Edward Tenner: Unintended consequences

44,263 views ใƒป 2011-09-06

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Dr. Eitan Eliram ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
I didn't always love unintended consequences,
0
15260
3000
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
00:18
but I've really learned to appreciate them.
1
18260
2000
ืืš ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชืŸ
00:20
I've learned that they're really the essence
2
20260
2000
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช
00:22
of what makes for progress,
3
22260
2000
ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ,
00:24
even when they seem to be terrible.
4
24260
3000
ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช.
00:27
And I'd like to review
5
27260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
00:29
just how unintended consequences
6
29260
3000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
00:32
play the part that they do.
7
32260
3000
ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ.
00:35
Let's go to 40,000 years before the present,
8
35260
5000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืœืš 40,000 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”
00:40
to the time of the cultural explosion,
9
40260
4000
ืœื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
00:44
when music, art, technology,
10
44260
5000
ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืืžื ื•ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
00:49
so many of the things that we're enjoying today,
11
49260
2000
ื•ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
00:51
so many of the things that are being demonstrated at TED
12
51260
3000
ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก TED
00:54
were born.
13
54260
2000
ื ื•ืœื“ื•.
00:56
And the anthropologist Randall White
14
56260
3000
ื•ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืจื ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื˜
00:59
has made a very interesting observation:
15
59260
3000
ื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื ืช
01:02
that if our ancestors
16
62260
2000
ืฉืื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื•
01:04
40,000 years ago
17
64260
2000
ืœืคื ื™ 40,000 ืฉื ื™ื
01:06
had been able to see
18
66260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
01:09
what they had done,
19
69260
2000
ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•,
01:11
they wouldn't have really understood it.
20
71260
2000
ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช.
01:13
They were responding
21
73260
2000
ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•
01:15
to immediate concerns.
22
75260
3000
ืœื“ืื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:18
They were making it possible for us
23
78260
2000
ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ื–ืืช ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•
01:20
to do what they do,
24
80260
2000
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•,
01:22
and yet, they didn't really understand
25
82260
2000
ืืš ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
01:24
how they did it.
26
84260
2000
ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
01:26
Now let's advance to 10,000 years before the present.
27
86260
5000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชืงื“ื ืœ 10,000 ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”
01:31
And this is when it really gets interesting.
28
91260
2000
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ืขืฉื” ืžืขื ื™ืŸ
01:33
What about the domestication of grains?
29
93260
3000
ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื?
01:36
What about the origins of agriculture?
30
96260
3000
ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช?
01:39
What would our ancestors 10,000 years ago
31
99260
3000
ืžื” ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”
01:42
have said
32
102260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
01:44
if they really had technology assessment?
33
104260
2000
ืื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื?
01:46
And I could just imagine the committees
34
106260
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช
01:48
reporting back to them
35
108260
2000
ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื
01:50
on where agriculture was going to take humanity,
36
110260
3000
ืœืืŸ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืชืฆืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
01:53
at least in the next few hundred years.
37
113260
3000
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:56
It was really bad news.
38
116260
2000
ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
01:58
First of all, worse nutrition,
39
118260
2000
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
02:00
maybe shorter life spans.
40
120260
2000
ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:02
It was simply awful for women.
41
122260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื™ื.
02:04
The skeletal remains from that period
42
124260
2000
ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
02:06
have shown that they were grinding grain morning, noon and night.
43
126260
5000
ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื“ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฆื”ืจื™ื ื•ืขืจื‘.
02:11
And politically, it was awful.
44
131260
3000
ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืจื.
02:14
It was the beginning of a much higher degree
45
134260
3000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื’ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:17
of inequality among people.
46
137260
3000
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
02:20
If there had been rational technology assessment then,
47
140260
3000
ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื–,
02:23
I think they very well might have said,
48
143260
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
02:25
"Let's call the whole thing off."
49
145260
3000
"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ"
02:28
Even now, our choices are having unintended effects.
