This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors | Sangeeta Bhatia
110,005 views ・ 2016-06-07
请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Gu Yu
校对人员: Li Jiaying
00:12
In the space that used
to house one transistor,
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在以前,可以放置一个晶体管的空间
00:16
we can now fit one billion.
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现在可以放10亿个。
00:19
That made it so that a computer
the size of an entire room
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这导致曾经占据了一整个房间的电脑
00:23
now fits in your pocket.
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现在可以放在你的口袋里。
00:26
You might say the future is small.
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也许你会说
未来东西都会越来越小。
00:29
As an engineer,
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作为一个工程师,
00:30
I'm inspired by this miniaturization
revolution in computers.
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我受到了电脑微型化的启发。
00:34
As a physician,
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作为一名医生,
00:36
I wonder whether we could use it
to reduce the number of lives lost
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我想知道我们可否用
这个技术挽救更多的生命,
00:41
due to one of the fastest-growing
diseases on Earth:
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他们都死于地球上蔓延最快的疾病之一,
00:46
cancer.
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癌症。
00:47
Now when I say that,
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如今当我这样说的时候,
00:48
what most people hear me say
is that we're working on curing cancer.
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许多人认为我说的是我们在研究治愈癌症。
00:52
And we are.
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我们的确是。
00:53
But it turns out
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但是结果是,
通过及早发现和预防癌症
00:55
that there's an incredible
opportunity to save lives
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00:57
through the early detection
and prevention of cancer.
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就会有极大的机会拯救生命。
01:01
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths
due to cancer are fully preventable
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在全球,用我们今天已有的技术,
超过三分之二因癌症导致的死亡
01:07
using methods that we already
have in hand today.
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都是完全可以避免的。
01:10
Things like vaccination, timely screening
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包括疫苗接种,定期筛查,
01:13
and of course, stopping smoking.
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当然还有,停止抽烟。
01:16
But even with the best tools
and technologies that we have today,
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但是就算使用如今我们拥有的
最先进的工具和手段,
01:19
some tumors can't be detected
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一些肿瘤仍然无法被探测到,
直到它们已经生长了十年才被发现,
01:22
until 10 years after
they've started growing,
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01:25
when they are 50 million
cancer cells strong.
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这时已经积累了5000万的癌细胞了。
01:30
What if we had better technologies
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要是我们有更好的技术
01:31
to detect some of these more
deadly cancers sooner,
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在癌细胞刚刚产生时,
在还可以被铲除时就能更快
监测到一些更为致命的癌症,
01:35
when they could be removed,
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01:36
when they were just getting started?
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会怎么样呢?
01:38
Let me tell you about how
miniaturization might get us there.
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让我来告诉你们微型技术
如何可能让我们如愿。
01:43
This is a microscope in a typical lab
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这是一个普通实验室中的显微镜,
01:45
that a pathologist would use
for looking at a tissue specimen,
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病理学家用它观察组织标本,
就像活体切片或巴氏涂片。
01:49
like a biopsy or a pap smear.
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01:51
This $7,000 microscope
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这个7000美元的显微镜
可以被受过几年专业训练的人
01:54
would be used by somebody
with years of specialized training
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01:57
to spot cancer cells.
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用来检测癌细胞。
02:00
This is an image from a colleague
of mine at Rice University,
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这张图片来自于我莱斯大学的同事,
02:03
Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
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丽贝卡·理查兹科图姆。
02:04
What she and her team have done
is miniaturize that whole microscope
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她和她的团队实现了微缩这整个显微镜
02:08
into this $10 part,
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到这个价值10美金的部件中,
02:10
and it fits on the end
of an optical fiber.
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可以把它安装在光纤的一端。
02:13
Now what that means is instead
of taking a sample from a patient
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这意味着无需在患者身上取得一个样本,
02:17
and sending it to the microscope,
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并送到显微镜下检查,
02:19
you can bring the microscope
to the patient.
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你可以直接就把显微镜带入病人体内。
02:22
And then, instead of requiring
a specialist to look at the images,
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并且,不用要求一个专业领域的人
来观察这个图像,
02:26
you can train the computer to score
normal versus cancerous cells.
