This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors | Sangeeta Bhatia

110,059 views ใƒป 2016-06-07

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
In the space that used to house one transistor,
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืคืขื ื”ื›ื™ืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
00:16
we can now fit one billion.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
00:19
That made it so that a computer the size of an entire room
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื
00:23
now fits in your pocket.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื›ื ืก ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœื›ื.
00:26
You might say the future is small.
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ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
00:29
As an engineer,
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ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช,
00:30
I'm inspired by this miniaturization revolution in computers.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื”ื–ืขืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:34
As a physician,
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ื›ืจื•ืคืื”,
00:36
I wonder whether we could use it to reduce the number of lives lost
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
00:41
due to one of the fastest-growing diseases on Earth:
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ื‘ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ:
00:46
cancer.
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:47
Now when I say that,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื–ื”,
00:48
what most people hear me say is that we're working on curing cancer.
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ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืจืคื ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
00:52
And we are.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
00:53
But it turns out
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
00:55
that there's an incredible opportunity to save lives
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
00:57
through the early detection and prevention of cancer.
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ื“ืจืš ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžื ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
01:01
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths due to cancer are fully preventable
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื ืžืžืงืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
01:07
using methods that we already have in hand today.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
01:10
Things like vaccination, timely screening
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืกืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
01:13
and of course, stopping smoking.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืคืกืงืช ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
01:16
But even with the best tools and technologies that we have today,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:19
some tumors can't be detected
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ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช
01:22
until 10 years after they've started growing,
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ืขื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:25
when they are 50 million cancer cells strong.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
01:30
What if we had better technologies
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:31
to detect some of these more deadly cancers sooner,
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:35
when they could be removed,
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ื›ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืื•ืชื,
01:36
when they were just getting started?
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื?
01:38
Let me tell you about how miniaturization might get us there.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื”ื–ืขืจื” ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืคื”.
01:43
This is a microscope in a typical lab
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ื–ื” ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
01:45
that a pathologist would use for looking at a tissue specimen,
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ืฉืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืจืงืžื”,
01:49
like a biopsy or a pap smear.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ืคืกื™ื” ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคืืค.
01:51
This $7,000 microscope
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ื”ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืœื” 7,000$
01:54
would be used by somebody with years of specialized training
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขื ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
01:57
to spot cancer cells.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
02:00
This is an image from a colleague of mine at Rice University,
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืจื™ื™ืก,
02:03
Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
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ืจื‘ืงื” ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ืก-ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื.
02:04
What she and her team have done is miniaturize that whole microscope
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืฉื• ื–ื” ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค
02:08
into this $10 part,
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ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœ 10$,
02:10
and it fits on the end of an optical fiber.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
02:13
Now what that means is instead of taking a sample from a patient
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื—ื•ืœื”
02:17
and sending it to the microscope,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค,
02:19
you can bring the microscope to the patient.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืœื—ื•ืœื”.
02:22
And then, instead of requiring a specialist to look at the images,
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ื•ืื–, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช,
02:26
you can train the computer to score normal versus cancerous cells.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœื“ืจื’ ืชืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
02:32
Now this is important,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:33
because what they found working in rural communities,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืคืจื™ื•ืช,
02:36
is that even when they have a mobile screening van
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ื–ื” ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื•ื•ืืŸ ืกืจื™ืงื” ื ื™ื™ื“
02:39
that can go out into the community and perform exams
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช
02:42
and collect samples
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ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ื•ืช
02:43
and send them to the central hospital for analysis,
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”,
02:47
that days later,
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ืฉื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:48
women get a call with an abnormal test result
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ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื—ืจื™ื’ื•ืช
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
02:52
Fully half of them don't turn up because they can't afford the trip.
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืŸ ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”.
02:57
With the integrated microscope and computer analysis,
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ืขื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืค ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘,
03:01
Rebecca and her colleagues have been able to create a van
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ืจื‘ืงื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื•ืืŸ
03:04
that has both a diagnostic setup and a treatment setup.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
03:07
And what that means is that they can do a diagnosis
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ
03:10
and perform therapy on the spot,
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ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื,
03:13
so no one is lost to follow up.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ.
