7 million hectares.

也就是270万公顷。

It's almost like half of Costa Rica every year.

相当于每年失去半个 哥斯达黎加这么大的森林。

So at this moment -- this is 2003, 2004 --

在这个时候 — 这是2003、2004 —

I happened to be coming to work in the government.

我碰巧开始在政府就职。

And together with other teammates in the National Forest Department,

我与其他国家林业部的队友一起，

we were assigned a task to join a team and find out the causes of deforestation,

被分配到一个小组 去探究森林破坏的原因，

and make a plan to combat that at a national level,

并且制定一个全国性的 战略改革计划，

involving the local governments, the civil society,

在当地政、民间组织、

business, local communities,

商业团体、地方社区的

in an effort that could tackle those causes.

共同努力解决这些问题。

So we came up with this plan with 144 actions in different areas.

我们在不同层面上 提出了144条方案。

Now I will go through all of them one by one --

现在我逐一讲解 —

no, just giving some examples of what we had done in the next few years.

开玩笑，只是举例说说 我们之后几年的一些举措。

So the first thing, we set up a system with the national space agency

首先，我们同国家航天局 建立了一个系统，

that could actually see where deforestation is happening,

可以监测到哪里的森林正在破坏，

almost in real time.

几乎是实时的。

So now in Brazil, we have this system, DETER,

现在在巴西，我们有DETER系统，

where every month, or every two months,

每个月，或者每两个月，

we get information on where deforestation is happening

我们得到森林破坏情况的数据，

so we can actually act when it's happening.

从而在破坏发生时做出即时反应。

And all the information is fully transparent

这些信息全部是公开透明的，

so others can replicate that in independent systems.

所以其他人可以将信息 重复利用到其他独立系统。

This allows us, among other things,

这让我们得以扣押通过非法途径 采伐的140万立方米木料。

to apprehend 1.4 million cubic meters of logs that were illegally taken.

Part of that we saw and sell, and all the revenue becomes a fund

其中的一部分我们锯开售卖， 全部收入归入一个基金，

that now funds conservation projects of local communities as an endowment fund.

用于资助当地保护项目。

This also allows us to make a big operation

这使得我们有更大的行动力，

to seize corruption and illegal activities

来缉获腐败和违法行为，

that ended up having 700 people in prison, including a lot of public servants.

直接导致700人入狱， 甚至包括不少公职人员。

Then we made the connection that areas that have been doing

接下来，通过连带关系， 我们使非法开采的地区

illegal deforestation should not get any kind of credit or finance.

无法得到信贷和财政资助。

So we cut this through the bank system and then linked this to the end users.

我们越过银行系统与终端用户相连。

So supermarkets, the slaughterhouses, and so on

超市，屠宰场，等等。

that buy products from illegal clear-cut areas,

只要向保护区购买林产品，

they also can be liable for the deforestation.

它们也会被追责。

So making all these connections to help to push the problem down.

所以连带追责对问题的改善 起到了一定效果。

And also we work a lot on land tenure issues.

同时我们在土地使用权的问题上 采取了很多工作。

It's very important for conflicts.

这对解决争端意义重大。

Fifty million hectares of protected areas were created,

我们创造了 5000 万公顷的保护用地，

which is an area the size of Spain.

大约是一个西班牙的面积。

And of those, eight million were indigenous lands.

其中 800 万公顷是土著土地。

Now we start to see results.

我们看到一些成效。

So in the last 10 years,

过去的十年里，

deforestation came down in Brazil 75 percent.

巴西的森林退化减低了75%。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So if we compare it with the average deforestation

如果把平均退化率的数值

that we had in the last decade,

跟过去十年进行比较的话，

we saved 8.7 million hectares, which is the size of Austria.

我们保护了870万公顷的森林， 相当于奥地利的面积。

But more importantly, it avoided the emission

更重要的是，这减少了大气中

of three billion tons of CO2 in the atmosphere.

30 亿吨二氧化碳排放量。

This is by far the largest contribution to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,

这是至今为止对于温室气体减排

until today, as a positive action.

起到积极效应的一个最重要的举措。

One may think that when you do these kinds of actions

有人担忧，当我们采取这些 减少和遏制采伐的措施时，

to decrease, to push down deforestation,

you will have an economic impact

经济会受到影响。

because you will not have economic activity or something like that.

因为你将无法开展一些经济活动。

But it's interesting to know that it's quite the opposite.

但有意思的是，事实恰恰相反。

In fact, in the period when we have the deepest decline of deforestation,

在这段采伐下降最严重的时期，

the economy grew, on average, double from the previous decade,

经济增长平均达到了过去十年的一倍。

when deforestation was actually going up.

So it's a good lesson for us.

这给我们上了一课。

Maybe this is completely disconnected,

或许它们毫无关联，

as we just learned by having deforestation come down.

