When we design for disability, we all benefit | Elise Roy

翻译人员: Nan Liu 校对人员: 易帆 余

I'll never forget the sound

我永远都不会忘记那个声音

of laughing with my friends.

我和朋友一起大笑的声音。

I'll never forget the sound

我永远都不会忘记那个声音

of my mother's voice right before I fell asleep.

在我刚要入睡前妈妈的声音。

And I'll never forget the comforting sound of water

我也永远都不会忘记那悦耳的水声

trickling down a stream.

顺着小溪流下。

Imagine my fear, pure fear,

想象一下我的恐惧，十足的恐惧，

when, at the age of 10,

当我十岁的时候，

I was told I was going to lose my hearing.

我被告知我将会失去听觉。

And over the next five years,

在接下来的五年里，

it progressed until I was classified as profoundly deaf.

情况不断恶化直到我被 确诊为完全丧失听觉。

But I believe that losing my hearing

但是我认为失去听觉

was one of the greatest gifts I've ever received.

是我所收到过最好的礼物之一。

You see, I get to experience the world in a unique way.

要知道，我能够用一种 独特的方式来感受世界。

And I believe that these unique experiences

我相信这些残障人士

that people with disabilities have

拥有的独特经历

is what's going to help us make and design a better world

可以帮助我们为每一个 残障人士和健全人士。

for everyone -- both for people with and without disabilities.

建造并设计一个更好的世界。

I used to be a disability rights lawyer,

我曾经是一位残障人士维权律师，

and I spent a lot of my time focused on enforcing the law,

长时间在执业

ensuring that accommodations were made.

确保残障人士的需要得到满足。

And then I had to quickly learn international policy,

然后我必须很快学会国际政策，

because I was asked to work on the UN Convention

因为我受邀从事

<<联合国残障人士保护公约>>的工作。

that protects people with disabilities.

As the leader of the NGO there,

作为非政府组织的领导，

I spent most of my energy trying to convince people

我用了大部分的精力让人们认同

about the capabilities of people with disabilities.

残障人士的能力。

But somewhere along the way,

但这一路来，

and after many career transitions

换了很多不同的工作，

that my parents weren't so happy about --

我爸妈并不太开心我这样换 ——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I stumbled upon a solution

我无意中找到了答案，

that I believe may be an even more powerful tool

我认为它可以成为更强大的工具

to solve some of the world's greatest problems,

来解决一些世界上最困难的问题，

disability or not.

不论是否残疾。

And that tool is called design thinking.

那个工具叫作"设计思考"。

Design thinking is a process for innovation and problem solving.

"设计思考"是一个创新 并解决问题的过程。

There are five steps.

它有五个步骤。

The first is defining the problem

第一步是确定问题

and understanding its constraints.

并了解它的局限。

The second is observing people in real-life situations

第二步是观察人们 在真实生活中的情况，

and empathizing with them.

并感同身受他们的处境。

Third, throwing out hundreds of ideas -- the more the better,

第三，激荡出各种想法 —— 越多越好，

the wilder the better.

越疯狂越好。

Fourth, prototyping: gathering whatever you can,

第四，蓝图测试： 尽可能收集你能找到的方案

whatever you can find,

去模拟、测试并作改善。

to mimic your solution, to test it

and to refine it.

And finally, implementation:

最后，执行：

ensuring that the solution you came up with is sustainable.

确保你提出的解决方案 是持续可行的。

Warren Berger says that design thinking teaches us to look sideways,

沃伦·贝格尔说设计思考 教会我们从侧面看待问题，

to reframe, to refine, to experiment

重塑，完善，实验

and, probably most importantly,

也许最重要的是，

ask those stupid questions.

要学会问蠢问题。

Design thinkers believe that everyone is creative.

设计思考者相信 每个人都有创造力。

They believe in bringing people from multiple disciplines together,

他们愿意把众多领域的人 聚集到一起，

because they want to share multiple perspectives

因为他们想要分享不同的视角

and bring them together and ultimately merge them

把它们汇集到一起， 最终融合在一起

to form something new.

形成一种新的东西。

Design thinking is such a successful and versatile tool

设计思考是一种 成功的多功能工具，

that it has been applied in almost every industry.

它几乎已经被应用到各个行业。

I saw the potential that it had for the issues I faced,

我意识到它具有 能解决我所面临的问题的潜力，

so I decided to go back to school

所以我决定回到学校

and get my master's in social design.

然后拿到我的社会化设计硕士学历。

This looks at how to use design to create positive change in the world.

那个学位着重在 如何运用设计来创造世界上积极的改变。

While I was there,

当我在那儿的时候，

I fell in love with woodworking.

我爱上了木工艺术。

But what I quickly realized

但是我很快意识到

was that I was missing out on something.

我欠缺了一些能力。

As you're working with a tool,

就是，当你在使用一个工具的时候，

right before it's about to kick back at you --

在它踫到你之前，

which means the piece or the tool jumps back at you --

就是当木材或工具卡住， 跳起来打到你之前，

it makes a sound.

