A lesson on looking | Amy Herman

155,355 views ・ 2018-12-10

TED


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翻译人员: Gentle Yang 校对人员: Bighead Ge
00:12
Take a look at this work of art.
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看看这件艺术品。
00:16
What is it that you see?
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你看到的是什么?
00:19
At first glance, it looks to be a grandfather clock
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乍一看像是一个落地大摆钟,
00:22
with a sheet thrown over it
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上面盖着一块布,
00:24
and a rope tied around the center.
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中间系着一根绳子。
00:27
But a first look always warrants a second.
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不过第一眼只能得到 一瞬间看到的信息。
00:31
Look again.
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再看一次。
00:33
What do you see now?
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现在你看到的是什么?
00:35
If you look more closely,
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如果你凑得更近一些,
00:37
you'll realize that this entire work of art
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会发现整件艺术品
00:41
is made from one piece of sculpture.
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是一整块的雕塑。
00:44
There is no clock,
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没有时钟,
00:46
there is no rope,
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没有绳子,
00:48
and there is no sheet.
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也没有盖在上面的布。
00:50
It is one piece of bleached Honduras mahogany.
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这是一整块漂白的洪都拉斯桃花心木。
00:54
Now let me be clear:
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现在我来明确一下:
00:56
this exercise was not about looking at sculpture.
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这并不是一个观察雕塑的练习,
01:02
It's about looking
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而是关于观察,
01:04
and understanding that looking closely can save a life,
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并且认识到仔细观察可以挽救生命、
01:09
change your company
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改变企业,
01:10
and even help you understand why your children behave the way they do.
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甚至能帮助你理解 孩子做事的行为方式。
01:15
It's a skill that I call visual intelligence,
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这是一种技能,我叫它视觉智能,
01:18
and I use works of art to teach everybody,
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我通过艺术作品来教授别人,
从普通人到以观察为工作的人,
01:21
from everyday people to those for whom looking is the job,
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01:25
like Navy SEALs and homicide detectives and trauma nurses.
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比如海豹突击队员、凶杀案侦探 以及创伤科护士。
01:31
The fact is that no matter how skilled you might be at looking,
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一个事实是,不管你多么娴熟地观察,
01:35
you still have so much to learn about seeing.
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关于观察仍然有很多东西要学。
01:38
Because we all think we get it in a first glance and a sudden flash,
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因为我们都认为自己在 看第一眼的瞬间就能看清,
01:43
but the real skill is in understanding how to look slowly
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但是真正的技巧是明白如何慢慢地
01:47
and how to look more carefully.
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以及更仔细地观察。
01:49
The talent is in remembering --
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重点在于记忆 ——
01:51
in the crush of the daily urgencies that demand our attention --
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在每日迫切需要我们关注的情况下 ——
01:55
to step back and look through those lenses to help us see
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退一步看看那些瞬间, 能帮我们看清楚
02:00
what we've been missing all along.
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我们一直在错过什么。
02:03
So how can looking at painting and sculpture help?
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那么观察绘画和雕塑有什么帮助呢?
02:06
Because art is a powerful tool.
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因为艺术是一个强大的工具。
02:10
It's a powerful tool that engages both sight and insight
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它能同时吸引视线和洞察力,
02:14
and reframes our understanding of where we are and what we see.
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并重新定义我们对自身定位 和所见所闻的理解。
02:20
Here's an example of a work of art
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下面是一个艺术作品的例子,
02:23
that reminded me that visual intelligence --
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它提醒了我视觉智能 ——
02:26
it's an ongoing learning process
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这是一个持续学习的过程,
02:28
and one that really is never mastered.
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从来没有人能真正精通。
02:31
I came across this quiet, seemingly abstract painting,
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我偶然发现了这幅 安静的、看似抽象的画,
02:34
and I had to step up to it twice,
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不得不走上前两次,
02:37
even three times,
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甚至三次,
02:38
to understand why it resonated so deeply.
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去理解它为何能产生如此深刻的共鸣。
02:42
Now, I've seen the Washington Monument in person thousands of times,
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我已经亲眼看过 华盛顿纪念碑数千次了,
02:46
well aware of the change in the color of marble a third of the way up,
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很清楚大理石的颜色在底部往上 约三分之一的地方发生了变化,
02:50
but I had never really looked at it out of context
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但我从来没有真正脱离环境来看它,
02:53
or truly as a work of art.