50
148260
4000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:32
Historically, for example,
51
152260
2000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™, ืœืžืฉืœ
02:34
chopsticks -- according to one Japanese anthropologist
52
154260
3000
ืžืงืœื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืคื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื
02:37
who wrote a dissertation about it
53
157260
2000
ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื“ื™ืกืจื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš
02:39
at the University of Michigan --
54
159260
2000
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžื™ืฉื™ื’ืŸ
02:41
resulted in long-term changes
55
161260
3000
ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื—
02:44
in the dentition, in the teeth,
56
164260
2000
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื“ื ื˜ืœื™, ื‘ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื
02:46
of the Japanese public.
57
166260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™.
02:48
And we are also changing our teeth right now.
58
168260
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
02:51
There is evidence
59
171260
2000
ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
02:53
that the human mouth and teeth
60
173260
2000
ืฉื”ืคื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
02:55
are growing smaller all the time.
61
175260
2000
ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:57
That's not necessarily a bad unintended consequence.
62
177260
3000
ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช
03:00
But I think from the point of view of a Neanderthal,
63
180260
2000
ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ืช
03:02
there would have been a lot of disapproval
64
182260
2000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืจืช ืจื•ื—
03:04
of the wimpish choppers that we now have.
65
184260
3000
ืžื”ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:07
So these things are kind of relative
66
187260
3000
ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื
03:10
to where you or your ancestors happen to stand.
67
190260
4000
ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื ืœืš ื•ืœืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
03:14
In the ancient world
68
194260
2000
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
03:16
there was a lot of respect for unintended consequences,
69
196260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช,
03:19
and there was a very healthy sense of caution,
70
199260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
03:22
reflected in the Tree of Knowledge,
71
202260
2000
ืฉืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช,
03:24
in Pandora's Box,
72
204260
2000
ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคื ื“ื•ืจื”,
03:26
and especially in the myth of Prometheus
73
206260
2000
ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืžืชื™ืื•ืก
03:28
that's been so important
74
208260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:30
in recent metaphors about technology.
75
210260
2000
ื‘ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:32
And that's all very true.
76
212260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:35
The physicians of the ancient world --
77
215260
2000
ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืชื™ืง
03:37
especially the Egyptians,
78
217260
2000
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื,
03:39
who started medicine as we know it --
79
219260
2000
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื
03:41
were very conscious
80
221260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:43
of what they could and couldn't treat.
81
223260
2000
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•
03:45
And the translations of the surviving texts say,
82
225260
5000
ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืฉืจื“ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื:
03:50
"This I will not treat. This I cannot treat."
83
230260
2000
"ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืื˜ืคืœ, ื‘ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ"
03:52
They were very conscious.
84
232260
2000
ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
03:54
So were the followers of Hippocrates.
85
234260
2000
ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื.
03:56
The Hippocratic manuscripts also --
86
236260
2000
ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ
03:58
repeatedly, according to recent studies --
87
238260
3000
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื
04:01
show how important it is not to do harm.
88
241260
3000
ืžืจืื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง.
04:04
More recently,
89
244260
2000
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
04:06
Harvey Cushing,
90
246260
2000
ื”ืืจื•ื•ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื’,
04:08
who really developed neurosurgery as we know it,
91
248260
2000
ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
04:10
who changed it from a field of medicine
92
250260
3000
ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”
04:13
that had a majority of deaths resulting from surgery
93
253260
4000
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ืชืžื•ืชื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื ื™ืชื•ื—
04:17
to one in which there was a hopeful outlook,
94
257260
3000
ืœืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคืชื— ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”
04:20
he was very conscious
95
260260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื“ืข
04:22
that he was not always going to do the right thing.
96
262260
3000
ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
04:25
But he did his best,
97
265260
2000
ืืš ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•
04:27
and he kept meticulous records
98
267260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืงืคื“ื™ื
04:29
that let him transform that branch of medicine.
99
269260
3000
ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื ืฃ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
04:32
Now if we look forward a bit
100
272260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”
04:35
to the 19th century,
101
275260
2000
ืœืžืื” ื”-19,
04:37
we find a new style of technology.
102
277260
2000
ื ืžืฆื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:39
What we find is,
103
279260
2000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื•ื,
04:41
no longer simple tools,
104
281260
3000
ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:44
but systems.
105
284260
2000
ืืœื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช.
04:46
We find more and more
106
286260
2000
ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“
04:48
complex arrangements of machines
107
288260
2000
ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช
04:50
that make it harder and harder
108
290260
2000
ืฉืžืงืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:52
to diagnose what's going on.
