Edward Tenner: Unintended consequences

44,129 views ・ 2011-09-06

TED


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翻译人员: Jiwei Qu 校对人员: Chunxiang Qian
00:15
I didn't always love unintended consequences,
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我不总是喜欢无意识的后果
00:18
but I've really learned to appreciate them.
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但是我真正的学会了去欣赏它们
00:20
I've learned that they're really the essence
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我了解到它们是推动我们
00:22
of what makes for progress,
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进步的本质
00:24
even when they seem to be terrible.
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即便在它们看起来不招人喜欢的时候
00:27
And I'd like to review
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我想回顾一下
00:29
just how unintended consequences
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无意识后果
00:32
play the part that they do.
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是如何起做到作用的
00:35
Let's go to 40,000 years before the present,
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让我们追溯到距今40,000年前
00:40
to the time of the cultural explosion,
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文化大爆炸时期
00:44
when music, art, technology,
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回到当音乐,艺术,科技这类
00:49
so many of the things that we're enjoying today,
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我们今天享用着的众多事物
00:51
so many of the things that are being demonstrated at TED
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我们在TED展示着的众多事物
00:54
were born.
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诞生之时
00:56
And the anthropologist Randall White
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人类学家 兰德尔·怀特
00:59
has made a very interesting observation:
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有一个非常有趣的评论
01:02
that if our ancestors
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如果我们的祖先
01:04
40,000 years ago
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在40,000年前
01:06
had been able to see
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就可以看到
01:09
what they had done,
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他们做了什么
01:11
they wouldn't have really understood it.
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他们不会真正理解
01:13
They were responding
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他们只会对应对
01:15
to immediate concerns.
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眼前之急
01:18
They were making it possible for us
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他们为我们创造了继承发扬
01:20
to do what they do,
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的可能性
01:22
and yet, they didn't really understand
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可是,他们其实并不知道
01:24
how they did it.
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是如何做的
01:26
Now let's advance to 10,000 years before the present.
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现在让我们回到距今10,000年前
01:31
And this is when it really gets interesting.
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这是变得有趣的时期
01:33
What about the domestication of grains?
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庄稼的规模种植?
01:36
What about the origins of agriculture?
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农业的起源?
01:39
What would our ancestors 10,000 years ago
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一万年前如果我们的祖先们有技术评估
01:42
have said
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的能力
01:44
if they really had technology assessment?
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他们会怎么说?
01:46
And I could just imagine the committees
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我可以想象委员会
01:48
reporting back to them
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会向他们汇报
01:50
on where agriculture was going to take humanity,
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农业将把人类引向何处
01:53
at least in the next few hundred years.
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至少在未来的几百年期间
01:56
It was really bad news.
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那可是个坏消息
01:58
First of all, worse nutrition,
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首先,更糟的营养
02:00
maybe shorter life spans.
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也许更短的生命
02:02
It was simply awful for women.
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农业规模化对于女性来说非常糟糕
02:04
The skeletal remains from that period
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存留下来的当时人类骨骼显示
02:06
have shown that they were grinding grain morning, noon and night.
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他们当时日以继夜的碾磨谷物
02:11
And politically, it was awful.
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从政治上看,这是糟糕的
02:14
It was the beginning of a much higher degree
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这是更严重的人与人之间
02:17
of inequality among people.
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不平等的开始
02:20
If there had been rational technology assessment then,
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如果那时有一种理性的技术进行评估
02:23
I think they very well might have said,
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我想他们很可能会说
02:25
"Let's call the whole thing off."
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“这事儿还是算了吧”
02:28
Even now, our choices are having unintended effects.
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即便现在,我们的选择都存在着无意识的效果
02:32
Historically, for example,
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从历史角度看,举个例子
02:34
chopsticks -- according to one Japanese anthropologist
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筷子--根据一位密西根大学
02:37
who wrote a dissertation about it
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发表过相关论文的
02:39
at the University of Michigan --
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日本人类学家的观点--
02:41
resulted in long-term changes
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筷子导致了日本公众的
02:44
in the dentition, in the teeth,
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齿系,牙齿
02:46
of the Japanese public.
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发生了长期的变化
02:48
And we are also changing our teeth right now.
