This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors | Sangeeta Bhatia

110,005 views ・ 2016-06-07

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Gu Yu 校对人员: Li Jiaying
00:12
In the space that used to house one transistor,
0
12557
3678
在以前,可以放置一个晶体管的空间
00:16
we can now fit one billion.
1
16259
2839
现在可以放10亿个。
00:19
That made it so that a computer the size of an entire room
2
19636
3897
这导致曾经占据了一整个房间的电脑
00:23
now fits in your pocket.
3
23557
2589
现在可以放在你的口袋里。
00:26
You might say the future is small.
4
26170
3019
也许你会说 未来东西都会越来越小。
00:29
As an engineer,
5
29611
1207
作为一个工程师,
00:30
I'm inspired by this miniaturization revolution in computers.
6
30842
3985
我受到了电脑微型化的启发。
00:34
As a physician,
7
34851
1348
作为一名医生,
00:36
I wonder whether we could use it to reduce the number of lives lost
8
36223
5723
我想知道我们可否用 这个技术挽救更多的生命,
00:41
due to one of the fastest-growing diseases on Earth:
9
41970
4107
他们都死于地球上蔓延最快的疾病之一,
00:46
cancer.
10
46101
1418
癌症。
00:47
Now when I say that,
11
47543
1255
如今当我这样说的时候,
00:48
what most people hear me say is that we're working on curing cancer.
12
48822
3778
许多人认为我说的是我们在研究治愈癌症。
00:52
And we are.
13
52624
1263
我们的确是。
00:53
But it turns out
14
53911
1151
但是结果是,
通过及早发现和预防癌症
00:55
that there's an incredible opportunity to save lives
15
55086
2801
00:57
through the early detection and prevention of cancer.
16
57911
3333
就会有极大的机会拯救生命。
01:01
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths due to cancer are fully preventable
17
61785
5379
在全球,用我们今天已有的技术, 超过三分之二因癌症导致的死亡
01:07
using methods that we already have in hand today.
18
67188
2800
都是完全可以避免的。
01:10
Things like vaccination, timely screening
19
70406
2899
包括疫苗接种,定期筛查,
01:13
and of course, stopping smoking.
20
73329
2233
当然还有,停止抽烟。
01:16
But even with the best tools and technologies that we have today,
21
76316
3593
但是就算使用如今我们拥有的 最先进的工具和手段,
01:19
some tumors can't be detected
22
79933
2063
一些肿瘤仍然无法被探测到,
直到它们已经生长了十年才被发现,
01:22
until 10 years after they've started growing,
23
82020
3670
01:25
when they are 50 million cancer cells strong.
24
85714
3763
这时已经积累了5000万的癌细胞了。
01:30
What if we had better technologies
25
90178
1679
要是我们有更好的技术
01:31
to detect some of these more deadly cancers sooner,
26
91881
3106
在癌细胞刚刚产生时, 在还可以被铲除时就能更快
监测到一些更为致命的癌症,
01:35
when they could be removed,
27
95011
1302
01:36
when they were just getting started?
28
96337
2201
会怎么样呢?
01:38
Let me tell you about how miniaturization might get us there.
29
98562
3275
让我来告诉你们微型技术 如何可能让我们如愿。
01:43
This is a microscope in a typical lab
30
103140
2288
这是一个普通实验室中的显微镜,
01:45
that a pathologist would use for looking at a tissue specimen,
31
105452
3556
病理学家用它观察组织标本,
就像活体切片或巴氏涂片。
01:49
like a biopsy or a pap smear.
32
109032
2438
01:51
This $7,000 microscope
33
111927
2068
这个7000美元的显微镜
可以被受过几年专业训练的人
01:54
would be used by somebody with years of specialized training
34
114019
3256
01:57
to spot cancer cells.
35
117299
1789
用来检测癌细胞。
02:00
This is an image from a colleague of mine at Rice University,
36
120126
3046
这张图片来自于我莱斯大学的同事,
02:03
Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
37
123196
1578
丽贝卡·理查兹科图姆。
02:04
What she and her team have done is miniaturize that whole microscope
38
124798
3827
她和她的团队实现了微缩这整个显微镜
02:08
into this $10 part,
39
128649
1975
到这个价值10美金的部件中,
02:10
and it fits on the end of an optical fiber.