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你直接可以训练电脑去比对
正常和癌变的细胞。
02:32
Now this is important,
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这一点很重要,
02:33
because what they found
working in rural communities,
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因为他们发现在农村地区工作,
02:36
is that even when they have
a mobile screening van
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就算他们有移动的检查车,
02:39
that can go out into the community
and perform exams
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可以走进农村进行检查
02:42
and collect samples
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并且收集样本,
02:43
and send them to the central
hospital for analysis,
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传输样本到中心医院进行分析,
02:47
that days later,
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几天之后,
02:48
women get a call
with an abnormal test result
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女性们接到一个异常测试结果的电话,
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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并被要求来医院。
02:52
Fully half of them don't turn up
because they can't afford the trip.
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有一半的人不会出现,
因为她们无法支付路费。
02:57
With the integrated microscope
and computer analysis,
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有了集成显微镜和计算机分析技术,
03:01
Rebecca and her colleagues
have been able to create a van
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丽贝卡和她的同事研发了
同时具有
诊断装置和治疗装置的医疗车。
03:04
that has both a diagnostic setup
and a treatment setup.
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03:07
And what that means
is that they can do a diagnosis
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这意味着他们可以集诊断
03:10
and perform therapy on the spot,
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和实施治疗于一车,
03:13
so no one is lost to follow up.
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每个病人都不会错过跟踪治疗。
03:15
That's just one example of how
miniaturization can save lives.
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这只是一个关于微型化
如何拯救生命的例子。
03:20
Now as engineers,
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作为工程师,
03:21
we think of this
as straight-up miniaturization.
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我们认为这个就是直接微型化。
03:24
You took a big thing
and you made it little.
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你带来一个大东西并且把它变小。
03:26
But what I told you before about computers
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但是我之前提到了电脑
03:28
was that they transformed our lives
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改变了我们的生活,
03:31
when they became small enough
for us to take them everywhere.
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它们小到我们可以随身携带。
03:35
So what is the transformational
equivalent like that in medicine?
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那么在药物领域
等效的转换会是什么样的呢?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector
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如果你有一个探测器,
03:43
that was so small that it could
circulate in your body,
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它小到可以在你的体内循环,
03:47
find the tumor all by itself
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自己找到肿瘤
03:50
and send a signal to the outside world?
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并向外面的世界传送信号会怎样呢?
03:53
It sounds a little bit
like science fiction.
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这听起来有点像科幻小说。
03:55
But actually, nanotechnology
allows us to do just that.
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但是实际上,运用纳米技术就能实现。
03:59
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink
the parts that make up the detector
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纳米技术可以让我们缩小
探测器组成部分的尺寸,
04:04
from the width of a human hair,
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从到发丝的宽度的大小,
04:06
which is 100 microns,
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也就是100微米
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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到再小1000倍的尺度。
04:10
which is 100 nanometers.
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也就是100纳米。
04:12
And that has profound implications.
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这就极大的扩展了应用范围。
04:15
It turns out that materials
actually change their properties
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实际上在纳米级别尺寸的时候,
04:19
at the nanoscale.
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材料的性质会发生改变。
04:21
You take a common material like gold,
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你拿一个常见的金属比如金,
04:23
and you grind it into dust,
into gold nanoparticles,
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把它研磨成灰,研磨成纳米颗粒,
04:27
and it changes from looking
gold to looking red.
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它就会从金色外表变成红色。
04:31
If you take a more exotic material
like cadmium selenide --
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如果你拿一个比较稀有的
材料比如硒化镉——
04:34
forms a big, black crystal --
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会形成一块大的黑色晶体——
04:37
if you make nanocrystals
out of this material
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如果你用这种材料做成纳米结晶,
04:39
and you put it in a liquid,
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然后把它放入液体中,
04:41
and you shine light on it,
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用光照一下,
04:43
they glow.
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它们就会发光。
04:44
And they glow blue, green,
yellow, orange, red,
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它们可以发出
蓝绿黄橙红不同的光,
04:50
depending only on their size.
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仅仅根据尺寸的不同而变化。
04:52
It's wild! Can you imagine an object
like that in the macro world?
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这太疯狂了!
你可以想象宏观世界有这种材料么?
04:56
It would be like all the denim jeans
in your closet are all made of cotton,
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这就像你衣橱里所有的棉质牛仔裤
05:03
but they are different colors
depending only on their size.
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依据尺寸不同,颜色也会不一样。
05:08
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:10
So as a physician,
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作为一位医生,
05:12
what's just as interesting to me
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让我感兴趣的
05:14
is that it's not just
the color of materials
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不仅仅是材料的颜色
05:17
that changes at the nanoscale;
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在纳米尺寸会改变,
05:19
the way they travel
in your body also changes.