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我们现在也在改变着我们的牙齿
02:51
There is evidence
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有个证据显示
02:53
that the human mouth and teeth
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人类的嘴和牙齿
02:55
are growing smaller all the time.
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正在不断的变小
02:57
That's not necessarily a bad unintended consequence.
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这未必就是不好的无意识后果
03:00
But I think from the point of view of a Neanderthal,
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但是我认为站在尼安德特人的角度
03:02
there would have been a lot of disapproval
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对我们不成大器的牙齿
03:04
of the wimpish choppers that we now have.
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也许会有很多异议
03:07
So these things are kind of relative
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因此这些事情是相对的
03:10
to where you or your ancestors happen to stand.
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是基于你或你的祖先当时所处的位置所决定的
03:14
In the ancient world
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在远古世界
03:16
there was a lot of respect for unintended consequences,
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对无意识后果抱有很强的尊重感
03:19
and there was a very healthy sense of caution,
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并且有一种非常健康的谨慎感
03:22
reflected in the Tree of Knowledge,
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体现在智慧树上
03:24
in Pandora's Box,
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体现潘多拉盒上
03:26
and especially in the myth of Prometheus
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特别体现在普罗米修斯神话中
03:28
that's been so important
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在近代关于科学的比喻中
03:30
in recent metaphors about technology.
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是非常重要的
03:32
And that's all very true.
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那都是非常真实的
03:35
The physicians of the ancient world --
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古代的医生们--
03:37
especially the Egyptians,
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特别是那些我们所了解的
03:39
who started medicine as we know it --
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开始研究医学的埃及医生--
03:41
were very conscious
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对于什么病能医治
03:43
of what they could and couldn't treat.
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什么病不能治头脑是非常清醒的
03:45
And the translations of the surviving texts say,
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保留下来的文字资料上写着
03:50
"This I will not treat. This I cannot treat."
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“这我不能治,这个我不会治”
03:52
They were very conscious.
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他们都非常明了
03:54
So were the followers of Hippocrates.
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因此他们都是希波克拉底的追随者
03:56
The Hippocratic manuscripts also --
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希波克拉底的手稿同样--
03:58
repeatedly, according to recent studies --
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根据最近的研究,反复的--
04:01
show how important it is not to do harm.
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说明不造成伤害是多么重要
04:04
More recently,
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最近
04:06
Harvey Cushing,
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哈维·库欣
04:08
who really developed neurosurgery as we know it,
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他对神经外科起到了重大的推动作用
04:10
who changed it from a field of medicine
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他把神经外科从一个会因为手术导致很多人
04:13
that had a majority of deaths resulting from surgery
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死亡的医学领域改变成为了一个
04:17
to one in which there was a hopeful outlook,
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拥有着光明希望前景的领域
04:20
he was very conscious
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他非常清楚
04:22
that he was not always going to do the right thing.
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他不可能永远是正确的
04:25
But he did his best,
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但是他尽了全力
04:27
and he kept meticulous records
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并且总是一丝不苟
04:29
that let him transform that branch of medicine.
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正是这些使他改变了这个医学分支
04:32
Now if we look forward a bit
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现在如果我们在向前看一下
04:35
to the 19th century,
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来到19世纪
04:37
we find a new style of technology.
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我们会发现科技的新类型
04:39
What we find is,
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那就是
04:41
no longer simple tools,
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不再是单一工具
04:44
but systems.
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而是系统
04:46
We find more and more
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我们发现越来越多
04:48
complex arrangements of machines
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机器复杂的结构
04:50
that make it harder and harder
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从而越来越难去
04:52
to diagnose what's going on.
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判断发生了什么
04:54
And the first people who saw that
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首先体会到这些的人
04:56
were the telegraphers of the mid-19th century,
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是19世纪中期的电报员
04:59
who were the original hackers.
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他们是黑客的鼻祖
05:01
Thomas Edison would have been very, very comfortable
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托马斯·爱迪生如果生活在当今软件公司的氛围中
05:04
in the atmosphere of a software firm today.
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将会非常非常舒服
05:07
And these hackers had a word
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这些黑客们有一个词
05:10
for those mysterious bugs in telegraph systems
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形容那些很离奇的电报系统错误
05:13
that they called bugs.
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他们称其为 “bugs”
05:15
That was the origin of the word "bug."