40
130648
2816
可以把它安装在光纤的一端。
02:13
Now what that means is instead of taking a sample from a patient
41
133923
3634
这意味着无需在患者身上取得一个样本,
02:17
and sending it to the microscope,
42
137581
1649
并送到显微镜下检查,
02:19
you can bring the microscope to the patient.
43
139254
2556
你可以直接就把显微镜带入病人体内。
02:22
And then, instead of requiring a specialist to look at the images,
44
142260
4359
并且,不用要求一个专业领域的人 来观察这个图像,
02:26
you can train the computer to score normal versus cancerous cells.
45
146643
5062
你直接可以训练电脑去比对 正常和癌变的细胞。
02:32
Now this is important,
46
152084
1170
这一点很重要,
02:33
because what they found working in rural communities,
47
153278
3037
因为他们发现在农村地区工作,
02:36
is that even when they have a mobile screening van
48
156339
3239
就算他们有移动的检查车,
02:39
that can go out into the community and perform exams
49
159602
2833
可以走进农村进行检查
02:42
and collect samples
50
162459
1405
并且收集样本,
02:43
and send them to the central hospital for analysis,
51
163888
3216
传输样本到中心医院进行分析,
02:47
that days later,
52
167128
1344
几天之后,
02:48
women get a call with an abnormal test result
53
168496
2667
女性们接到一个异常测试结果的电话,
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
54
171187
1617
并被要求来医院。
02:52
Fully half of them don't turn up because they can't afford the trip.
55
172828
4343
有一半的人不会出现, 因为她们无法支付路费。
02:57
With the integrated microscope and computer analysis,
56
177721
3424
有了集成显微镜和计算机分析技术,
03:01
Rebecca and her colleagues have been able to create a van
57
181169
2828
丽贝卡和她的同事研发了 同时具有
诊断装置和治疗装置的医疗车。
03:04
that has both a diagnostic setup and a treatment setup.
58
184021
3786
03:07
And what that means is that they can do a diagnosis
59
187831
2714
这意味着他们可以集诊断
03:10
and perform therapy on the spot,
60
190569
2687
和实施治疗于一车,
03:13
so no one is lost to follow up.
61
193280
2138
每个病人都不会错过跟踪治疗。
03:15
That's just one example of how miniaturization can save lives.
62
195831
3948
这只是一个关于微型化 如何拯救生命的例子。
03:20
Now as engineers,
63
200148
1153
作为工程师,
03:21
we think of this as straight-up miniaturization.
64
201325
2745
我们认为这个就是直接微型化。
03:24
You took a big thing and you made it little.
65
204094
2437
你带来一个大东西并且把它变小。
03:26
But what I told you before about computers
66
206555
2251
但是我之前提到了电脑
03:28
was that they transformed our lives
67
208830
2246
改变了我们的生活,
03:31
when they became small enough for us to take them everywhere.
68
211100
4301
它们小到我们可以随身携带。
03:35
So what is the transformational equivalent like that in medicine?
69
215785
4296
那么在药物领域 等效的转换会是什么样的呢?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector
70
220500
3136
如果你有一个探测器,
03:43
that was so small that it could circulate in your body,
71
223660
4262
它小到可以在你的体内循环,
03:47
find the tumor all by itself
72
227946
2413
自己找到肿瘤
03:50
and send a signal to the outside world?
73
230383
2369
并向外面的世界传送信号会怎样呢?
03:53
It sounds a little bit like science fiction.
74
233079
2077
这听起来有点像科幻小说。
03:55
But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that.
75
235180
3903
但是实际上,运用纳米技术就能实现。
03:59
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector
76
239415
4881
纳米技术可以让我们缩小 探测器组成部分的尺寸,
04:04
from the width of a human hair,
77
244320
1837
从到发丝的宽度的大小,
04:06
which is 100 microns,
78
246181
1660
也就是100微米
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
79
247865
2555
到再小1000倍的尺度。
04:10
which is 100 nanometers.
80
250444
1902
也就是100纳米。
04:12
And that has profound implications.
81
252370
2810
这就极大的扩展了应用范围。
04:15
It turns out that materials actually change their properties
82
255583
3643
实际上在纳米级别尺寸的时候,
04:19
at the nanoscale.