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或是把它当作一件真正的艺术品来看。
02:56
And here, Georgia O'Keeffe's painting of this architectural icon made me realize
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在这里,乔治亚 · 奥基夫描绘的这个 建筑图标让我认识到,
03:02
that if we put our mind to it,
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如果我们专心致志,
03:04
it's possible to see everyday things
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就能以一种全新的、开阔的视角
03:07
in a wholly new and eye-opening perspective.
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看待日常事物。
03:11
Now, there are some skeptics that believe that art just belongs in an art museum.
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有一些怀疑论者认为艺术 只属于艺术博物馆里。
03:17
They believe that it has no practical use beyond its aesthetic value.
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他们认为艺术品除了展览外 没有其他实际用途。
03:21
I know who they are in every audience I teach.
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我知道我的听众都是谁。
03:24
Their arms are crossed, their legs are crossed,
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他们的双臂抱在胸前、翘着二郎腿,
03:26
their body language is saying,
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他们的身体语言明显在说:
03:28
"What am I going to learn from this lady who talks fast
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“我将从这个匆匆谈论 绘画和雕塑的女士身上
03:31
about painting and sculpture?"
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学到什么呢?”
03:34
So how do I make it relevant for them?
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那么我要怎么样让他们感兴趣呢?
03:39
I ask them to look at this work of art,
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我请他们观察这件艺术品,
03:41
like this portrait by Kumi Yamashita.
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比如山下工美的这个肖像作品。
03:44
And I ask them to step in close,
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我还让他们走近去看,
03:46
and even closer still,
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要靠得非常非常近,
03:48
and while they're looking at the work of art,
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在看艺术品时,
03:50
they need to be asking questions about what they see.
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还要针对所看到的内容提出问题。
03:54
And if they ask the right questions,
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如果他们问出了正确的问题,
03:56
like, "What is this work of art?
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比如,“这件艺术品是什么?
03:57
Is it a painting? Is it a sculpture?
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是一个绘画吗?是一个雕塑吗?
03:59
What is it made of?" ...
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用什么做的?” ……
04:00
they will find out that this entire work of art
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他们将会发现,整件艺术品
04:03
is made of a wooden board,
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是用木板、
04:05
10,000 nails
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10,000 个钉子
04:07
and one unbroken piece of sewing thread.
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和一条完整的线制作的。
04:10
Now that might be interesting to some of you,
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现在你们中的一些人可能很感兴趣,
04:12
but what does it have to do with the work that these people do?
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但是这与这些人的工作有什么关系呢?
04:15
And the answer is everything.
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答案是,方方面面都相关。
04:17
Because we all interact with people multiple times on a daily basis,
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因为我们大家每天都会 跟别人打很多次交道,
04:22
and we need to get better at asking questions
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我们需要针对所看到的事物
04:24
about what it is that we see.
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提出更好的问题。
04:27
Learning to frame the question in such a way
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学习以这样一种方式构建问题框架,
04:30
as to elicit the information that we need to do our jobs,
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以获得我们完成工作所需的信息,
04:33
is a critical life skill.
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这是一项关键的生活技能。
04:35
Like the radiologist who told me
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正如一位放射科医生告诉我的那样,
04:37
that looking at the negative spaces in a painting
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观察一幅绘画中的负空间,
04:40
helped her discern more discreet abnormalities in an MRI.
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有助于他在核磁共振中 发现更多的异常。
04:45
Or the police officer who said that understanding the emotional dynamic
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有警员表示,理解绘画中
人物之间的表情动态
04:50
between people in a painting
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04:51
helped him to read body language at a domestic violence crime scene,
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能帮助他在家暴 犯罪现场阅读身体语言,
04:56
and it enabled him to think twice before drawing and firing his weapon.
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也让他能在拔枪并射击前三思而后行。
05:01
And even parents can look to see absences of color in paintings
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甚至父母也能看到绘画中缺乏色彩,
05:06
to understand that what their children say to them
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从而理解他们的孩子对他们讲述的
05:10
is as important as what they don't say.
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和未对他们讲述的一样重要。
05:13
So how do I --
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那么我该如何 ——
05:16
how do I train to be more visually intelligent?
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我该如何训练人们 变得更加视觉智能?
05:20
It comes down to four As.
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总结成4个A。
05:22
Every new situation, every new problem --
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每个新情况,每个新问题 ——
05:25
we practice four As.
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我们都践行4A。
05:26
First, we assess our situation.
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首先,我们评估(Assess)当前的形势。
05:28
We ask, "What do we have in front of us?"
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我们会问:“我们面临着什么问题?”
05:30
Then, we analyze it.
