Joe Madiath: Better toilets, better life

翻译人员: Yixiong Zhu 校对人员: Bighead Ge

It is very fashionable and proper to speak about food

谈论食物是很时兴，也很适当的，

in all its forms, all its colors, aromas and tastes.

探讨食物的种类，色泽，芳香，和味道。

But after the food goes through the digestive system,

但是当食物穿过消化系统，

when it is thrown out as crap,

变成粪便排出来后，

it is no longer fashionable to speak about it.

再去谈论就不那么时兴了，

It is rather revolting.

而且反而会很恶心。

I'm a guy who has graduated from bullshit to full-shit.

我是从牛粪毕业成大粪的人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

My organization, Gram Vikas, which means "village development organization,"

我的组织，Gram Vikas， 意思是“乡村发展组织”，

was working in the area of renewable energy.

正致力于可再生能源领域。

On the most part, we were producing biogas,

我们的主要工作，是制作沼气，

biogas for rural kitchens.

可供农村厨房使用的沼气。

We produce biogas in India by using animal manure,

我们在印度使用动物肥料制作沼气。

which usually, in India, is called cow dung.

在印度，动物肥料通常被称为母牛粪。

But as the gender-sensitive person that I am,

但我是对性别敏感的人，

I would like to call it bullshit.

我就叫它牛粪吧。

But realizing later on

但是后来，我们意识到

how important were sanitation and the disposal of crap in a proper way,

卫生的重要性， 以及妥当处理粪便的重要性，

we went into the arena of sanitation.

我们开始投身于卫生领域。

Eighty percent of all diseases in India and most developing countries

在印度和大多数发展中国家，80%的疾病

are because of poor quality water.

是水质低下造成的。

And when we look at the reason for poor quality water,

如果我们寻找水质低下的原因，

you find that it is our abysmal attitude to the disposal of human waste.

我们对人类粪便处理的糟糕态度 是罪魁祸首。

Human waste, in its rawest form,

人类粪便，以其最原始的形态，

finds its way back to drinking water, bathing water, washing water,

又回到了饮用水，洗澡水，清洗用水，

irrigation water, whatever water you see.

灌溉用水，等各种形式的用水中。

And this is the cause for 80 percent of the diseases in rural areas.

这造成了农村地区80%的疾病。

In India, it is unfortunately only the women who carry water.

在印度，很不幸的是， 去采水的只有妇女。

So for all domestic needs, women have to carry water.

为了各种家用目的， 妇女需要去采水。

So that is a pitiable state of affairs.

这是可悲的。

Open defecation is rampant.

公开排便的现象肆虐。

Seventy percent of India defecates in the open.

印度70%的排便是在公共场合。

They sit there out in the open,

人们坐在公共地方，

with the wind on their sails,

风吹着人的后部，

hiding their faces, exposing their bases,

人挡着自己的脸， 暴露出自己的关键部分，

and sitting there in pristine glory --

多么纯朴地那样坐着——

70 percent of India.

70%的印度。

And if you look at the world total,

如果看全世界的情况，

60 percent of all the crap that is thrown into the open is by Indians.

公开场合的粪便中60%是印度人的。

A fantastic distinction.

多好的百分比。

I don't know if we Indians can be proud of such a distinction.

我不知道我们印度人 是不是应该为这一殊荣感到自豪。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

So we, together with a lot of villages,

所以我们，联合很多村庄，

we began to talk about how to really address this situation of sanitation.

开始讨论如何真正解决这一卫生问题。

And we came together and formed a project called MANTRA.

我们集合在一起， 开展了这个叫MANTRA的项目，

MANTRA stands for Movement and Action Network for Transformation of Rural Areas.

MANTRA是 “变革农村地区的运动和行动网络”的简称。

So we are speaking about transformation, transformation in rural areas.

我们专注的是变革，农村地区的变革。

Villages that agree to implement this project,

同意实施这一项目的村庄，

they organize a legal society

会组织一个法律团体，

where the general body consists of all members

其成员是所有村民，

who elect a group of men and women who implement the project

他们选举一些人来实施这一项目，

and, later on, who look after the operation and maintenance.