恰巧发生在采伐量下降的时期。

Now this is all good news, and it's quite an achievement,

目前全都是好消息、大成就，

and we obviously should be very proud about that.

我们当然引以为豪。

But it's not even close to sufficient.

但这还远远不够。

In fact, if you think about the deforestation in the Amazon in 2013,

事实上，当你想想亚马逊 2013 年的砍伐量，

that was over half a million hectares,

就有超过50万公顷。

which means that every minute,

这意味着每一分钟，

an area the size of two soccer fields

就有两片足球场大小的森林遭到破坏，

is being cut in the Amazon last year, just last year.

去年，就在去年。

If we sum up the deforestation we have in the other biomes in Brazil,

如果把巴西其他生态群落的 砍伐量相加，

we are talking about still the largest deforestation rate in the world.

我们得到的还是全世界 最大的森林破坏率。

It's more or less like we are forest heroes,

这大概是说，我们既是森林的守护神，

but still deforestation champions.

同时又是森林的刽子手。

So we can't be satisfied, not even close to satisfied.

所以我们不敢自满，远不能自满。

So the next step, I think,

下一阶段，我认为，

is to fight to have zero loss of forest cover in Brazil

是争取在2020年， 达到巴西境内森林零砍伐。

and to have that as a goal for 2020.

That's our next step.

这是我们的下一个目标。

Now I've always been interested in the relationship

现在我一直着迷于这种 气候改变与森林间的关系。

between climate change and forests.

First, because 15 percent of greenhouse gas emissions come from deforestation,

首先，因为 15% 的温室 气体排放来源于森林砍伐，

so it's a big part of the problem.

所以这是问题的一个重要部分。

But also, forests can be a big part of the solution

但同时，森林也是解决方案的 一个重要部分，

since that's the best way we know to sink, capture and store carbon.

正因我们所知的最有效的 解决方案就是沉积、捕捉、储存碳。

Now, there is another relationship of climate and forests

气候和森林之间还有一种关系，

that really stuck me in 2008 and made me change my career

它在 2008 年引起我深思， 并因此让我的职业生涯

from forests to working with climate change.

从森林转向为气候变化。

I went to visit Canada, in British Columbia,

我去访问了加拿大，在英属哥伦比亚，

together with the chiefs of the forest services of other countries

同行的还有其他同盟国的 林业部门长官，

that we have a kind of alliance of them, like Canada, Russia, India, China, U.S.

比如加拿大、俄罗斯、印度、中国、美国。

And when we were there we learned about this pine beetle

在那里，我们认识了啃噬 加拿大森林的松树甲虫。

that is literally eating the forests in Canada.

What we see here, those brown trees, these are really dead trees.

我们在这看到的， 这些棕黄色的都已经枯死。

They are standing dead trees because of the larvae of the beetle.

这都归罪于松树甲虫的幼虫。

What happens is that this beetle

事实是这些甲虫 受冬季寒冷的天气控制。

is controlled by the cold weather in the winter.

For many years now, they don't have the sufficient cold weather

在多年里，我们都没有够多的寒冬

to actually control the population of this beetle.

来控制甲虫的数量。

And it became a disease that is really killing billions of trees.

然而这衍生为一种病害， 数亿植株遭到灭顶之灾。

So I came back with this notion that the forest is actually

所以回来以后，我产生了一个概念：

one of the earliest and most affected victims of climate change.

森林事实上是气候改变的 最初受害者之一。

So I was thinking,

我想，如果我能与同僚们 成功地抑制森林退化，

if I succeed in working with all my colleagues

to actually help to stop deforestation,

maybe we will lose the battle later on for climate change

或许今后我们也将在气候改变的对决中

by floods, heat, fires and so on.

成为洪水、炎热、烈火等 其他灾害的手下败将。

So I decided to leave the forest service

所以我决定离开林业局，

and start to work directly on climate change,

直接致力于气候改变的工作，

find a way to think and understand the challenge, and go from there.

找到一种方式来思考和理解 所面临的挑战，并从此出发。

Now, the challenge of climate change is pretty straightforward.

现在，气候改变的挑战非常明了。

The goal is very clear.

目标是明确的。

We want to limit the increase of the average temperature

我们希望全球平均气温的升高

of the planet to two degrees.

控制在 2℃ 之内。

There are several reasons for that.

有诸多原因，

I will not get into that now.

我现在先不详谈。

But in order to get to this limit of two degrees,

但为了得到这 2℃ 的限制 —

which is possible for us to survive,

也就为我们赢得了生存空间，

the IPCC, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,

IPCC — 政府间气候变化专门委员会，

defines that we have a budget of emissions of 1,000 billion tons of CO2

限定说到本世纪末，二氧化碳排放量 配额是 10000 亿吨。

from now until the end of the century.

So if we divide this by the number of years,

将这个配额分配到每年的话，

what we have is an average budget of 11 billion tons of CO2 per year.

我们平均每年可以排放 110 亿的二氧化碳。

Now what is one ton of CO2?