83
259250
1596
材料的性质会发生改变。
04:21
You take a common material like gold,
84
261279
2498
你拿一个常见的金属比如金,
04:23
and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles,
85
263801
3321
把它研磨成灰,研磨成纳米颗粒,
04:27
and it changes from looking gold to looking red.
86
267146
3312
它就会从金色外表变成红色。
04:31
If you take a more exotic material like cadmium selenide --
87
271082
3813
如果你拿一个比较稀有的 材料比如硒化镉——
04:34
forms a big, black crystal --
88
274919
2174
会形成一块大的黑色晶体——
04:37
if you make nanocrystals out of this material
89
277117
2601
如果你用这种材料做成纳米结晶,
04:39
and you put it in a liquid,
90
279742
1573
然后把它放入液体中,
04:41
and you shine light on it,
91
281339
1824
用光照一下,
04:43
they glow.
92
283187
1166
它们就会发光。
04:44
And they glow blue, green, yellow, orange, red,
93
284377
5631
它们可以发出 蓝绿黄橙红不同的光,
04:50
depending only on their size.
94
290032
2275
仅仅根据尺寸的不同而变化。
04:52
It's wild! Can you imagine an object like that in the macro world?
95
292887
4003
这太疯狂了! 你可以想象宏观世界有这种材料么?
04:56
It would be like all the denim jeans in your closet are all made of cotton,
96
296914
6571
这就像你衣橱里所有的棉质牛仔裤
05:03
but they are different colors depending only on their size.
97
303509
4311
依据尺寸不同,颜色也会不一样。
05:08
(Laughter)
98
308212
1696
(笑声)
05:10
So as a physician,
99
310982
1524
作为一位医生,
05:12
what's just as interesting to me
100
312530
2224
让我感兴趣的
05:14
is that it's not just the color of materials
101
314778
2300
不仅仅是材料的颜色
05:17
that changes at the nanoscale;
102
317102
1931
在纳米尺寸会改变,
05:19
the way they travel in your body also changes.
103
319057
3608
它们在人体内运动的方式也将改变。
05:23
And this is the kind of observation that we're going to use
104
323137
2799
这也是一种我们即将使用的观察方式,
05:25
to make a better cancer detector.
105
325960
2174
用来制造更好的癌症检测装置。
05:28
So let me show you what I mean.
106
328158
1753
下面我来解释一下。
05:30
This is a blood vessel in the body.
107
330686
2197
这是一条人体的血管。
05:32
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
108
332907
2411
包裹着血管的就是肿瘤。
05:35
We're going to inject nanoparticles into the blood vessel
109
335683
3041
我们将要把纳米颗粒注射进血管,
05:38
and watch how they travel from the bloodstream into the tumor.
110
338748
4180
并观察它们如何随着血流进入肿瘤。
05:43
Now it turns out that the blood vessels of many tumors are leaky,
111
343464
4352
事实证明有许多肿瘤的血管是有漏洞的,
05:47
and so nanoparticles can leak out from the bloodstream into the tumor.
112
347840
4366
所以纳米颗粒 可以从血流渗漏到肿瘤中。
05:52
Whether they leak out depends on their size.
113
352628
3134
它们是否能渗透出去取决于它们的尺寸。
05:56
So in this image,
114
356129
1150
在这张图中,
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer, blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
115
357303
4371
较小的百纳米尺寸的 蓝色纳米颗粒正在渗漏至血管外,
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer, red nanoparticles
116
361698
3396
大一点的500纳米的红色颗粒
06:05
are stuck in the bloodstream.
117
365118
1777
被困在了血管中。
06:06
So that means as an engineer,
118
366919
2103
所以这对于工程师来说,
06:09
depending on how big or small I make a material,
119
369046
3992
取决于我所制造的材料的大小,
06:13
I can change where it goes in your body.
120
373062
3041
我可以控制它能够去你身体里的哪一部分。
06:17
In my lab, we recently made a cancer nanodetector
121
377249
4642
在我的实验室,我们最近 研制出了一种癌症纳米检测器,
06:21
that is so small that it could travel into the body and look for tumors.