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然后,我们进行分析(Analyze)。
05:32
We say, "What's important?
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我们问,“最重要的是什么?
05:33
What do I need? What don't I need?"
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我需要什么?不需要什么?”
05:35
Then, we articulate it in a conversation, in a memo, in a text, in an email.
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然后,我们通过一段对话、一张便条、 一条短信、一封邮件阐明(Articulate)它。
05:38
And then, we act: we make a decision.
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再后来,我们做出 行动(Act):做一个决定。
05:42
We all do this multiple times a day,
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我们大家每天都重复 很多次类似的行为,
05:44
but we don't realize what a role seeing and looking plays
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但我们并没有意识到在所有的活动中,
05:48
in all of those actions,
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领悟和观察扮演着什么样的角色,
05:50
and how visual intelligence can really improve everything.
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视觉智能如何能真正改善一切。
05:54
So recently, I had a group of counterterrorism officials
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近期有一个反恐小组的官员们
05:57
at a museum in front of this painting.
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来到博物馆的这幅画前。
05:59
El Greco's painting, "The Purification of the Temple,"
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埃尔 · 格雷科的画, 《圣殿的净化》,
06:02
in which Christ, in the center, in a sweeping and violent gesture,
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画中间的基督, 以横扫一切的狂暴姿态,
06:06
is expelling the sinners from the temple of prayer.
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将罪人逐出祷告神殿。
06:10
The group of counterterrorism officials had five minutes with that painting,
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反恐小组的官员们 只有 5 分钟时间观察绘画,
06:13
and in that short amount of time, they had to assess the situation,
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还需要在这么短的时间里评估形势、
06:17
analyze the details,
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分析细节、
06:19
articulate what, if anything,
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并阐述:如果他们在绘画中,
06:21
they would do if they were in that painting.
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他们将会采取什么行动?
06:25
As you can imagine, observations and insights differed.
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正如你想的那样, 观察与领悟并不一样。
06:28
Who would they talk to?
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他们会与谁讨论?
06:29
Who would be the best witness?
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谁是最佳证人?
06:31
Who was a good potential witness?
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谁是优秀的潜在证人?
06:33
Who was lurking?
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谁在潜伏?
06:34
Who had the most information?
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谁掌握最多的信息?
06:36
But my favorite comment came from a seasoned cop
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不过我最喜欢的评论来自 一个经验丰富的警察,
06:39
who looked at the central figure and said,
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他看着画中间的人物说,
06:41
"You see that guy in the pink?" --
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“看到那个穿着 粉色长袍的人了吗?” ——
06:43
referring to Christ --
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指的是基督 ——
06:44
he said, "I'd collar him, he's causing all the trouble."
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他说,“我会抓住他,是他惹了麻烦。”
06:47
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
06:50
So looking at art gives us a perfect vehicle to rethink how we solve problems
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所以观察艺术作品,给了我们一个 完美的视角来重新思考,
06:55
without the aid of technology.
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如何在没有技术辅助的 情况下解决问题。
06:57
Looking at the work of Felix Gonzalez-Torres,
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看看菲利克斯 · 冈萨雷斯 - 托雷斯的作品,
07:00
you see two clocks in perfect synchronicity.
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你会看到完美同步的两个时钟。
07:03
The hour, minute and second hand perfectly aligned.
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时针、分针和秒针都完美对齐。
07:07
They are installed side by side and they're touching,
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它们并排安装,相互接触,
07:11
and they are entitled "'Untitled' (Perfect Lovers)."
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被命名为“无题(完美情人)”。
07:15
But closer analysis makes you realize
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但是进一步分析会发现,
07:17
that these are two battery-operated clocks,
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这是两个电池驱动的时钟,
07:20
which in turn makes you understand --
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这样你就能明白——
07:22
"Hey, wait a minute ...
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“嗨,等一下 ……
07:23
One of those batteries is going to stop before the other.
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其中一个电池将会在另一个之前没电。
07:26
One of those clocks is going to slow down and die before the other
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那个时钟将会变慢 并早于另一个停止,
07:29
and it's going to alter the symmetry of the artwork."
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艺术作品的一致性将被改变。”
07:33
Just articulating that thought process
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只需要阐述思想过程,
07:36
includes the necessity of a contingency plan.
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包括应急计划的必要性。
07:40
You need to have contingencies for the unforeseen,
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你需要为不可预见的、
07:43
the unexpected and the unknown,
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意外的未知事物做好准备,
07:45
whenever and however they may happen.