109
292260
2000
ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
04:54
And the first people who saw that
110
294260
2000
ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช
04:56
were the telegraphers of the mid-19th century,
111
296260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”- 19,
04:59
who were the original hackers.
112
299260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ืืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:01
Thomas Edison would have been very, very comfortable
113
301260
3000
ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื—
05:04
in the atmosphere of a software firm today.
114
304260
3000
ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
05:07
And these hackers had a word
115
307260
3000
ื•ืœื”ืืงืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืœื”
05:10
for those mysterious bugs in telegraph systems
116
310260
3000
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืื’ื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื˜ืœื’ืจืฃ
05:13
that they called bugs.
117
313260
2000
ืฉื”ื ืงืจืื• ืœื” ื‘ืื’ื™ื.
05:15
That was the origin of the word "bug."
118
315260
4000
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื‘ืื’".
05:19
This consciousness, though,
119
319260
2000
ืืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ื•
05:21
was a little slow to seep through the general population,
120
321260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืœื—ืœ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
05:24
even people who were very, very well informed.
121
324260
3000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:27
Samuel Clemens, Mark Twain,
122
327260
2000
ืกืžื•ืืœ ืงืœืžื ืก, ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ,
05:29
was a big investor
123
329260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ
05:31
in the most complex machine of all times --
124
331260
3000
ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
05:34
at least until 1918 --
125
334260
2000
ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ 1918
05:36
registered with the U.S. Patent Office.
126
336260
2000
ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
05:38
That was the Paige typesetter.
127
338260
2000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืกื“ืจ-ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’'
05:40
The Paige typesetter
128
340260
2000
ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืกื“ืจ-ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื’'
05:42
had 18,000 parts.
129
342260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื” 18,000 ื—ืœืงื™ื.
05:44
The patent had 64 pages of text
130
344260
3000
ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ืขืœ 64 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜
05:47
and 271 figures.
131
347260
4000
ื•- 271 ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
05:51
It was such a beautiful machine
132
351260
2000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื” ื™ืคื”
05:53
because it did everything that a human being did
133
353260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืขืฉื”
05:56
in setting type --
134
356260
2000
ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช
05:58
including returning the type to its place,
135
358260
2000
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื”,
06:00
which was a very difficult thing.
136
360260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื•.
06:02
And Mark Twain, who knew all about typesetting,
137
362260
2000
ื•ืžืืจืง ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:04
really was smitten by this machine.
138
364260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื”ืœื•ื-ืจืขื ืžื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
06:07
Unfortunately, he was smitten in more ways than one,
139
367260
3000
ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“,
06:10
because it made him bankrupt,
140
370260
2000
ืฉื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ
06:12
and he had to tour the world speaking
141
372260
2000
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช
06:14
to recoup his money.
142
374260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื•.
06:17
And this was an important thing
143
377260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:19
about 19th century technology,
144
379260
2000
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื” - 19,
06:21
that all these relationships among parts
145
381260
2000
ืฉื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื
06:23
could make the most brilliant idea fall apart,
146
383260
4000
ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงืจื•ืก
06:27
even when judged by the most expert people.
147
387260
2000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื ืฉืคื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:29
Now there is something else, though, in the early 20th century
148
389260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื.
06:32
that made things even more complicated.
149
392260
3000
ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืืคื™ืœื• ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:35
And that was that safety technology itself
150
395260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
06:38
could be a source of danger.
151
398260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœืกื›ื ื”.
06:40
The lesson of the Titanic, for a lot of the contemporaries,
152
400260
3000
ื”ืœืงื— ืฉื ืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”
06:43
was that you must have enough lifeboats
153
403260
2000
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื”
06:45
for everyone on the ship.
154
405260
2000
ืœื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื™ื”.
06:47
And this was the result
155
407260
3000
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”
06:50
of the tragic loss of lives
156
410260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื‘ื“ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื’ื™
06:52
of people who could not get into them.