122
381915
5248
小到可以进入全身血液循环并寻找肿瘤。
06:27
We designed it to listen for tumor invasion:
123
387477
4092
我们设计它用于监听肿瘤的侵袭:
06:31
the orchestra of chemical signals that tumors need to make to spread.
124
391593
4773
即肿瘤扩散所需要的化学信号。
06:36
For a tumor to break out of the tissue that it's born in,
125
396932
2902
一个肿瘤冲破包围它的组织时,
06:39
it has to make chemicals called enzymes
126
399858
2716
它需要产生一种叫做酶的化学物质
06:42
to chew through the scaffolding of tissues.
127
402598
2584
来分解组织的组成结构。
06:45
We designed these nanoparticles to be activated by these enzymes.
128
405763
4722
我们设计了这些会被酶激发的纳米颗粒。
06:51
One enzyme can activate a thousand of these chemical reactions in an hour.
129
411034
5912
一个酶每小时 可激发一千个这种化学反应。
06:57
Now in engineering, we call that one-to-a-thousand ratio
130
417462
3558
用工程术语来描述的话, 我们叫它1比1000的
07:01
a form of amplification,
131
421044
1565
放大比例,
07:02
and it makes something ultrasensitive.
132
422633
2172
这就形成了一种超级灵敏的东西。
07:04
So we've made an ultrasensitive cancer detector.
133
424829
3833
所以我们已经做了一个 超灵敏的癌症检测器。
07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated signal to the outside world,
134
429220
4900
好的,但我如何把这激发信号传递到外界,
07:14
where I can act on it?
135
434144
1738
好方便对其进行分析呢?
07:15
For this, we're going to use one more piece of nanoscale biology,
136
435906
3552
针对这个问题, 我们将采用另一项纳米生物技术,
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
137
439482
1784
与肾脏有关。
07:21
The kidney is a filter.
138
441659
1916
肾脏就是一个过滤装置。
07:23
Its job is to filter out the blood and put waste into the urine.
139
443996
4629
它的工作是把血液中的废物 过滤出来形成尿液。
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters
140
449197
2662
事实发现肾脏的过滤系统
07:31
is also dependent on size.
141
451883
2562
也是依据(过滤物的)大小。
07:34
So in this image, what you can see
142
454901
1940
所以在这个图中,你可以看到
07:36
is that everything smaller than five nanometers
143
456865
3009
所有小于5纳米的东西
07:39
is going from the blood, through the kidney, into the urine,
144
459898
4105
都会从血液,穿过肾,变成尿液,
其他所有更大尺寸的会留下来。
07:44
and everything else that's bigger is retained.
145
464027
2670
07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer cancer detector,
146
467176
4947
好,那如果我制造一个 100纳米的癌症检测装置,
07:52
I inject it in the bloodstream,
147
472147
2472
注射到血流中,
07:54
it can leak into the tumor where it's activated by tumor enzymes
148
474643
5430
它可以渗漏到肿瘤 并被肿瘤的酶激发,
08:00
to release a small signal
149
480097
2356
释放出很小的信号,
08:02
that is small enough to be filtered out of the kidney
150
482477
3222
小到可以被肾脏过滤出来
08:05
and put into the urine,
151
485723
2178
并进入尿液中。
08:07
I have a signal in the outside world that I can detect.
152
487925
4041
我就有了一个可以在体外探测到的信号。
08:12
OK, but there's one more problem.
153
492588
2052
好,但是还有另一个问题。
08:14
This is a tiny little signal,
154
494664
1746
这是个小而微弱的信号,
08:16
so how do I detect it?
155
496434
1972
我怎么来检测它?
08:18
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
156
498730
2235
实际上,信号就是一个分子。
08:20
They're molecules that we designed as engineers.
157
500989
2667
它们是我们作为工程师设计的分子。
08:23
They're completely synthetic, and we can design them
158
503680
3178
它们完全人工合成并且我们可以设计它们,
08:26
so they are compatible with our tool of choice.
159
506882
3239
所以它们和我们选用的工具相匹配。
08:30
If we want to use a really sensitive, fancy instrument
160
510145
3442
如果我们想使用一种非常灵敏先进的仪器
08:33
called a mass spectrometer,
161
513611
1964
叫做质谱仪,
08:35
then we make a molecule with a unique mass.