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它们在人体内运动的方式也将改变。
05:23
And this is the kind of observation
that we're going to use
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这也是一种我们即将使用的观察方式,
05:25
to make a better cancer detector.
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用来制造更好的癌症检测装置。
05:28
So let me show you what I mean.
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下面我来解释一下。
05:30
This is a blood vessel in the body.
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这是一条人体的血管。
05:32
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
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包裹着血管的就是肿瘤。
05:35
We're going to inject nanoparticles
into the blood vessel
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我们将要把纳米颗粒注射进血管,
05:38
and watch how they travel
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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并观察它们如何随着血流进入肿瘤。
05:43
Now it turns out that the blood vessels
of many tumors are leaky,
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事实证明有许多肿瘤的血管是有漏洞的,
05:47
and so nanoparticles can leak out
from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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所以纳米颗粒
可以从血流渗漏到肿瘤中。
05:52
Whether they leak out
depends on their size.
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它们是否能渗透出去取决于它们的尺寸。
05:56
So in this image,
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在这张图中,
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer,
blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
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较小的百纳米尺寸的
蓝色纳米颗粒正在渗漏至血管外,
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer,
red nanoparticles
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大一点的500纳米的红色颗粒
06:05
are stuck in the bloodstream.
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被困在了血管中。
06:06
So that means as an engineer,
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所以这对于工程师来说,
06:09
depending on how big
or small I make a material,
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取决于我所制造的材料的大小,
06:13
I can change where it goes in your body.
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我可以控制它能够去你身体里的哪一部分。
06:17
In my lab, we recently made
a cancer nanodetector
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在我的实验室,我们最近
研制出了一种癌症纳米检测器,
06:21
that is so small that it could travel
into the body and look for tumors.
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小到可以进入全身血液循环并寻找肿瘤。
06:27
We designed it to listen
for tumor invasion:
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我们设计它用于监听肿瘤的侵袭:
06:31
the orchestra of chemical signals
that tumors need to make to spread.
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即肿瘤扩散所需要的化学信号。
06:36
For a tumor to break out
of the tissue that it's born in,
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一个肿瘤冲破包围它的组织时,
06:39
it has to make chemicals called enzymes
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它需要产生一种叫做酶的化学物质
06:42
to chew through
the scaffolding of tissues.
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来分解组织的组成结构。
06:45
We designed these nanoparticles
to be activated by these enzymes.
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我们设计了这些会被酶激发的纳米颗粒。
06:51
One enzyme can activate a thousand
of these chemical reactions in an hour.
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一个酶每小时
可激发一千个这种化学反应。
06:57
Now in engineering, we call
that one-to-a-thousand ratio
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用工程术语来描述的话,
我们叫它1比1000的
07:01
a form of amplification,
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放大比例,
07:02
and it makes something ultrasensitive.
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这就形成了一种超级灵敏的东西。
07:04
So we've made an ultrasensitive
cancer detector.
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所以我们已经做了一个
超灵敏的癌症检测器。
07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated
signal to the outside world,
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好的,但我如何把这激发信号传递到外界,
07:14
where I can act on it?
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好方便对其进行分析呢?
07:15
For this, we're going to use
one more piece of nanoscale biology,
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针对这个问题,
我们将采用另一项纳米生物技术,
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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与肾脏有关。
07:21
The kidney is a filter.
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肾脏就是一个过滤装置。
07:23
Its job is to filter out the blood
and put waste into the urine.
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它的工作是把血液中的废物
过滤出来形成尿液。
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters
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事实发现肾脏的过滤系统
07:31
is also dependent on size.
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也是依据(过滤物的)大小。
07:34
So in this image, what you can see
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所以在这个图中,你可以看到
07:36
is that everything smaller
than five nanometers
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所有小于5纳米的东西
07:39
is going from the blood,
through the kidney, into the urine,
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都会从血液,穿过肾,变成尿液,
其他所有更大尺寸的会留下来。
07:44
and everything else
that's bigger is retained.
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07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer
cancer detector,
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好,那如果我制造一个
100纳米的癌症检测装置,
07:52
I inject it in the bloodstream,
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注射到血流中,
07:54
it can leak into the tumor
where it's activated by tumor enzymes
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它可以渗漏到肿瘤
并被肿瘤的酶激发,
08:00
to release a small signal
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释放出很小的信号,
08:02
that is small enough to be
filtered out of the kidney
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小到可以被肾脏过滤出来
08:05
and put into the urine,
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并进入尿液中。
08:07
I have a signal in the outside world
that I can detect.
