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譯者: Melody Tang
審譯者: Sherry Chen
00:12
It is very fashionable and proper
to speak about food
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談論食物是很時髦且合乎體統的,
00:20
in all its forms, all its colors,
aromas and tastes.
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無論是討論它的各種形狀、
不同顏色、氣味和味道。
00:27
But after the food goes through
the digestive system,
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但是食物經過消化系統後,
00:33
when it is thrown out as crap,
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當它成為廢物被排出時,
00:36
it is no longer fashionable
to speak about it.
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談論它就不再時髦了。
00:40
It is rather revolting.
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那甚至是令人厭惡的。
00:45
I'm a guy who has graduated
from bullshit to full-shit.
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我是一個從「牛屎」畢業後
成為「全屎」的傢伙。
00:52
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:55
My organization, Gram Vikas, which means
"village development organization,"
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我的組織,「Gram Vikas」,
意思是「村莊發展組織」,
01:02
was working in the area
of renewable energy.
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致力於可再生能源方面。
01:05
On the most part, we were
producing biogas,
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主要是生產沼氣,
01:09
biogas for rural kitchens.
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供給鄉村廚房用的沼氣。
01:14
We produce biogas in India
by using animal manure,
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我們在印度用動物糞便生產沼氣,
01:20
which usually, in India,
is called cow dung.
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這些動物糞便在印度就是叫做母牛糞。
01:22
But as the gender-sensitive
person that I am,
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但我對性別很敏感,
01:26
I would like to call it bullshit.
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所以我要稱它為公牛糞。
01:29
But realizing later on
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但我後來我了解到
01:31
how important were sanitation
and the disposal of crap in a proper way,
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衛生設備和正確地處理廢物
是非常重要的,
01:39
we went into the arena of sanitation.
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我們就進入了衛生設備的領域。
01:45
Eighty percent of all diseases
in India and most developing countries
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在印度和大多數的開發中國家,
所有疾病中的百分之八十
01:53
are because of poor quality water.
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是因為不良品質地水所引起的。
01:57
And when we look at the reason
for poor quality water,
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然後當我們調查不良水質的原因時,
02:01
you find that it is our abysmal attitude
to the disposal of human waste.
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你會發現原因在於
我們對於處理人類糞便的
無法想像的態度。
02:08
Human waste, in its rawest form,
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人類糞便以其最原始的形式,
02:12
finds its way back to drinking water,
bathing water, washing water,
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污染了飲用水、洗澡水、洗滌用水、
02:18
irrigation water, whatever water you see.
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灌溉水,幾乎你可看到的所有水。
02:22
And this is the cause for 80 percent
of the diseases in rural areas.
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而這是在鄉村地區
百分之八十疾病的主因。
02:29
In India, it is unfortunately only the
women who carry water.
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在印度,非常不幸的是,
只有婦女在取水。
02:35
So for all domestic needs,
women have to carry water.
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所有家用水都由婦女來取水。
02:40
So that is a pitiable state of affairs.
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那是一件很可憐的事。
02:46
Open defecation is rampant.
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公開如廁是很普遍的。
02:48
Seventy percent of India
defecates in the open.
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印度百分之七十的人公開如廁。
02:53
They sit there out in the open,
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他們在戶外如廁,
風吹著,掩藏他們的臉,
02:56
with the wind on their sails,
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02:58
hiding their faces, exposing their bases,
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露出他們的下部,
以原始的榮耀般坐在那裡 -
03:02
and sitting there in pristine glory --
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03:06
70 percent of India.
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百分之七十的印度人都如此。
03:09
And if you look at the world total,
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如果你以世界的全部來統計,
03:12
60 percent of all the crap that is thrown
into the open is by Indians.
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所有丟在戶外的糞便中
有60%是印度人的。
多麼奇異的特性。
03:21
A fantastic distinction.
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03:23
I don't know if we Indians can be proud
of such a distinction.
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我不知道我們印度人
是否能對此特性感到自豪。
03:28
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
所以我們與許多的鄉村一起,
03:30
So we, together with a lot of villages,
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我們開始討論如何真正地
改善衛生設備的狀況。
03:32
we began to talk about how to really
address this situation of sanitation.
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03:37
And we came together and formed
a project called MANTRA.
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然後我們一起組成了一個專案,
名為「曼特拉」。
03:42
MANTRA stands for Movement and Action
Network for Transformation of Rural Areas.
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「曼特拉」(MANTRA)指代的是
「鄉村地區改造的運動和行動網」。
03:50
So we are speaking about transformation,
transformation in rural areas.
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我們討論改造,鄉村地區的改造。
03:57
Villages that agree
to implement this project,
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同意執行這個專案的那些鄉村,
他們組織一個合法的協會,
由所有會員所組成。
04:01
they organize a legal society
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04:04
where the general body
consists of all members
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04:08
who elect a group of men and women
who implement the project
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他們選舉一些男人和女人,
作為執行這個專案的個團體,
04:14
and, later on, who look after
the operation and maintenance.