03:15
That's just one example of how miniaturization can save lives.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืื™ืš ื”ื–ืขืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:20
Now as engineers,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
03:21
we think of this as straight-up miniaturization.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื”ื–ืขืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
03:24
You took a big thing and you made it little.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:26
But what I told you before about computers
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
03:28
was that they transformed our lives
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
03:31
when they became small enough for us to take them everywhere.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
03:35
So what is the transformational equivalent like that in medicine?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืžืฉื ืช ื”ืกื“ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื• ื‘ืจืคื•ืื”?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื’ืœืื™
03:43
that was so small that it could circulate in your body,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
03:47
find the tumor all by itself
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•
03:50
and send a signal to the outside world?
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™?
03:53
It sounds a little bit like science fiction.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
03:55
But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื–ื”.
03:59
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector
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ื ื ื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœืื™
04:04
from the width of a human hair,
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ืžืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจืช ืื“ื,
04:06
which is 100 microns,
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ืฉื”ื™ื 100 ืžื™ืงืจื•ื ื™ื,
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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ืœืคื™ ืืœืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:10
which is 100 nanometers.
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ืฉื–ื” 100 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ.
04:12
And that has profound implications.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:15
It turns out that materials actually change their properties
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
04:19
at the nanoscale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™.
04:21
You take a common material like gold,
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”ื‘,
04:23
and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles,
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ื•ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื‘ืง, ืœื ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘,
04:27
and it changes from looking gold to looking red.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืจืื” ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ ืœืžืจืื” ืื“ื•ื.
04:31
If you take a more exotic material like cadmium selenide --
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ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื ืกืœื ื™ื™ื“ --
04:34
forms a big, black crystal --
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ --
04:37
if you make nanocrystals out of this material
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ืื ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื ื ื•ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื”
04:39
and you put it in a liquid,
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ื•ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ,
04:41
and you shine light on it,
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ื•ืืชื ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
04:43
they glow.
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ื”ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
04:44
And they glow blue, green, yellow, orange, red,
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืง, ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ื›ืชื•ื, ืื“ื•ื,
04:50
depending only on their size.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ืจืง ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:52
It's wild! Can you imagine an object like that in the macro world?
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ! ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืืงืจื•?
04:56
It would be like all the denim jeans in your closet are all made of cotton,
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื’'ื™ื ืกื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
05:03
but they are different colors depending only on their size.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:08
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:10
So as a physician,
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ืื– ื›ืจื•ืคืื”,
05:12
what's just as interesting to me
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™
05:14
is that it's not just the color of materials
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ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
05:17
that changes at the nanoscale;
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ืฉืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ื ื ื•;
05:19
the way they travel in your body also changes.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืข ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื’ื ืžืฉืชื ื”,
05:23
And this is the kind of observation that we're going to use
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ
05:25
to make a better cancer detector.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:28
So let me show you what I mean.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช.
05:30
This is a blood vessel in the body.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื“ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
05:32
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
05:35
We're going to inject nanoparticles into the blood vessel
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ื ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืชื ื”ื“ื
05:38
and watch how they travel from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ืžื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
05:43
Now it turns out that the blood vessels of many tumors are leaky,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื,
05:47
and so nanoparticles can leak out from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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ื•ื›ืš ื ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื–ืจื ื”ื“ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ.
05:52
Whether they leak out depends on their size.
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ื”ื“ืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:56
So in this image,
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ืื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer, blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
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ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 100 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ ื“ื•ืœืคื™ื,
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer, red nanoparticles
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 500 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ
06:05
are stuck in the bloodstream.
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ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
06:06
So that means as an engineer,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกืช,
06:09
depending on how big or small I make a material,
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง,
06:13
I can change where it goes in your body.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
06:17
In my lab, we recently made a cancer nanodetector
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™, ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื ื ื• ื’ืœืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ
06:21
that is so small that it could travel into the body and look for tumors.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื—ืคืฉ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
06:27
We designed it to listen for tumor invasion:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœืคืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื:
06:31
the orchestra of chemical signals that tumors need to make to spread.
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ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
06:36
For a tumor to break out of the tissue that it's born in,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจืงืžื” ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“,
06:39
it has to make chemicals called enzymes
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื
06:42
to chew through the scaffolding of tissues.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืงืžื”.
06:45
We designed these nanoparticles to be activated by these enzymes.
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ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื ื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
06:51
One enzyme can activate a thousand of these chemical reactions in an hour.
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ืื ื–ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืฉืขื”.
06:57
Now in engineering, we call that one-to-a-thousand ratio
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืืœืฃ
07:01
a form of amplification,
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ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”,
07:02
and it makes something ultrasensitive.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
07:04
So we've made an ultrasensitive cancer detector.