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那就是现在说的“故障”这个词的原型
05:19
This consciousness, though,
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这个有意识的命名于是就
05:21
was a little slow to seep through the general population,
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慢慢地传到了民间
05:24
even people who were very, very well informed.
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特别是消息灵通人士那里
05:27
Samuel Clemens, Mark Twain,
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萨缪尔·克莱门斯,马克·吐温
05:29
was a big investor
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是个大发明家
05:31
in the most complex machine of all times --
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发明了最复杂的机器--
05:34
at least until 1918 --
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至少在1918年前是的--
05:36
registered with the U.S. Patent Office.
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在美国专利局注册
05:38
That was the Paige typesetter.
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那就是佩奇排字机
05:40
The Paige typesetter
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佩奇排字机
05:42
had 18,000 parts.
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有一万八千个部件
05:44
The patent had 64 pages of text
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专利有64页文字
05:47
and 271 figures.
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和271张图表
05:51
It was such a beautiful machine
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那是如此棒的一台机器
05:53
because it did everything that a human being did
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因为它可以胜任排字员的
05:56
in setting type --
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所有工作--
05:58
including returning the type to its place,
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包括排字机归位
06:00
which was a very difficult thing.
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这是非常困难的事
06:02
And Mark Twain, who knew all about typesetting,
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对排版了如指掌的马克·吐温
06:04
really was smitten by this machine.
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却因为这台机器受到沉重打击
06:07
Unfortunately, he was smitten in more ways than one,
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不幸的是,他受的打击还不止于此
06:10
because it made him bankrupt,
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他因此破产了
06:12
and he had to tour the world speaking
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不得不靠世界巡回演讲
06:14
to recoup his money.
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偿还负债
06:17
And this was an important thing
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这件事对于19世纪的科技
06:19
about 19th century technology,
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意义重大
06:21
that all these relationships among parts
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组件之间的相互联系
06:23
could make the most brilliant idea fall apart,
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有可能使得最好的点子付之东流
06:27
even when judged by the most expert people.
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即使它得到了顶级专家的认可
06:29
Now there is something else, though, in the early 20th century
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20世纪早期,还有一些事件
06:32
that made things even more complicated.
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使得情况变得更加复杂
06:35
And that was that safety technology itself
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那就是安全技术本身
06:38
could be a source of danger.
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就可能成为危险源
06:40
The lesson of the Titanic, for a lot of the contemporaries,
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对于很多同龄人来说,泰坦尼克就是一个教训
06:43
was that you must have enough lifeboats
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那就是你必须保证为乘客准备
06:45
for everyone on the ship.
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足够的救生船
06:47
And this was the result
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这场悲剧的后果就是
06:50
of the tragic loss of lives
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众多乘客因为没有
06:52
of people who could not get into them.
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足够的救生船逃生而失去了生命
06:54
However, there was another case, the Eastland,
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但是,还有一个案例,在伊斯特兰
06:57
a ship that capsized in Chicago Harbor in 1915,
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1915年有一艘船在芝加哥港沉没
07:01
and it killed 841 people --
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841人遇难--
07:04
that was 14 more
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比泰坦尼克号
07:06
than the passenger toll of the Titanic.
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遇难人数还多14名乘客
07:09
The reason for it, in part, was
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究其原因,某种程度上说
07:11
the extra life boats that were added
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是因为船上增加了额外的救生船
07:14
that made this already unstable ship
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使得原本平衡性就很差的船
07:17
even more unstable.
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更加不稳
07:19
And that again proves
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这再次证明
07:21
that when you're talking about unintended consequences,
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当我们谈论无意识后果的时候
07:24
it's not that easy to know
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从中找出教训并不是
07:26
the right lessons to draw.
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一件简单的事情
07:28
It's really a question of the system, how the ship was loaded,
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这实际上是个系统问题,船是如何装载的
07:31
the ballast and many other things.
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压舱物和许多其他东西
07:35
So the 20th century, then,
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接着在20世纪
07:38
saw how much more complex reality was,
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我们见识了现实是多么的复杂
07:40
but it also saw a positive side.
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同时也看到了其积极的一面
07:43
It saw that invention
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那就是发明创造
07:46
could actually benefit from emergencies.
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可以切实地从突发事件中受益
07:48
It could benefit
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从灾难中
07:50
from tragedies.