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无论它们何时以及如何发生。
07:50
Now, using art to increase our visual intelligence
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使用艺术来提升我们的视觉智能
07:53
involves planning for contingencies,
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包括了制定应急计划、
07:55
understanding the big picture and the small details
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理解全局和细节
07:58
and noticing what's not there.
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并注意缺少了什么。
08:00
So in this painting by Magritte,
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在这幅马格里特的画里,
08:02
noticing that there are no tracks under the train,
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注意火车下面没有轨道,
08:06
there is no fire in the fireplace
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壁炉里没有火,
08:08
and there are no candles in the candlesticks
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烛台上也没有蜡烛,
08:10
actually more accurately describes the painting
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实际上这更加细致地描述了这幅画,
08:13
than if you were to say, "Well, there's a train coming out of a fireplace,
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而不只是说,“有一个火车开出了壁炉,
壁炉顶端有很多烛台。”
08:16
and there are candlesticks on the mantle."
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08:18
It may sound counterintuitive to say what isn't there,
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描述不存在的东西 听起来可能有悖常理,
08:21
but it's really a very valuable tool.
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但它确实是一个非常有价值的工具。
08:24
When a detective who had learned about visual intelligence
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当一名在北卡罗来纳州学习过
视觉智能的侦探
08:27
in North Carolina
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08:28
was called to the crime scene,
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被叫到犯罪现场,
08:29
it was a boating fatality,
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那是一次划船死亡事故,
08:31
and the eyewitness told this detective that the boat had flipped over
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目击者告诉侦探船翻了,
08:34
and the occupant had drowned underneath.
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船员被淹没在水下。
08:38
Now, instinctively, crime scene investigators look for what is apparent,
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犯罪现场调查员通常会 直接寻找显而易见的证据,
08:41
but this detective did something different.
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但是这个侦探做了 一些与众不同的事情。
08:43
He looked for what wasn't there, which is harder to do.
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他试图查看现场缺了什么, 这就更难做到。
08:47
And he raised the question:
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他提出了问题:
08:48
if the boat had really tipped flipped over --
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如果船真的翻了 ——
08:51
as the eyewitness said that it did --
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就像目击者所说的那样 ——
08:53
how come the papers that were kept at one end of the boat
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为什么放在船一端的文件
08:56
were completely dry?
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全都是干的?
08:58
Based on that one small but critical observation,
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基于这个细小但关键的观察,
09:02
the investigation shifted from accidental death to homicide.
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调查从意外死亡转向了谋杀。
09:08
Now, equally important to saying what isn't there
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同样重要的是, 说出那些异常的地方
09:10
is the ability to find visual connections where they may not be apparent.
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就能够找到视觉上的联系, 尽管它们可能不明显。
09:16
Like Marie Watt's totem pole of blankets.
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就像玛丽 · 瓦特的毛毯图腾柱。
09:19
It illustrates that finding hidden connections in everyday objects
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这说明在日常事物中发现隐藏的关联
09:23
can resonate so deeply.
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可以产生如此深刻的共鸣。
09:25
The artist collected blankets from all different people
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艺术家从她所在社区里的
09:28
in her community,
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不同人那里收集毯子,
09:29
and she had the owners of the blankets write, on a tag,
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她让毯子的主人在标签上
09:33
the significance of the blanket to the family.
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写上这些毯子对家庭的重要性。
09:36
Some of the blankets had been used for baby blankets,
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其中一些曾被用作儿童毯,
09:39
some of them had been used as picnic blankets,
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一些曾被用作野餐毯,
09:41
some of them had been used for the dog.
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另一些曾被宠物狗使用。
09:44
We all have blankets in our homes
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大家的家里都有毯子,
09:47
and understand the significance that they play.
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能理解它们扮演着重要的角色。
09:50
But similarly, I instruct new doctors:
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同样地,我会这样指导新医生:
09:53
when they walk into a patient's room,
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当他们进入一个病房,
09:54
before they pick up that medical chart,
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拿起病人的病例之前,
09:58
just look around the room.
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先环顾一下房间。
10:00
Are there balloons or cards,
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看看有没有气球或卡片,
10:02
or that special blanket on the bed?
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或者床上有特别的毯子吗?
10:05
That tells the doctor there's a connection to the outside world.
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那会告诉医生, 这里与外界是有联系的。
10:09
If that patient has someone in the outside world
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如果这位病人在病房外的亲友
10:12
to assist them and help them,
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能够帮助他们,
10:14
the doctor can implement the best care with that connection in mind.