并在之后由这些人来负责项目的经营和维持。

They decide to build a toilet and a shower room.

人们决定建造一所厕所和一间澡堂。

And from a protected water source,

从一处受保护的水源中，

water will be brought to an elevated water reservoir and piped to all households

水会被引致高层储水池， 然后用管道连接每户人家，

through three taps:

每户有三个水龙头：

one in the toilet, one in the shower, one in the kitchen, 24 hours a day.

一个在厕所，一个在浴室， 一个在厨房，24小时供水。

The pity is that our cities, like New Delhi and Bombay,

很可悲的是，我们的城市， 例如新德里和孟买，

do not have a 24-hour water supply.

没有24小时供水。

But in these villages, we want to have it.

但是在这些村落中，我们想要24小时供水。

There is a distinct difference in the quality.

而且水质要有极大的不同。

Well in India, we have a theory, which is very much accepted

在印度，我们有一种观念，

by the government bureaucracy and all those who matter,

广为政府机构和所有决策者接受，

that poor people deserve poor solutions

那就是穷人适用糟糕的条件，

and absolutely poor people deserve pathetic solutions.

特别穷的人适用特别糟糕的条件。

This, combined with a Nobel Prize-worthy theory that

这一观念，加上最便宜的就是最经济的

the cheapest is the most economic,

这一诺贝尔奖级别的理论，

is the heady cocktail that the poor are forced to drink.

其组合成的鸡尾酒被强灌于穷人。

We are fighting against this.

对此，我们在进行反抗。

We feel that the poor have been humiliated for centuries.

我们认为穷人几个世纪以来都在受到侮辱。

And even in sanitation,

即便是在卫生上，

they should not be humiliated.

穷人也不该受到侮辱。

Sanitation is more about dignity

卫生不仅是关于人类粪便处理，

than about human disposal of waste.

而更多是关于尊严。

And so you build these toilets and very often,

修建这些厕所时，

we have to hear that the toilets are better than their houses.

我们通常听到说厕所比人们的住处还好。

And you can see that in front are the attached houses

你所看到的前面是连接房，

and the others are the toilets.

其余是厕所。

So these people, without a single exception of a family in a village,

这些人，村里没有一户例外，

decide to build a toilet, a bathing room.

都决定建造一间厕所，一个浴室。

And for that, they come together, collect all the local materials --

为了这一目的，他们团结一起， 在当地取材——

local materials like rubble, sand, aggregates,

当地的材料例如瓦砾，沙石，集料，

usually a government subsidy is available

而通常政府至少也会给予

to meet at least part of the cost of external materials

部分补贴来采购其他材料，例如

like cement, steel, toilet commode.

混凝土，钢铁，和便桶。

And they build a toilet and a bathing room.

然后人们建造一间厕所和一个浴室。

Also, all the unskilled laborers, that is daily wage earners, mostly landless,

还有，所有的非技能劳动者， 这些多数没有田产的每日工，

are given an opportunity to be trained as masons and plumbers.

从中可以获得机会来训练成石匠和管道工。

So while these people are being trained, others are collecting the materials.

这些人受到劳动训练，其他人收集材料。

And when both are ready, they build a toilet, a shower room,

当他们都准备就绪时， 他们开始建造厕所和浴室，

and of course also a water tower, an elevated water reservoir.

当然，还有水塔，高层的储水池。

We use a system of two leach pits to treat the waste.

我们用由两个过滤池组成的系统来处理废物。

From the toilet, the muck comes into the first leach pit.

污物从厕所中出来，进入第一个过滤池。

And when it is full, it is blocked and it can go to the next.

装满后，过滤池被封闭， 污物进入第二个过滤池。

But we discovered that if you plant banana trees, papaya trees

我们发现如果在这些过滤池附近

on the periphery of these leach pits,

种植香蕉树和木瓜树，

they grow very well because they suck up all the nutrients

他们会生长得非常好， 因为他们能吸取所有养分，

and you get very tasty bananas, papayas.