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受益
07:53
And my favorite example of that --
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我最喜欢的案例--
07:55
which is not really widely known
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作为一个技术革新的奇迹
07:57
as a technological miracle,
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却并不广为人知
07:59
but it may be one of the greatest of all times,
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但是它可能是最伟大的发明之一
08:02
was the scaling up of penicillin in the Second World War.
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那就是二次大战中青霉素的广泛使用
08:06
Penicillin was discovered in 1928,
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青霉素诞生于1928年
08:09
but even by 1940,
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但直到1940年
08:11
no commercially and medically useful quantities of it
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不论是在商业上或者医学上都没有
08:14
were being produced.
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大量生产
08:16
A number of pharmaceutical companies were working on it.
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当时的许多制药厂都在生产
08:19
They were working on it independently,
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他们都在独立生产
08:21
and they weren't getting anywhere.
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产量很有限
08:23
And the Government Research Bureau
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政府研究部门
08:25
brought representatives together
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把制药厂代表召集在一起
08:27
and told them that this is something
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告知他们必须要生产
08:29
that has to be done.
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青霉素
08:31
And not only did they do it,
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他们不仅仅按要求做了
08:33
but within two years,
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而且在两年内
08:35
they scaled up penicillin
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增加了青霉素产量
08:37
from preparation in one-liter flasks
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从预先的一公升烧瓶
08:40
to 10,000-gallon vats.
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增加到一万加仑的大桶
08:44
That was how quickly penicillin was produced
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这就是青霉素如何短期内迅速制造的
08:48
and became one of the greatest medical advances of all time.
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并成为有史以来最伟大的医学进步之一
08:52
In the Second World War, too,
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还是在二战期间
08:54
the existence
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太阳能辐射
08:56
of solar radiation
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的存在
08:58
was demonstrated by studies of interference
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通过英国雷达站进行探测的
09:01
that was detected by the radar stations of Great Britain.
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干扰研究而发现
09:05
So there were benefits in calamities --
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这就从灾难中的受益--
09:08
benefits to pure science,
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对纯粹科学研究有益
09:10
as well as to applied science
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同时应用科学和医学都
09:12
and medicine.
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从中受益
09:15
Now when we come to the period after the Second World War,
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现在当我们来到后二战时期
09:18
unintended consequences get even more interesting.
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无意识后果变得更加有趣
09:22
And my favorite example of that
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我最喜欢的案例
09:24
occurred beginning in 1976,
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发生在1976年
09:27
when it was discovered
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军团病致病病菌
09:29
that the bacteria causing Legionnaires disease
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被研究发现
09:32
had always been present in natural waters,
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一直存在与天然水中
09:35
but it was the precise temperature of the water
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但是供热,通风和空气流通条件下
09:39
in heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems
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水的温度
09:42
that raised the right temperature
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能升高到
09:46
for the maximum reproduction
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有利于军团杆菌繁殖的
09:49
of Legionella bacillus.
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最大化的温度
09:51
Well, technology to the rescue.
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科学技术开始进行补救
09:53
So chemists got to work,
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于是药剂师们开始了研究
09:55
and they developed a bactericide
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他们发明了一种杀菌剂
09:57
that became widely used in those systems.
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可以广泛地用于上述系统中
10:00
But something else happened in the early 1980s,
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但是19世纪80年代早期发生了一件事
10:04
and that was that there was a mysterious epidemic
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全美国的磁带播放器就像患上
10:06
of failures of tape drives
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流行病一样
10:09
all over the United States.
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出了故障
10:11
And IBM, which made them,
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播放器生产商IBM
10:14
just didn't know what to do.
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也不清楚应该如何应对
10:17
They commissioned a group of their best scientists
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他们委任其最好的科研团队
10:20
to investigate,
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进行调查
10:22
and what they found was
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他们发现
10:24
that all these tape drives
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所有出现故障的播放器
10:26
were located near ventilation ducts.
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都接近通风口
10:29
What happened was the bactericide was formulated
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原因就是这种杀菌药物
10:32
with minute traces of tin.
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含有微量锡
10:34
And these tin particles were deposited on the tape heads
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这些锡微粒落在磁带的磁头部位
10:37
and were crashing the tape heads.