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医生就能把这种联系牢记在心, 实施最好的治疗。
10:20
In medicine, people are connected as humans
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在医学上,他们被确认为 医生和病人之前,
10:23
before they're identified as doctor and patient.
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是作为人类联系在一起的。
10:27
But this method of enhancing perception --
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但是这种提高感知力的方法 ——
10:30
it need not be disruptive,
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不需要具有颠覆性,
10:31
and it doesn't necessitate an overhaul in looking.
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也不需要捕捉到所有细枝末节。
10:35
Like Jorge Méndez Blake's sculpture of building a brick wall
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就像豪尔赫 · 门德斯 · 布雷克 基于卡夫卡的作品《城堡》
10:39
above Kafka's book "El Castillo"
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建造的砖墙雕塑一样,
10:42
shows that more astute observation can be subtle and yet invaluable.
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这表明更敏锐的观察力 是微妙而宝贵的。
10:47
You can discern the book,
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你可以辨别出这本书,
10:49
and you can see how it disrupted the symmetry
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而且可以看到它如何破坏了
10:51
of the bricks directly above it,
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位于其上方的砖的对称性,
10:54
but by the time you get to the end of the sculpture,
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但是当你走到雕塑的尽头时,
10:56
you can no longer see the book.
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就再也看不出那本书了。
10:59
But looking at the work of art in its entirety,
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但是从整体上看艺术品,
11:02
you see that the impact of the work's disruption on the bricks
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你会发现这个作品通过 砖块所产生的影响
11:06
is nuanced and unmistakable.
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是微妙的,且毋庸置疑。
11:09
One thought,
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一个思想、
11:10
one idea,
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一个想法、
11:12
one innovation can alter an approach,
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一个创新都可以改变方法、
11:16
change a process
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改变过程、
11:17
and even save lives.
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甚至挽救生命。
11:20
I've been teaching visual intelligence for over 15 years,
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我教授视觉智能超过 15 年了,
11:24
and to my great amazement and astonishment --
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令我大为诧异和惊讶的 ——
11:27
to my never-ending astonishment and amazement,
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让我始终感到惊奇和诧异的是,
11:30
I have seen that looking at art with a critical eye
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我发现用批判的眼光看待艺术
11:33
can help to anchor us in our world of uncharted waters,
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能够帮助我们在未知世界的水域锚定,
11:37
whether you are a paramilitary trooper,
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无论你是待入伍的战士、
11:39
a caregiver, a doctor or a mother.
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看护者、医生还是母亲。
11:43
Because let's face it, things go wrong.
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因为我们得面对现实,事情总会出错。
11:46
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
11:47
Things go wrong.
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没有什么是万无一失的。
11:48
And don't misunderstand me,
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但别误会,
11:50
I'd eat that doughnut in a minute.
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我完全不介意吃掉那个甜甜圈。
11:51
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
11:53
But we need to understand the consequences of what it is that we observe,
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但是我们需要理解我们 观察到的内容的后果,
11:57
and we need to convert observable details into actionable knowledge.
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我们需要把可观察到的细节 转换为可行动的知识。
12:02
Like Jennifer Odem's sculpture of tables standing sentinel
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就像珍妮弗 · 奥登在新奥尔良的 密西西比河岸边
12:06
on the banks of the Mississippi River
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耸立的桌子雕塑一样,
警惕着威胁,
12:09
in New Orleans,
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12:10
guarding against the threat of post-Katrina floodwaters
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在卡特里娜飓风过后的洪水中,
12:13
and rising up against adversity,
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在逆境中奋起,
12:16
we too have the ability to act affirmatively
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我们也有能力采取果断的行动,
12:19
and affect positive change.
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创造积极的变化。
12:21
I have been mining the world of art
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我一直在挖掘艺术的世界,
12:24
to help people across the professional spectrum
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以帮助各个专业领域的人
12:27
to see the extraordinary in the everyday,
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看到日常生活中的不平凡,
阐明缺失的东西,
12:30
to articulate what is absent
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12:33
and to be able to inspire creativity and innovation,
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并能激发创造力和创新精神,
12:37
no matter how small.
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无论多么渺小。
12:38
And most importantly,
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最重要的是,
12:40
to forge human connections where they may not be apparent,
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在不显眼的地方建立人际关系,
12:44
empowering us all to see our work and the world writ large
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使我们能够以一种 新的眼光看待我们的工作
12:48
with a new set of eyes.
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和整个世界。
12:50
Thank you.
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谢谢。
(掌声)
12:52
(Applause)
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Original video on YouTube.com
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