然后就能收获非常可口的香蕉和木瓜。

If any of you come to my place,

如果你们有人来我的地方，

I would be happy to share these bananas and papayas with you.

我会很乐意跟你们分享这些香蕉和木瓜。

So there you can see the completed toilets, the water towers.

这里，你能看到完成的厕所和水塔。

This is in a village where most of the people are even illiterate.

要知道，这个村子中， 大多数人甚至都不识字。

It is always a 24-hour water supply

这里永远都是24小时供水，

because water gets polluted very often when you store it --

因为如果自己储存水的话，水很容易污染——

a child dips his or her hand into it, something falls into it.

孩子把手放进去，或者什么别的掉进去。

So no water is stored. It's always on tap.

所以，不需要储存水。永远是用自来水。

This is how an elevated water reservoir is constructed.

这是正在建造的高层储水池，

And that is the end product.

以及完工后的样子。

Because it has to go high, and there is some space available,

因为要建得很高，就会有剩余空间，

two or three rooms are made under the water tower,

水塔下面还会建两三间屋子，

which are used by the village for different committee meetings.

这些屋子被村子用于开各种委员会会议。

We have had clear evidence of the great impact of this program.

关于这一项目的影响， 我们有很明确的证据。

Before we started, there were, as usual,

我们开始前，如往常一样，

more than 80 percent of people suffering from waterborne diseases.

村里超过80%的人受水源疾病困扰。

But after this, we have empirical evidence that 82 percent, on average,

项目完成之后，我们的实证研究显示， 平均82%，

among all these villages -- 1,200 villages have completed it --

所有村庄中—— 有1200座村庄完成了该项目——

waterborne diseases have come down 82 percent.

水源疾病下降了82%。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Women usually used to spend, especially in the summer months,

妇女通常要花费，尤其是在夏季，

about six to seven hours a day carrying water.

每天六到七个小时采水。

And when they went to carry water,

而当她们去采水时，

because, as I said earlier, it's only women who carry water,

因为如我之前所说，采水的只有妇女，

they used to take their little children, girl children, also to carry water,

她们经常会带上自己的小孩， 女孩儿，一起去采水，

or else to be back at home to look after the siblings.

或者是让她们在家照看兄妹。

So there were less than nine percent of girl children attending school,

所以女孩子上学的不到9%，

even if there was a school.

如果有学校的话。

And boys, about 30 percent.

男孩呢，大约30%。

But girls, it has gone to about 90 percent and boys, almost to 100 percent.

但现在，女孩，已经到了差不多90%， 而男孩大约是100%。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The most vulnerable section in a village

村子里生计最没有保障的是

are the landless laborers who are the daily wage-earners.

没有田产的每日工。

Because they have gone through this training

现在他们受过这种训练，

to be masons and plumbers and bar benders,

成为石匠，管道工，会弯钢筋，

now their ability to earn has increased 300 to 400 percent.

现在他们挣钱的能力提高了300%到400%。

So this is a democracy in action

这是民主的行动，

because there is a general body, a governing board, the committee.

因为有成员，理事会，委员会。

People are questioning, people are governing themselves,

人们在提出问题，人们在自我统治，

people are learning to manage their own affairs,

人们在学习管理自己的事务，

they are taking their own futures into their hands.

他们正在将自己的未来放入自己掌中。

And that is democracy at the grassroots level in action.

这是草根层面的民主行动。

More than 1,200 villages have so far done this.

目前，超过1200座村庄完成了这一项目。

It benefits over 400,000 people and it's still going on.

受益者超过40万人，而且还在继续。

And I hope it continues to move ahead.

我希望该项目能继续前进。

For India and such developing countries,

对于印度和类似的发展中国家而言，

armies and armaments,

军队和武器，

software companies and spaceships

软件公司和太空飞船，

may not be as important as taps and toilets.

可能没有自来水和厕所重要。

Thank you. Thank you very much.

谢谢。非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Thank you.

谢谢。