它会发出声音。

And I couldn't hear this sound.

但我听不到这个声音，

So I decided,

所以我决定，

why not try and solve it?

为什么不试着解决这个问题呢？

My solution was a pair of safety glasses

我的解决方法是一副安全眼镜，

that were engineered to visually alert the user

它在工具产生高音变化时，

to pitch changes in the tool,

会用视觉提示的方式 来警告使用者，

before the human ear could pick it up.

让使用者在听到之前 就能觉察到。

Why hadn't tool designers thought of this before?

为什么工具设计者 在这之前没有想到呢？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Two reasons: one, I was a beginner.

两个原因：第一，我是一位初学者。

I wasn't weighed down by expertise or conventional wisdom.

我没有被专长或者传统观念影响。

The second is: I was Deaf.

第二：我是一位耳聋的人。

My unique experience of the world helped inform my solution.

我在这个世界上的特殊经历 帮助我想出了解决办法。

And as I went on, I kept running into more and more solutions

随着我继续工作，我不断地 想出越来越多的方案

that were originally made for people with disabilities,

最初为残障人士提出的，

and that ended up being picked up,

最后受到主流大众的

embraced and loved by the mainstream,

拥戴和喜爱，

disability or not.

不论是否残疾。

This is an OXO potato peeler.

这是一个 OXO 马铃薯削皮器。

It was originally designed for people with arthritis,

它最初是为有关节炎的人设计的，

but it was so comfortable, everybody loved it.

但是它用起来很舒服， 所有人都喜欢它。

Text messaging: that was originally designed for people who are Deaf.

发文字信息： 最初是为耳聋的人设计的，

And as you know, everybody loves that, too.

如你所知，所有人也都很喜欢它。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I started thinking:

我开始想：

What if we changed our mindset?

如果我们改变我们的 观念模式会怎么样呢？

What if we started designing for disability first --

如果我们首先为残障人士设计

not the norm?

而不是正常人，会怎么样呢？

As you see, when we design for disability first,

正如你所看到的， 当我们首先为残障人士设计时，

we often stumble upon solutions that are not only inclusive,

我们经常会意外想到一些解决方案， 不仅适用于所有人，

but also are often better than when we design for the norm.

而且通常比我们为正常人 设计时所得到的产品更好。

And this excites me,

这让我备受鼓舞，

because this means that the energy it takes to accommodate someone

因为这意味着用来接纳

with a disability

一位残障人士的精力

can be leveraged, molded and played with

可以被利用，被塑造，被接纳

as a force for creativity and innovation.

作为一种创造和革新的动力。

This moves us from the mindset of trying to change the hearts

这让我们从 试着改变内心的观念模式

and the deficiency mindset of tolerance,

和缺少包容的观念模式

to becoming an alchemist,

变为一个点石成金的人，

the type of magician that this world so desperately needs

这也是目前这个世界 迫切需要的人才，

to solve some of its greatest problems.

他们是可以帮我们解决 最困难问题的魔术师。

Now, I also believe

现在，我也相信

that people with disabilities have great potential to be designers

残障人士有成为 设计师的巨大潜能

within this design-thinking process.

在这个设计与思考的过程中。

Without knowing it, from a very early age,

我根本不知道，我从很小的时候

I've been a design thinker, fine-tuning my skills.

就已经是一位不断地在 磨练自己技能的设计思考者，

Design thinkers are, by nature, problem solvers.

设计思考者 天生就是问题解决者。

So imagine listening to a conversation

想象一下，你正在聆听一段对话，

and only understanding 50 percent of what is said.

而你只能理解 50% 的内容，

You can't ask them to repeat every single word.

你不能要求他们重复每一个单词。

They would just get frustrated with you.

否则他们会对你感到不耐烦。

So without even realizing it,

所以在听不懂的情况下，

my solution was to take the muffled sound I heard,

我的解决办法是记住那个 我听到的细小的声音，

也就是说话的节奏，

that was the beat,

and turn it into a rhythm and place it with the lips I read.

把它变成一种韵律， 然后和我看到的唇形匹配。

Years later, someone commented that my writing had a rhythm to it.

很多年以后，有人评论道， 我的写作中包含着一种韵律。

Well, this is because I experience conversations as rhythms.

嗯，那是因为我是用韵律在体会对话。

I also became really, really good at failing.

我也变得很擅长不及格。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Quite literally.

真的是这样的。

My first semester in Spanish, I got a D.

我第一学期的 西班牙语课成绩是D。

But what I learned was that when I picked myself up

但是我学到的是 当我鼓励自己

and changed a few things around,

并重新调整过后，

eventually, I succeeded.

最后还是可以成功的。

Similarly, design thinking encourages people to fail

同样地，设计思考鼓励人们失败，

and fail often,

并且经常失败，

because eventually, you will succeed.