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我就有了一个可以在体外探测到的信号。
08:12
OK, but there's one more problem.
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好,但是还有另一个问题。
08:14
This is a tiny little signal,
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这是个小而微弱的信号,
08:16
so how do I detect it?
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我怎么来检测它?
08:18
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
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实际上,信号就是一个分子。
08:20
They're molecules
that we designed as engineers.
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它们是我们作为工程师设计的分子。
08:23
They're completely synthetic,
and we can design them
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它们完全人工合成并且我们可以设计它们,
08:26
so they are compatible
with our tool of choice.
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所以它们和我们选用的工具相匹配。
08:30
If we want to use a really
sensitive, fancy instrument
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如果我们想使用一种非常灵敏先进的仪器
08:33
called a mass spectrometer,
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叫做质谱仪,
08:35
then we make a molecule
with a unique mass.
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那我们可以让这个分子
有一个独特的质量。
08:38
Or maybe we want make something
that's more inexpensive and portable.
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或者我们也许想要研制出一种
更加便宜和便于携带的分析方式。
08:42
Then we make molecules
that we can trap on paper,
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那我们就制造出可以滞留在纸上的分子,
08:46
like a pregnancy test.
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就像测孕试纸。
08:47
In fact, there's a whole
world of paper tests
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实际上试纸的应用已经非常广泛,
08:50
that are becoming available
in a field called paper diagnostics.
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以至于专门形成了试纸诊断领域。
08:55
Alright, where are we going with this?
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那好,我们现在进展如何呢?
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next,
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我接下来要告诉你们的,
09:00
as a lifelong researcher,
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作为一个终身的研究人员,
09:02
represents a dream of mine.
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代表了我的一个梦想。
09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise;
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我不敢说那是一个诺言;
09:06
it's a dream.
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这是一个梦想。
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams
to keep us pushing forward,
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但是我想我们都应该有梦想来
鞭策我们前行,
09:11
even -- and maybe especially --
cancer researchers.
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甚至——并且可能尤其是
针对癌症的研究者。
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope
will happen with my technology,
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我将告诉你们我所希望
用我的技术会发生的,
09:19
that my team and I will put
our hearts and souls
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我和我的团队将不遗余力
09:23
into making a reality.
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让它变成现实。
09:25
OK, here goes.
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这就是:
我希望有一天
09:27
I dream that one day,
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09:30
instead of going into
an expensive screening facility
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不需要昂贵的筛选设备
09:33
to get a colonoscopy,
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来进行结肠镜检查,
09:35
or a mammogram,
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或乳房X线照片,
09:36
or a pap smear,
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或制作帕氏涂片,
09:38
that you could get a shot,
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而是只需要扎一针,
09:40
wait an hour,
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等一个小时,
在试纸上进行一个尿检。
09:42
and do a urine test on a paper strip.
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09:45
I imagine that this could even happen
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我期待甚至可以不需要
09:48
without the need for steady electricity,
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稳定的电力供应,
09:51
or a medical professional in the room.
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或者一位医务工作者呆在诊室。
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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也许他们在很远的地方,
09:55
and connected only by the image
on a smartphone.
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只通过智能手机上的图像进行联系。
09:58
Now I know this sounds like a dream,
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现在我知道这听起来不太现实,
10:00
but in the lab we already
have this working in mice,
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但是在实验室中
我们已经在老鼠体内取得了进展,
10:03
where it works better
than existing methods
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它对于肺癌和卵巢癌的检测结果
10:05
for the detection of lung,
colon and ovarian cancer.
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比现行的任何一种方法都要好。
10:10
And I hope that what this means
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我希望这意味着
10:12
is that one day we can
detect tumors in patients
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有一天我们可以很快检查出
病人体内的肿瘤,
10:18
sooner than 10 years
after they've started growing,
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不必等到十年后它们已成型,
10:21
in all walks of life,
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在各行各业,
10:23
all around the globe,
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全球各地都是如此,
10:25
and that this would lead
to earlier treatments,
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这也会让更早期的治疗成为现实,
我们可以比现在拯救更多的生命,
10:28
and that we could save more lives
than we can today,
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10:31
with early detection.
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只需依赖早期检测。
10:33
Thank you.
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谢谢。
10:34
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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