157
412260
2000
ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ืŸ
06:54
However, there was another case, the Eastland,
158
414260
3000
ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื” ืžืงืจื” ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืื™ืกื˜ืœื ื“
06:57
a ship that capsized in Chicago Harbor in 1915,
159
417260
4000
ืื ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื ืžืœ ืฉื™ืงื’ื• ื‘- 1915
07:01
and it killed 841 people --
160
421260
3000
ื•ื”ืจื’ื” 841 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
07:04
that was 14 more
161
424260
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 14 ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:06
than the passenger toll of the Titanic.
162
426260
3000
ืžืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื”ื ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ื˜ืื ื™ืง
07:09
The reason for it, in part, was
163
429260
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ื—ืœืงื”, ื”ื™ืชื”
07:11
the extra life boats that were added
164
431260
3000
ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ืฉื”ื•ืกืคื•
07:14
that made this already unstable ship
165
434260
3000
ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
07:17
even more unstable.
166
437260
2000
ืœืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”.
07:19
And that again proves
167
439260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—
07:21
that when you're talking about unintended consequences,
168
441260
3000
ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
07:24
it's not that easy to know
169
444260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœื“ืขืช
07:26
the right lessons to draw.
170
446260
2000
ืืช ื”ืœืงื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
07:28
It's really a question of the system, how the ship was loaded,
171
448260
3000
ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืื™ืš ื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืขืžืกื”,
07:31
the ballast and many other things.
172
451260
3000
ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื˜ืœ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:35
So the 20th century, then,
173
455260
3000
ืื– ื”ืžืื” ื” 20,
07:38
saw how much more complex reality was,
174
458260
2000
ืจืืชื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
07:40
but it also saw a positive side.
175
460260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืจืืชื” ืฆื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
07:43
It saw that invention
176
463260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืฉื”ืžืฆืื”
07:46
could actually benefit from emergencies.
177
466260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืจื•ื
07:48
It could benefit
178
468260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช
07:50
from tragedies.
179
470260
3000
ืžื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื•ืช.
07:53
And my favorite example of that --
180
473260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ ื”ื™ื
07:55
which is not really widely known
181
475260
2000
ืฉืื’ื‘ ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ื›ืจืช
07:57
as a technological miracle,
182
477260
2000
ื›ื ืก ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
07:59
but it may be one of the greatest of all times,
183
479260
3000
ืืš ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
08:02
was the scaling up of penicillin in the Second World War.
184
482260
4000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
08:06
Penicillin was discovered in 1928,
185
486260
3000
ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1928,
08:09
but even by 1940,
186
489260
2000
ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘-1940,
08:11
no commercially and medically useful quantities of it
187
491260
3000
ืฉื•ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
08:14
were being produced.
188
494260
2000
ืœื ื”ื•ืคืงื• ืžืžื ื•.
08:16
A number of pharmaceutical companies were working on it.
189
496260
3000
ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”
08:19
They were working on it independently,
190
499260
2000
ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™,
08:21
and they weren't getting anywhere.
191
501260
2000
ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
08:23
And the Government Research Bureau
192
503260
2000
ื•ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
08:25
brought representatives together
193
505260
2000
ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื™ื—ื“
08:27
and told them that this is something
194
507260
2000
ื•ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•
08:29
that has to be done.
195
509260
2000
ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช.
08:31
And not only did they do it,
196
511260
2000
ื•ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช,
08:33
but within two years,
197
513260
2000
ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
08:35
they scaled up penicillin
198
515260
2000
ื”ื ืฉื“ืจื’ื• ืืช ื”ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ
08:37
from preparation in one-liter flasks
199
517260
3000
ืžื”ื›ื ืช ืฆืœื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื˜ืจ ืื—ื“
08:40
to 10,000-gallon vats.
200
520260
4000
ืœืื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ 10,000 ื’ืืœื•ืŸ.
08:44
That was how quickly penicillin was produced
201
524260
4000
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ
08:48
and became one of the greatest medical advances of all time.
202
528260
4000
ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืคืœืื™ ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
08:52
In the Second World War, too,
203
532260
2000
ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ,
08:54
the existence
204
534260
2000
ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ
08:56
of solar radiation
205
536260
2000
ืงืจื™ื ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
08:58
was demonstrated by studies of interference
206
538260
3000
ื”ื•ื“ื’ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื”
09:01
that was detected by the radar stations of Great Britain.