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ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื’ืœืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืœื˜ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ.
07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated signal to the outside world,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ,
07:14
where I can act on it?
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ืฉื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื•?
07:15
For this, we're going to use one more piece of nanoscale biology,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืกื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™,
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
07:21
The kidney is a filter.
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ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืกื ืŸ,
07:23
Its job is to filter out the blood and put waste into the urine.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ื ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืœืฉืชืŸ.
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืกื ื ื•ืช
07:31
is also dependent on size.
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ื’ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
07:34
So in this image, what you can see
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ืื– ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:36
is that everything smaller than five nanometers
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื˜ืŸ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื
07:39
is going from the blood, through the kidney, into the urine,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื“ื, ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ืœื™ื•ืช, ืœืฉืชืŸ,
07:44
and everything else that's bigger is retained.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืฉื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ื ืฉืืจ.
07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer cancer detector,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื’ืœืื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 100 ื ื ื•ืžื˜ืจ,
07:52
I inject it in the bloodstream,
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ืื ื™ ืžื–ืจื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
07:54
it can leak into the tumor where it's activated by tumor enzymes
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืœื•ืฃ ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
08:00
to release a small signal
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ
08:02
that is small enough to be filtered out of the kidney
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
08:05
and put into the urine,
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ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืชืŸ,
08:07
I have a signal in the outside world that I can detect.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช.
08:12
OK, but there's one more problem.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:14
This is a tiny little signal,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื–ืขื™ืจ,
08:16
so how do I detect it?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื•?
08:18
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”.
08:20
They're molecules that we designed as engineers.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืชื›ื ื ื• ื›ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื.
08:23
They're completely synthetic, and we can design them
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ื”ืŸ ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ
08:26
so they are compatible with our tool of choice.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:30
If we want to use a really sensitive, fancy instrument
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ืจื’ื™ืฉ
08:33
called a mass spectrometer,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžืืกื”,
08:35
then we make a molecule with a unique mass.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืขื ืžืืกื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
08:38
Or maybe we want make something that's more inexpensive and portable.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ื™ื™ื“.
08:42
Then we make molecules that we can trap on paper,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืœื›ื“ ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ,
08:46
like a pregnancy test.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
08:47
In fact, there's a whole world of paper tests
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ
08:50
that are becoming available in a field called paper diagnostics.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
08:55
Alright, where are we going with this?
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”?
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
09:00
as a lifelong researcher,
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ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš,
09:02
represents a dream of mine.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื™.
09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise;
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”;
09:06
it's a dream.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœื•ื.
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams to keep us pushing forward,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
09:11
even -- and maybe especially -- cancer researchers.
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ื’ื -- ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ -- ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope will happen with my technology,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™,
09:19
that my team and I will put our hearts and souls
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ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ื ืฉืžื”
09:23
into making a reality.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
09:25
OK, here goes.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื ื” ื–ื”.
09:27
I dream that one day,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืžืช ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“,
09:30
instead of going into an expensive screening facility
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืžืชืงืŸ ืกืจื™ืงื” ื™ืงืจ
09:33
to get a colonoscopy,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”,
09:35
or a mammogram,
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ืื• ืžืžื•ื’ืจืžื”,
09:36
or a pap smear,
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ืื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืคืืค,
09:38
that you could get a shot,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืจื™ืงื”,
09:40
wait an hour,
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ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื”,
09:42
and do a urine test on a paper strip.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืฉืชืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ.
09:45
I imagine that this could even happen
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื•
09:48
without the need for steady electricity,
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื“ื™ืจ,
09:51
or a medical professional in the room.
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ืื• ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืจืคื•ืื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื
09:55
and connected only by the image on a smartphone.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืจืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื.
09:58
Now I know this sounds like a dream,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื—ืœื•ื,
10:00
but in the lab we already have this working in mice,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:03
where it works better than existing methods
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ืฉื ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
10:05
for the detection of lung, colon and ovarian cancer.
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ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžืขื™ ื•ืฉื—ืœื•ืช.
10:10
And I hope that what this means
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
10:12
is that one day we can detect tumors in patients
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื
10:18
sooner than 10 years after they've started growing,
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
10:21
in all walks of life,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:23
all around the globe,
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
10:25
and that this would lead to earlier treatments,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:28
and that we could save more lives than we can today,
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ื•ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:31
with early detection.
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ืขื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื.
10:33
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:34
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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