162
515599
2511
那我们可以让这个分子 有一个独特的质量。
08:38
Or maybe we want make something that's more inexpensive and portable.
163
518671
3699
或者我们也许想要研制出一种 更加便宜和便于携带的分析方式。
08:42
Then we make molecules that we can trap on paper,
164
522394
3783
那我们就制造出可以滞留在纸上的分子,
08:46
like a pregnancy test.
165
526201
1704
就像测孕试纸。
08:47
In fact, there's a whole world of paper tests
166
527929
2626
实际上试纸的应用已经非常广泛,
08:50
that are becoming available in a field called paper diagnostics.
167
530579
4512
以至于专门形成了试纸诊断领域。
08:55
Alright, where are we going with this?
168
535711
2326
那好,我们现在进展如何呢?
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next,
169
538724
1569
我接下来要告诉你们的,
09:00
as a lifelong researcher,
170
540317
1826
作为一个终身的研究人员,
09:02
represents a dream of mine.
171
542167
1879
代表了我的一个梦想。
09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise;
172
544396
2093
我不敢说那是一个诺言;
09:06
it's a dream.
173
546513
1492
这是一个梦想。
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams to keep us pushing forward,
174
548029
3587
但是我想我们都应该有梦想来 鞭策我们前行,
09:11
even -- and maybe especially -- cancer researchers.
175
551640
3937
甚至——并且可能尤其是 针对癌症的研究者。
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope will happen with my technology,
176
555601
3499
我将告诉你们我所希望 用我的技术会发生的,
09:19
that my team and I will put our hearts and souls
177
559124
4091
我和我的团队将不遗余力
09:23
into making a reality.
178
563239
1522
让它变成现实。
09:25
OK, here goes.
179
565289
1698
这就是:
我希望有一天
09:27
I dream that one day,
180
567011
3355
09:30
instead of going into an expensive screening facility
181
570390
3255
不需要昂贵的筛选设备
09:33
to get a colonoscopy,
182
573669
1505
来进行结肠镜检查,
09:35
or a mammogram,
183
575198
1323
或乳房X线照片,
09:36
or a pap smear,
184
576545
1408
或制作帕氏涂片,
09:38
that you could get a shot,
185
578585
1719
而是只需要扎一针,
09:40
wait an hour,
186
580328
1660
等一个小时,
在试纸上进行一个尿检。
09:42
and do a urine test on a paper strip.
187
582012
2795
09:45
I imagine that this could even happen
188
585653
2807
我期待甚至可以不需要
09:48
without the need for steady electricity,
189
588484
2663
稳定的电力供应,
09:51
or a medical professional in the room.
190
591171
2604
或者一位医务工作者呆在诊室。
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
191
593799
1497
也许他们在很远的地方,
09:55
and connected only by the image on a smartphone.
192
595320
2810
只通过智能手机上的图像进行联系。
09:58
Now I know this sounds like a dream,
193
598854
1735
现在我知道这听起来不太现实,
10:00
but in the lab we already have this working in mice,
194
600613
3119
但是在实验室中 我们已经在老鼠体内取得了进展,
10:03
where it works better than existing methods
195
603756
2079
它对于肺癌和卵巢癌的检测结果
10:05
for the detection of lung, colon and ovarian cancer.
196
605859
3971
比现行的任何一种方法都要好。
10:10
And I hope that what this means
197
610603
2234
我希望这意味着
10:12
is that one day we can detect tumors in patients
198
612861
5176
有一天我们可以很快检查出 病人体内的肿瘤,
10:18
sooner than 10 years after they've started growing,
199
618061
3293
不必等到十年后它们已成型,
10:21
in all walks of life,
200
621378
1985
在各行各业,
10:23
all around the globe,
201
623387
1849
全球各地都是如此,
10:25
and that this would lead to earlier treatments,
202
625260
2735
这也会让更早期的治疗成为现实,
我们可以比现在拯救更多的生命,
10:28
and that we could save more lives than we can today,
203
628019
3598
10:31
with early detection.
204
631641
1284
只需依赖早期检测。
10:33
Thank you.
205
633686
1182
谢谢。
10:34
(Applause)
206
634892
7483
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7