207
541260
4000
ืฉืื•ืชืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ืจืื“ืืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
09:05
So there were benefits in calamities --
208
545260
3000
ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืืกื•ื ื•ืช
09:08
benefits to pure science,
209
548260
2000
ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื“ืข ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
09:10
as well as to applied science
210
550260
2000
ื•ื’ื ืœืžื“ืข ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™
09:12
and medicine.
211
552260
3000
ื•ืจืคื•ืื”.
09:15
Now when we come to the period after the Second World War,
212
555260
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืžืœื—ื”"ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
09:18
unintended consequences get even more interesting.
213
558260
4000
ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขื ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:22
And my favorite example of that
214
562260
2000
ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™
09:24
occurred beginning in 1976,
215
564260
3000
ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื”ื—ืœ ืž 1976,
09:27
when it was discovered
216
567260
2000
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื’ืœื”
09:29
that the bacteria causing Legionnaires disease
217
569260
3000
ืฉื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืจื™ื
09:32
had always been present in natural waters,
218
572260
3000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
09:35
but it was the precise temperature of the water
219
575260
4000
ืืš ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช
09:39
in heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems
220
579260
3000
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
09:42
that raised the right temperature
221
582260
4000
ืฉื”ืขืœืชื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
09:46
for the maximum reproduction
222
586260
3000
ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ
09:49
of Legionella bacillus.
223
589260
2000
ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื•ื ืœื”.
09:51
Well, technology to the rescue.
224
591260
2000
ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื”.
09:53
So chemists got to work,
225
593260
2000
ื•ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื ื™ื’ืฉื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
09:55
and they developed a bactericide
226
595260
2000
ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
09:57
that became widely used in those systems.
227
597260
3000
ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคืš ืœื ืคื•ืฅ.
10:00
But something else happened in the early 1980s,
228
600260
4000
ืืš ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
10:04
and that was that there was a mysterious epidemic
229
604260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช
10:06
of failures of tape drives
230
606260
3000
ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื ื ื™ ืงืœื˜ื•ืช
10:09
all over the United States.
231
609260
2000
ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:11
And IBM, which made them,
232
611260
3000
ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช IBM ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื,
10:14
just didn't know what to do.
233
614260
3000
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
10:17
They commissioned a group of their best scientists
234
617260
3000
ื”ื ืžื™ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
10:20
to investigate,
235
620260
2000
ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
10:22
and what they found was
236
622260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ื™ื”
10:24
that all these tape drives
237
624260
2000
ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื ื ื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
10:26
were located near ventilation ducts.
238
626260
3000
ื”ื™ื• ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ
10:29
What happened was the bactericide was formulated
239
629260
3000
ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
10:32
with minute traces of tin.
240
632260
2000
ืขื ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืœ
10:34
And these tin particles were deposited on the tape heads
241
634260
3000
ื•ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืชืžืงืžื• ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช
10:37
and were crashing the tape heads.
242
637260
3000
ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืงืจื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงืœื˜ื•ืช.
10:40
So they reformulated the bactericide.
243
640260
3000
ืื– ื”ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื”.
10:43
But what's interesting to me
244
643260
2000
ืืš ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
10:45
is that this was the first case
245
645260
2000
ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
10:47
of a mechanical device
246
647260
2000
ืฉืœ ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™
10:49
suffering, at least indirectly, from a human disease.
247
649260
3000
ืฉืกื‘ืœ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงื™ืฃ, ืžืžื—ืœืช ืื ื•ืฉ.
10:52
So it shows that we're really all in this together.
248
652260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
10:55
(Laughter)
249
655260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:57
In fact, it also shows something interesting,
250
657260
3000
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ืŸ.
11:00
that although our capabilities and technology
251
660260
3000
ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
11:03
have been expanding geometrically,
252
663260
2000
ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื• ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช,
11:05
unfortunately, our ability to model their long-term behavior,
253
665260
3000
ืœืžืฆืขืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
11:08
which has also been increasing,
254
668260
2000
ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช,
11:10
has been increasing only arithmetically.
255
670260
3000
ื ื•ืชืจื” ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื™ืช
11:13
So one of the characteristic problems of our time
256
673260
3000
ืื– ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•
11:16
is how to close this gap
257
676260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:18
between capabilities and foresight.