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以後他們負責操作和維修。
04:19
They decide to build a toilet
and a shower room.
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他們決定每戶都要
蓋一間廁所和淋浴間。
04:24
And from a protected water source,
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並且用一個被保護的水源,
04:27
water will be brought to an elevated water
reservoir and piped to all households
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水從在架高的蓄水池,
以水管輸送到所有家裡,
04:34
through three taps:
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通向三個水龍頭:
04:37
one in the toilet, one in the shower,
one in the kitchen, 24 hours a day.
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一個在廁所、一個在淋浴間、
一個在廚房,每天 24 小時。
04:44
The pity is that our cities,
like New Delhi and Bombay,
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可惜的是我們的城市,
如新德里和孟買,
04:48
do not have a 24-hour water supply.
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沒有全天候的自來水供應。
04:52
But in these villages, we want to have it.
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但在這些鄉村裡,我們要有。
04:57
There is a distinct difference
in the quality.
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生活品質上會有明顯的區別。
05:01
Well in India, we have a theory,
which is very much accepted
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在印度,有一個理論被政府官僚
和所有相關的人廣泛地接受,
05:07
by the government bureaucracy
and all those who matter,
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05:10
that poor people deserve poor solutions
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他們認為貧窮的人
應該得到差勁的解決方法
05:15
and absolutely poor people deserve
pathetic solutions.
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最貧窮的人就應該得到
可悲的解決方法。
05:22
This, combined with
a Nobel Prize-worthy theory that
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這個理論與一個配得上
諾貝爾獎的理論相結合,
05:28
the cheapest is the most economic,
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即『最便宜就是最經濟的』。
05:30
is the heady cocktail that the poor
are forced to drink.
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所以窮人被迫喝『污水雞尾酒』。
05:38
We are fighting against this.
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我們在抗爭這一點。
05:40
We feel that the poor have been
humiliated for centuries.
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我們覺得窮人在數世紀以來
就一直被羞辱。
05:46
And even in sanitation,
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然而在衛生設備,
05:49
they should not be humiliated.
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他們不應被羞辱。
05:51
Sanitation is more about dignity
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衛生設備事關尊嚴,
而非僅僅是人類如何處理糞便。
05:54
than about human disposal of waste.
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05:56
And so you build these toilets
and very often,
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所以我們蓋這些廁所,
我們經常聽說,廁所比他們的房子還好。
06:01
we have to hear that the toilets are
better than their houses.
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06:07
And you can see that in front are
the attached houses
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你可以看到的是,
房子在前面,其他的就是廁所。
06:11
and the others are the toilets.
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06:14
So these people, without a single
exception of a family in a village,
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這些人,沒有一個例外,
村裡的每一個家庭,
06:20
decide to build a toilet, a bathing room.
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都決定要蓋一個廁所、一個浴室。
06:24
And for that, they come together,
collect all the local materials --
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為此,他們聚集在一起,
收集所有當地的材料 --
06:30
local materials like rubble,
sand, aggregates,
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當地的材料如瓦礫、沙、聚合物,
06:35
usually a government subsidy is available
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通常政府會提供補貼,
06:38
to meet at least part of the cost
of external materials
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来支付一部分外用材料的成本,
06:41
like cement, steel, toilet commode.
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如水泥、鋼筋、馬桶。
06:46
And they build a toilet
and a bathing room.
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他們以此蓋廁所和浴室。
06:50
Also, all the unskilled laborers, that is
daily wage earners, mostly landless,
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同時,所有非技術勞工,
就是每日打零工生活者,
主要是沒有土地者,
06:56
are given an opportunity to be
trained as masons and plumbers.
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得到被訓練成为
泥水匠和水管工人的機會。
07:04
So while these people are being trained,
others are collecting the materials.
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當這些人在接受訓練時,
其他人就收集材料。
然後當兩者都準備好時,
07:09
And when both are ready,
they build a toilet, a shower room,
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他們就蓋了一個廁所和一個浴室,
07:14
and of course also a water tower,
an elevated water reservoir.
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當然也包括一個水塔,
一個挑高的蓄水池。
07:21
We use a system of two leach pits
to treat the waste.
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我們用兩個浸出坑的系統來處理廢水。
07:27
From the toilet, the muck comes
into the first leach pit.
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從廁所,糞便進入第一個浸出坑的。
07:31
And when it is full, it is blocked
and it can go to the next.
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當第一個浸出坑滿的時候,
糞便就流入第二個。
我們發現,如果你在
這兩個浸出坑的周圍
07:36
But we discovered that if you plant
banana trees, papaya trees
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種香蕉樹和木瓜樹的話,
07:41
on the periphery of these leach pits,
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07:44
they grow very well
because they suck up all the nutrients
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它們就會長得很好,
因為它們有所有的營養,
07:47
and you get very tasty bananas, papayas.