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损坏了磁头
10:40
So they reformulated the bactericide.
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于是他们重新制造了杀菌剂
10:43
But what's interesting to me
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但是让我感兴趣的是
10:45
is that this was the first case
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这是第一个致使
10:47
of a mechanical device
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机械设备受损的案例
10:49
suffering, at least indirectly, from a human disease.
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至少是间接由人类疾病引起的设备受损
10:52
So it shows that we're really all in this together.
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因此这表明我们其实都已经卷入其中了
10:55
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
10:57
In fact, it also shows something interesting,
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实际上它还反映了一些有意思的事情
11:00
that although our capabilities and technology
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那就是虽然我们的能力和科技水平
11:03
have been expanding geometrically,
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成几何级数的增长
11:05
unfortunately, our ability to model their long-term behavior,
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遗憾的是,我们模仿它们的同样不断增长的
11:08
which has also been increasing,
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长期习性的能力
11:10
has been increasing only arithmetically.
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仅仅以算术级增长
11:13
So one of the characteristic problems of our time
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因此在我们的时代,一个典型的问题就是
11:16
is how to close this gap
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如何消除
11:18
between capabilities and foresight.
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能力增长和预见性之间的差距
11:21
One other very positive consequence
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20世纪科技发展
11:24
of 20th century technology, though,
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导致了另一个正面结果
11:27
was the way in which other kinds of calamities
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虽然形式上是通过各种灾难
11:31
could lead to positive advances.
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但却产生了积极的影响
11:34
There are two historians of business
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马里兰大学的
11:37
at the University of Maryland,
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两位企业史学家
11:39
Brent Goldfarb and David Kirsch,
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布伦特·戈德法布 和 大卫·基尔希
11:41
who have done some extremely interesting work,
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做了一些关于人类发明史的
11:43
much of it still unpublished,
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非常有趣的工作
11:46
on the history of major innovations.
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大部分还尚未发表
11:48
They have combined the list of major innovations,
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他们列出了重大的发明创造
11:51
and they've discovered that the greatest number, the greatest decade,
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发现那些能在其它发明中体现出来的基础性发明
11:54
for fundamental innovations,
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产生数量最多
11:56
as reflected in all of the lists that others have made --
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最伟大的十年--
12:00
a number of lists that they have merged --
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他们对发明目录进行了合并--
12:02
was the Great Depression.
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是大萧条时期
12:05
And nobody knows just why this was so,
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没有人知道为什么是这样
12:08
but one story can reflect something of it.
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但是有件事反映出一些问题
12:11
It was the origin of the Xerox copier,
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那就是施乐复印机的诞生
12:14
which celebrated its 50th anniversary
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他们去年刚刚进行了50周年
12:17
last year.
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庆祝
12:19
And Chester Carlson, the inventor,
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它的发明者 切斯特·卡尔森
12:24
was a patent attorney.
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曾是一位专利代理人
12:27
He really was not intending
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他其实并没有打算
12:30
to work in patent research,
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致力于专利研究
12:32
but he couldn't really find an alternative technical job.
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但是他找不到其他的技术性工作
12:36
So this was the best job he could get.
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所以这是他能找到的最好的工作
12:38
He was upset by the low quality and high cost
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他对于当时低质量高成本的
12:42
of existing patent reproductions,
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复印技术专利很失望
12:45
and so he started to develop
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于是他开始发明一套
12:48
a system of dry photocopying,
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干法复印系统
12:51
which he patented in the late 1930s --
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并在19实际30年代后期申请了专利--
12:54
and which became the first dry photocopier
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于1960年成为了第一个
12:58
that was commercially practical
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用于商业用途的
13:00
in 1960.
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干式复印机
13:02
So we see that sometimes,
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因此我们看到
13:04
as a result of these dislocations,
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由于这些阴错阳差
13:06
as a result of people
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由于人们
13:08
leaving their original intended career
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改变了他们了原有的职业方向
13:11
and going into something else
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进入到一个
13:13
where their creativity could make a difference,
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可以通过他们的创造力带来改变的领域
13:15
that depressions
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沮丧
13:17
and all kinds of other unfortunate events
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以及其它各种不如意
13:20
can have a paradoxically stimulating effect
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反而可以对他们的创造力有刺激的
13:23
on creativity.