258
678260
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืœื“.
11:21
One other very positive consequence
259
681260
3000
ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืฆืื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช
11:24
of 20th century technology, though,
260
684260
3000
ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
11:27
was the way in which other kinds of calamities
261
687260
4000
ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื
11:31
could lead to positive advances.
262
691260
3000
ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช
11:34
There are two historians of business
263
694260
3000
ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื
11:37
at the University of Maryland,
264
697260
2000
ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืจื™ืœื ื“
11:39
Brent Goldfarb and David Kirsch,
265
699260
2000
ื‘ืจื ื˜ ื’ื•ืœื“ืคืืจื‘ ื•ื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืงื™ืจืฉ,
11:41
who have done some extremely interesting work,
266
701260
2000
ืฉืขืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขื ื™ื ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
11:43
much of it still unpublished,
267
703260
3000
ืจื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืจื ืคื•ืจืกื,
11:46
on the history of major innovations.
268
706260
2000
ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:48
They have combined the list of major innovations,
269
708260
3000
ื”ื ืขืจื›ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
11:51
and they've discovered that the greatest number, the greatest decade,
270
711260
3000
ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื•, ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:54
for fundamental innovations,
271
714260
2000
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช
11:56
as reflected in all of the lists that others have made --
272
716260
4000
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื’ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืขืจื›ื•
12:00
a number of lists that they have merged --
273
720260
2000
ืžืกืคืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื–ื’ื•
12:02
was the Great Depression.
274
722260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”"ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ"
12:05
And nobody knows just why this was so,
275
725260
3000
ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš,
12:08
but one story can reflect something of it.
276
728260
3000
ืืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื–ื”.
12:11
It was the origin of the Xerox copier,
277
731260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืงืก,
12:14
which celebrated its 50th anniversary
278
734260
3000
ืฉื—ื’ื’ื” ื™ื•ื‘ืœ 50
12:17
last year.
279
737260
2000
ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
12:19
And Chester Carlson, the inventor,
280
739260
5000
ื•ืฆ'ืกืœืจ ืงืจืœืกื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืžืฆื™ื
12:24
was a patent attorney.
281
744260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขื•"ื“ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
12:27
He really was not intending
282
747260
3000
ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ
12:30
to work in patent research,
283
750260
2000
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
12:32
but he couldn't really find an alternative technical job.
284
752260
4000
ืืš ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช.
12:36
So this was the best job he could get.
285
756260
2000
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ.
12:38
He was upset by the low quality and high cost
286
758260
4000
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
12:42
of existing patent reproductions,
287
762260
3000
ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
12:45
and so he started to develop
288
765260
3000
ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื—
12:48
a system of dry photocopying,
289
768260
3000
ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ
12:51
which he patented in the late 1930s --
290
771260
3000
ืฉืื•ืชื” ืจืฉื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 30
12:54
and which became the first dry photocopier
291
774260
4000
ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื-ื”ื™ื‘ืฉ, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
12:58
that was commercially practical
292
778260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช
13:00
in 1960.
293
780260
2000
ื‘- 1960.
13:02
So we see that sometimes,
294
782260
2000
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื,
13:04
as a result of these dislocations,
295
784260
2000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื–ื–ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:06
as a result of people
296
786260
2000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
13:08
leaving their original intended career
297
788260
3000
ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืœื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”
13:11
and going into something else
298
791260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
13:13
where their creativity could make a difference,
299
793260
2000
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
13:15
that depressions
300
795260
2000
ืฉืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืคืœ
13:17
and all kinds of other unfortunate events
301
797260
3000
ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ
13:20
can have a paradoxically stimulating effect
302
800260
3000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื’ืจื”
13:23
on creativity.
303
803260
2000
ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
13:25
What does this mean?
304
805260
2000
ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”?
13:27
It means, I think,
305
807260
2000
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
13:29
that we're living in a time of unexpected possibilities.
306
809260
2000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
13:31
Think of the financial world, for example.
307
811260
3000
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ ืœืžืฉืœ
13:34
The mentor of Warren Buffett, Benjamin Graham,
308
814260
3000
ื”ื—ื•ื ืš ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืืคื˜, ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืจืื”ื,
13:37
developed his system of value investing
309
817260
5000
ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืขืจืš
13:42
as a result of his own losses
310
822260
2000
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคืกื“ื™ื• ืฉืœื•
13:44
in the 1929 crash.