因为最终，你会成功的。

Very few great innovations in this world

世上很少伟大的发明创新

have come from someone succeeding on the first try.

第一次就能成功。

I also experienced this lesson in sports.

我也在体育运动中学到了这个教训。

I'll never forget my coach saying to my mom,

我永远都不会忘记 我的教练对我妈妈说，

"If she just didn't have her hearing loss,

“如果她没有失去听觉的话，

she would be on the national team."

她将会入选国家队。”

But what my coach, and what I didn't even know at the time,

但是我和我的教练 在那个时候不知道的是

was that my hearing loss actually helped me excel at sports.

其实我失去听力， 反倒帮助我擅长于运动。

You see, when you lose your hearing, not only do you adapt your behavior,

要知道，当你失去听觉的时候， 你不单要调适你的行为，

but you also adapt your physical senses.

你也要调适你的感官。

One example of this

举个例子，

is that my visual attention span increased.

我的视觉专注范围增加了。

Imagine a soccer player, coming down the left flank.

想象一名足球运动员， 从左侧跑过来。

Imagine being goalkeeper, like I was,

想象自己是一名守门员， 像我一样，

and the ball is coming down the left flank.

那个球正从左侧过来。

A person with normal hearing would have the visual perspective of this.

一个有听觉的正常人 会有这样的视觉视角。

I had the benefit of a spectrum this wide.

我享有这么宽的视野范围。

So I picked up the players over here,

所以我可以注意到那边的球员，

that were moving about and coming down the field.

正在移动并且沿着场地跑过来。

And I picked them up quicker, so that if the ball was passed,

我可以比较快注意到他们， 所以一旦传球，

I could reposition myself and be ready for that shot.

我能改变自己的位置 并准备好阻挡那个射门。

So as you can see,

正如你所看到的，

I've been a design thinker for nearly all my life.

我几乎一生都是一名设计思考者。

My observation skills have been honed so that I pick up on things

我的观察力经年累月地磨练，

that others would never pick up on.

能觉察其他人未能发现的事情。

My constant need to adapt has made me a great ideator

我持续适应环境的需要 让我成为足智多谋的人

and problem solver.

和解决问题的专家。

And I've often had to do this within limitations and constraints.

我常常需要在有限的 条件下解决问题。

This is something that designers also have to deal with frequently.

这也是设计者经常需要面对的。

My work most recently took me to Haiti.

我最近期的工作让我去了海地。

Design thinkers often seek out extreme situations,

设计思考者经常 寻找极端的情况，

because that often informs some of their best designs.

因为那些情况会让他们 想到一些他们最好的设计。

And Haiti -- it was like a perfect storm.

海地 － 像是一场完美的风暴。

I lived and worked with 300 Deaf individuals

我住在那里工作，

that were relocated after the 2010 earthquake.

和300名在2010年地震后 被重新安顿的听障人士一起。

But five and a half years later,

但是五年半以后，

there still was no electricity;

那里还是没有电；

there still was no safe drinking water;

没有安全的饮用水；

there were still no job opportunities;

没有工作机会；

there was still rampant crime, and it went unpunished.

却有猖獗的犯罪行为， 并且不会受到惩罚。

International aid organizations came one by one.

国际救援组织一一到来。

But they came

但是他们

with pre-determined solutions.

带着事先决定好的方案而来。

They didn't come ready to observe and to adapt

他们没有准备来观察并且

based on the community's needs.

根据社区的需求而改变。

One organization gave them goats and chickens.

一个组织给了他们山羊和鸡。

But they didn't realize

但是他们没有意识到

that there was so much hunger in that community,

在那个社区中， 饥饿程度太严重了，

that when the Deaf went to sleep at night and couldn't hear,

当耳聋的人晚上睡觉 并听不见声音的时候，

people broke into their yards and their homes

人们闯入他们的院子和家里，

and stole these chickens and goats,

然后偷走那些鸡和山羊。

and eventually they were all gone.

最终，牠们都被偷了。

Now, if that organization had taken the time

那时，如果那个组织花时间

to observe Deaf people, to observe the community,

观察耳聋的人， 观察他们的社区，

they would have realized their problem

他们会意识到他们的问题

and perhaps they would have come up with a solution,

可能他们会想到解决办法，

something like a solar light,

比如像太阳光一样的东西，

lighting up a secure pen to put them in at night

点亮一个安全的畜栏， 然后晚上把动物放进去，

to ensure their safety.

来保证它们的安全。

You don't have to be a design thinker

你不需要成为一名设计思考者

to insert the ideas I've shared with you today.

才能实践我今天与你分享的想法。

You are creative.

你是有创造力的。

You are a designer --

你是一名设计者 －

everyone is.

每个人都是。

Let people like me help you.

请让像我一样的人来帮助你。

Let people with disabilities help you look sideways,

请让残障人士帮助你 从侧面看待问题，

and in the process,

并在这个过程中，

solve some of the greatest problems.

解决一些最困难的问题。

That's it. Thank you.

就是这样。谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）