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会成为很好吃的香蕉和木瓜。
07:53
If any of you come to my place,
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各位如果到我家,
我會很樂意拿這些
香蕉和木瓜與你分享。
07:56
I would be happy to share
these bananas and papayas with you.
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08:01
So there you can see
the completed toilets, the water towers.
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這是完工後的廁所和水塔。
這是在一個幾乎所有居民
都是文盲的鄉村。
08:07
This is in a village where
most of the people are even illiterate.
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08:13
It is always a 24-hour water supply
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那裡有全天候的供水
08:15
because water gets polluted
very often when you store it --
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因為當你儲存水的話
水很快就被污染 --
08:21
a child dips his or her hand into it,
something falls into it.
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例如小孩用手伸進去,
或者東西掉進去。
08:26
So no water is stored. It's always on tap.
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因此他們都不儲藏水,都用自來水。
08:33
This is how an elevated
water reservoir is constructed.
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這是挑高的蓄水塔建造的方法。
08:37
And that is the end product.
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然後這是完成品。
08:39
Because it has to go high,
and there is some space available,
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因為它必須放在高的地方,
所以下面就有一些空間,
08:44
two or three rooms are made
under the water tower,
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在水塔下我們建造了兩三個房間,
08:47
which are used by the village for
different committee meetings.
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用來做村民開會的地方。
08:51
We have had clear evidence
of the great impact of this program.
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我們有很清楚的證據
证明這個計畫效果显著。
08:58
Before we started, there were, as usual,
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在我們開始以前,
那里一直有多於百分之八十的人
09:02
more than 80 percent of people suffering
from waterborne diseases.
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得到藉由水傳染的疾病。
09:07
But after this, we have empirical evidence
that 82 percent, on average,
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這以後,我們有實證
證明在這些鄉村裡,
平均有82%的村民 --
09:14
among all these villages --
1,200 villages have completed it --
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共1200個鄉村完成了這個計畫 --
09:18
waterborne diseases
have come down 82 percent.
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藉由水傳染的疾病減少了82%。
09:23
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:30
Women usually used to spend,
especially in the summer months,
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以前婦女通常,
特別是在夏天的時候,
09:35
about six to seven hours
a day carrying water.
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每天大約花6到7個小時取水。
09:43
And when they went to carry water,
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當她們去取水的時候,
09:46
because, as I said earlier,
it's only women who carry water,
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如我前面提到,
因為只有婦女去取水,
09:52
they used to take their little children,
girl children, also to carry water,
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她們通常會帶著孩子們、
女兒們一起去取水,
09:58
or else to be back at home
to look after the siblings.
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或者讓她們在家看顧小孩。
10:03
So there were less than nine percent
of girl children attending school,
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因此女孩上学的比例不到百分之九,
10:07
even if there was a school.
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即使村裡有學校。
10:10
And boys, about 30 percent.
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男孩子約百分之三十。
現在女孩子已提高到90%,男孩幾乎100%。
10:13
But girls, it has gone to about 90 percent
and boys, almost to 100 percent.
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(掌聲)
10:20
(Applause)
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10:24
The most vulnerable section in a village
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在鄉村最脆弱的部分,
是那些無土地做零工的勞工。
10:28
are the landless laborers who are
the daily wage-earners.
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10:32
Because they have gone
through this training
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因為他們得到訓練,
成為水泥匠、水管工和彎管工,
10:34
to be masons and plumbers and bar benders,
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10:38
now their ability to earn has
increased 300 to 400 percent.
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現在他們的謀生能力
增加了300%到400%。
10:46
So this is a democracy in action
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這就是一個採取行動的民主,
10:49
because there is a general body,
a governing board, the committee.
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因為那裡有人民組成的團體、
一個管理的董事會,也就是委員會。
10:53
People are questioning,
people are governing themselves,
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人們質疑,管理他們自己,
並學習管理他們的事務,
10:56
people are learning to manage
their own affairs,
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10:59
they are taking their own futures
into their hands.
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他們自己掌握他們自己的將來。
11:02
And that is democracy at
the grassroots level in action.
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這就是正在行動中的草根民主。
11:10
More than 1,200 villages
have so far done this.
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到目前,超過 1200 個鄉村
已進行這個計劃。
11:17
It benefits over 400,000 people
and it's still going on.
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這個計劃已讓超過 40 萬人受益,
並且還在繼續進行當中。
11:22
And I hope it continues to move ahead.
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我希望這個計劃會繼續進行下去。
11:29
For India and such developing countries,
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對印度和類似的開發中國家,
11:34
armies and armaments,
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軍隊和軍備,軟體公司,和太空船
11:39
software companies and spaceships
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11:48
may not be as important
as taps and toilets.
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不如自來水和廁所來得重要。
11:54
Thank you. Thank you very much.
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謝謝。非常感謝。
11:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
12:01
Thank you.
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謝謝。
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本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。