311
824260
2000
ื‘ื”ืชืจืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ 1929.
13:46
And he published that book
312
826260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”
13:48
in the early 1930s,
313
828260
3000
ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30,
13:51
and the book still exists in further editions
314
831260
2000
ื•ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
13:53
and is still a fundamental textbook.
315
833260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ.
13:55
So many important creative things can happen
316
835260
4000
ืื– ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช
13:59
when people learn from disasters.
317
839260
3000
ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
14:02
Now think of the large and small plagues that we have now --
318
842260
4000
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
14:06
bed bugs, killer bees, spam --
319
846260
5000
ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืืจ-ื–ื‘ืœ
14:11
and it's very possible that the solutions to those
320
851260
3000
ื•ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืืœื•
14:14
will really extend well beyond the immediate question.
321
854260
3000
ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
14:17
If we think, for example, of Louis Pasteur,
322
857260
3000
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ืœื•ืื™ ืคืกื˜ืจ
14:20
who in the 1860s
323
860260
2000
ืฉื‘ืฉื ืช 1860,
14:22
was asked to study
324
862260
2000
ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
14:24
the diseases of silk worms for the silk industry,
325
864260
4000
ืืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืœืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™
14:28
and his discoveries were really the beginning
326
868260
3000
ื•ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
14:31
of the germ theory of disease.
327
871260
2000
ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
14:33
So very often, some kind of disaster --
328
873260
3000
ืื– ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ
14:36
sometimes the consequence, for example,
329
876260
3000
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ,
14:39
of over-cultivation of silk worms,
330
879260
3000
ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ- ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืžืฉื™
14:42
which was a problem in Europe at the time --
331
882260
2000
ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
14:44
can be the key to something much bigger.
332
884260
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
14:46
So this means
333
886260
2000
ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
14:48
that we need to take a different view
334
888260
2000
ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืกื’ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืจืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”
14:50
of unintended consequences.
335
890260
2000
ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:52
We need to take a really positive view.
336
892260
3000
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืจื‘
14:55
We need to see what they can do for us.
337
895260
3000
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
14:58
We need to learn
338
898260
2000
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“
15:00
from those figures that I mentioned.
339
900260
2000
ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™
15:02
We need to learn, for example, from Dr. Cushing,
340
902260
3000
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืžืฉืœ ืžื“"ืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ื’,
15:05
who killed patients
341
905260
2000
ืฉื”ืจื’ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื
15:07
in the course of his early operations.
342
907260
2000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
15:09
He had to have some errors. He had to have some mistakes.
343
909260
3000
ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฉื’ื•ืช , ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
15:12
And he learned meticulously from his mistakes.
344
912260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.
15:15
And as a result,
345
915260
2000
ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
15:17
when we say, "This isn't brain surgery,"
346
917260
3000
ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื:"ื–ื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื•ื—"
15:20
that pays tribute to how difficult it was
347
920260
3000
ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”
15:23
for anyone to learn from their mistakes
348
923260
2000
ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•
15:25
in a field of medicine
349
925260
2000
ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืคื•ืื”
15:27
that was considered so discouraging in its prospects.
350
927260
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•.
15:30
And we can also remember
351
930260
3000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ
15:33
how the pharmaceutical companies
352
933260
2000
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
15:35
were willing to pool their knowledge,
353
935260
2000
ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
15:37
to share their knowledge,
354
937260
2000
ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื”ื,
15:39
in the face of an emergency,
355
939260
2000
ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืจื•ื,
15:41
which they hadn't really been for years and years.
356
941260
3000
ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
15:44
They might have been able to do it earlier.
357
944260
3000
ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืงื•ื“ื.
15:47
The message, then, for me,
358
947260
3000
ื”ืžืกืจ, ืื™ืคื•ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
15:50
about unintended consequences
359
950260
2000
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช
15:52
is chaos happens;
360
952260
3000
ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืื•ืก ืงื•ืจื” :
15:55
let's make better use of it.
361
955260
2000
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:57
Thank you very much.
362
957260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:59
(Applause)
363
959260
4000
ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7