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效果
13:25
What does this mean?
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这意味这什么?
13:27
It means, I think,
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我认为它表明
13:29
that we're living in a time of unexpected possibilities.
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我们生活在一个存在着意外可能性的时代
13:31
Think of the financial world, for example.
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想一下金融圈的例子
13:34
The mentor of Warren Buffett, Benjamin Graham,
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金融巨鳄沃伦·巴菲特,本杰明·格拉汉姆
13:37
developed his system of value investing
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开发了价值投资系统
13:42
as a result of his own losses
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正由于他自己在1929年
13:44
in the 1929 crash.
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的破产
13:46
And he published that book
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接着又于19世纪30年代初期
13:48
in the early 1930s,
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出版了那本书
13:51
and the book still exists in further editions
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现在依然再版发行着
13:53
and is still a fundamental textbook.
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并且依旧作为基础教材
13:55
So many important creative things can happen
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因此许多重要的发明都源于
13:59
when people learn from disasters.
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人类从灾难中汲取经验
14:02
Now think of the large and small plagues that we have now --
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想想我们现在大大小小的麻烦--
14:06
bed bugs, killer bees, spam --
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臭虫 杀人蜂 垃圾邮件--
14:11
and it's very possible that the solutions to those
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那些原本用来解决上述麻烦的技术
14:14
will really extend well beyond the immediate question.
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很可能在其它领域得到更大应用
14:17
If we think, for example, of Louis Pasteur,
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我们想一下,比如路易斯·巴斯德
14:20
who in the 1860s
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18世纪60年代
14:22
was asked to study
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被要求对
14:24
the diseases of silk worms for the silk industry,
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丝绸行业中的蚕的疾病进行研究
14:28
and his discoveries were really the beginning
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他的发现却成为了疾病细菌理论的
14:31
of the germ theory of disease.
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开山之作
14:33
So very often, some kind of disaster --
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这不少见,有些灾害--
14:36
sometimes the consequence, for example,
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有些后果,比如
14:39
of over-cultivation of silk worms,
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过度种植蚕
14:42
which was a problem in Europe at the time --
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成为了当时欧洲的问题--
14:44
can be the key to something much bigger.
332
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可能比一些事情的意义更大
14:46
So this means
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因此这意味着
14:48
that we need to take a different view
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我们需要换个角度看
14:50
of unintended consequences.
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无意识的后果
14:52
We need to take a really positive view.
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我们需要一个非常积极的态度
14:55
We need to see what they can do for us.
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我们要看到他可以为我们做什么
14:58
We need to learn
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我们需要从
15:00
from those figures that I mentioned.
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我提到的那些图表中学习
15:02
We need to learn, for example, from Dr. Cushing,
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我们需要,比如 从库欣博士身上学习
15:05
who killed patients
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在早期的手术中
15:07
in the course of his early operations.
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他使得病人丧失了生命
15:09
He had to have some errors. He had to have some mistakes.
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他犯了些错误,是他的过失
15:12
And he learned meticulously from his mistakes.
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然后他非常仔细的从错误中吸取经验
15:15
And as a result,
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因此
15:17
when we say, "This isn't brain surgery,"
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当我们说“这不是一个简单的脑外科手术”
15:20
that pays tribute to how difficult it was
347
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它不是用来被证明有多么困难
15:23
for anyone to learn from their mistakes
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然后被大家当作医疗领域失败案例
15:25
in a field of medicine
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来借鉴的脑外科手术
15:27
that was considered so discouraging in its prospects.
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它被认为是使其所在医疗领域前景变得堪忧的手术
15:30
And we can also remember
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我们同样记得
15:33
how the pharmaceutical companies
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医药公司
15:35
were willing to pool their knowledge,
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是如何汇集他们的知识
15:37
to share their knowledge,
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去共享他们的知识
15:39
in the face of an emergency,
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在面对危急时刻之时
15:41
which they hadn't really been for years and years.
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他们也许并不是总这样做
15:44
They might have been able to do it earlier.
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也许可以做的更早一些
15:47
The message, then, for me,
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对于我来说
15:50
about unintended consequences
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无意识后果的主旨
15:52
is chaos happens;
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是混乱的产物
15:55
let's make better use of it.
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让我们更好的去运用它
15:57
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢
15:59
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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