一吨的二氧化碳有多少呢？

It's more or less what one small car, running 20 kilometers a day,

如果一辆小车每天开 20 公里，

will emit in one year.

差不多累积一年的排放量。

Or it's one flight, one way,

或者是一趟航班，

from São Paulo to Johannesburg or to London, one way.

单程从圣保罗飞往约翰内斯堡或伦敦， 单程的排放量。

Two ways, two tons.

往返就是两吨。

So 11 billion tons is twice that.

110亿吨是我们当下 每年排放量的两倍，

Now the emissions today are 50 billion tons, and it's growing.

我们当今的排放量500亿吨， 还在持续增长。

It's growing and maybe it will be 61 by 2020.

可能在 2020 年达到 610 亿吨。

Now we need to go down to 10 by 2050.

我们需要在 2050 年前 把它降低到 100 亿。

And while this happens,

与此同时，

the population will grow from seven to nine billion people,

全球人口将从现在的 70 亿 增长到 90 亿，

the economy will grow from 60 trillion dollars in 2010

经济规模将从 2010 年的 60 兆增长到 200 兆。

to 200 trillion dollars.

And so what we need to do is to be much more efficient

所以我们需要更有效率地

in a way that we can go from seven tons of carbon per capita

把人均二氧化碳排放量从 7 吨 降低到每人、每年差不多 1 吨。

per person, per year, into something like one.

You have to choose. You take the airplane or you have a car.

我们必须做出选择。 你是搭乘飞机呢，还是拥有汽车。

So the question is, can we make it?

问题来了，我们能够做到吗？

And that's the exactly the same question

这也是我在森林退化研究里 碰到的一个同样的问题。

I got when I was developing a plan to combat deforestation.

It's such a big problem, so complex. Can we really do it?

问题如此庞大，如此复杂。 我们可以做到吗？

I think so. Think of this:

我觉得可以。

Deforestation means 60 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions

试想，森林退化造成了着过去十年里 巴西 60% 的温室气体排放。

in Brazil in the last decade.

Now it's a little bit less than 30 percent.

这个数字如今不到 30% 。

In the world, 60 percent is energy.

当今世界，60% 多的排放来自能源。

So if we can tackle directly the energy,

如果我们直接从能源入手，

the same way we could tackle deforestation,

就用我们解决森林退化的手段，

maybe we can have a chance.

可能值得一试。

So there are five things that I think we should do.

所以我们可以做的有五点：

First, we need to disconnect development from carbon emissions.

首先，我们需要把发展 从碳排放中脱离出来。

We don't need to clear-cut all the forests to actually get more jobs

我们并不需要通过砍伐森林

来创造工作、农业或者商业利益。

and agriculture and have more economy.

That's what we proved when we decreased deforestation

我们在降低森林砍伐率的同时 就已经证明了经济可以持续增长。

and the economy continued to grow.

能源方面也是如此。

Same thing could happen in the energy sector.

Second, we have to move the incentives to the right place.

第二，我们必须在正确的地方 给予奖励引导。

Today, 500 billion dollars a year goes into subsidies for fossil fuels.

今天，每年有 5 千亿元 被用于对化石燃料的补贴。

Why don't we put a price on carbon and transfer this to the renewable energy?

为什么不在碳上涨价， 贴补给可再生能源？

Third, we need to measure and make it transparent

第三，我们需要监测并发布

where, when and who is emitting greenhouse gases

谁在何时何地排放了温室气体，

so we can have actions specifically for each one of those opportunities.

我们得以有针对性地 对每一次行为作出反应。

Fourth, we need to leapfrog the routes of development,

第四，我们需要跳跃式发展前进，

which means, you don't need to go to the landline telephone

这意味着，我们不必在得到手机前 一定先装个固定电话。

before you get to the mobile phones.

Same way we don't need to go to fossil fuels

同样，我们也不必让 10 亿人口 必须先依赖于化石燃料。

to the one billion people who don't have access to energy

才能享用清洁能源。

before we get to the clean energy.

第五点，也是最后一点，

And fifth and last,

we need to share responsibility between governments,

我们需要和不同的政府、 商业、民政组织分担责任。

business and civil society.

There is work to do for everybody, and we need to have everybody on board.

每个人都肩负使命， 我们需要大家携手前行。

So to finalize,

最后，我相信未来并非一场宿命，

I think the future is not like a fate

that you have to just go as business as usual goes.

一场商业世界你不得不遵循的宿命。

We need to have the courage to actually change the route,

我们需要勇气打破常规， 拥抱新的理念，

invest in something new,

think that we can actually change the route.

我们需要认识到 我们有能力改变常规。

I think we are doing this with deforestation in Brazil,

在解决巴西森林退化的问题上， 我认为我们已经做到了。

and I hope we can do it also with climate change in the world.

我希望应对全球气候变化的挑战， 我们也能办到。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）