This tiny particle could roam your body to find tumors | Sangeeta Bhatia

110,005 views ใƒป 2016-06-07

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: ejay kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : Sungho Yoo
00:12
In the space that used to house one transistor,
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์˜ˆ์ „์— ํŠธ๋žœ์ง€์Šคํ„ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—
00:16
we can now fit one billion.
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ 10์–ต ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
That made it so that a computer the size of an entire room
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๋ฐฉ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋งŒํผ ํฌ๋˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€
00:23
now fits in your pocket.
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์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘์•„์กŒ์ง€์š”.
00:26
You might say the future is small.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์€ ์ž‘๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
00:29
As an engineer,
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์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ์„œ
00:30
I'm inspired by this miniaturization revolution in computers.
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์ €๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”๋œ ์ ์ด ์ธ์ƒ๊นŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:34
As a physician,
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๋‚ด๊ณผ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ
00:36
I wonder whether we could use it to reduce the number of lives lost
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๊ธ‰์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฉ์ˆจ์„ ์žƒ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๋ฐ
00:41
due to one of the fastest-growing diseases on Earth:
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
cancer.
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์•”.
00:47
Now when I say that,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•”์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด
00:48
what most people hear me say is that we're working on curing cancer.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ์•”์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์•Œ์ฃ .
00:52
And we are.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
But it turns out
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
00:55
that there's an incredible opportunity to save lives
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์•”์„ ์กฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆด ๊ธฐํšŒ๋Š”
00:57
through the early detection and prevention of cancer.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths due to cancer are fully preventable
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์•” ์‚ฌ๋ง์˜ 2/3 ์ด์ƒ์€
01:07
using methods that we already have in hand today.
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์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ๋„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋ง‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
Things like vaccination, timely screening
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๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ง„๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
01:13
and of course, stopping smoking.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ธˆ์—ฐ๋„ ํฌํ•จ๋˜๊ตฌ์š”.
01:16
But even with the best tools and technologies that we have today,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์จ๋„
01:19
some tumors can't be detected
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…์–‘์€ 10๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜
01:22
until 10 years after they've started growing,
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5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์ง€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ
01:25
when they are 50 million cancer cells strong.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:30
What if we had better technologies
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์•”์„
01:31
to detect some of these more deadly cancers sooner,
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๋” ์ผ์ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
01:35
when they could be removed,
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์•”์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:36
when they were just getting started?
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
Let me tell you about how miniaturization might get us there.
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์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
This is a microscope in a typical lab
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ณดํ†ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
01:45
that a pathologist would use for looking at a tissue specimen,
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๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒ€์ด๋‚˜ ํŒน ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ(์ž๊ถ์•” ์กฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ)๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:49
like a biopsy or a pap smear.
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์กฐ์ง ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ง€์š”.
01:51
This $7,000 microscope
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฌธ ์ˆ˜๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ 
01:54
would be used by somebody with years of specialized training
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700๋งŒ์›์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ
01:57
to spot cancer cells.
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์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
This is an image from a colleague of mine at Rice University,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด ๋ฆฌ์ฐจ๋“œ ์ฝ”ํ…€์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด์ค€
02:03
Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
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์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:04
What she and her team have done is miniaturize that whole microscope
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๊ทธ ํŒ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œํ•ด์„œ
02:08
into this $10 part,
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๊ด‘์„ฌ์œ  ๋์— ๋‹ฌ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€
02:10
and it fits on the end of an optical fiber.
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๋งŒ์› ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
Now what that means is instead of taking a sample from a patient
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์ด์ œ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด
02:17
and sending it to the microscope,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
02:19
you can bring the microscope to the patient.
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:22
And then, instead of requiring a specialist to look at the images,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—
02:26
you can train the computer to score normal versus cancerous cells.
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œ์ผœ ์ •์ƒ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์•”์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
Now this is important,
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:33
because what they found working in rural communities,
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์‹œ๊ณจ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ๋Š”
02:36
is that even when they have a mobile screening van
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์ด๋™ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ด
02:39
that can go out into the community and perform exams
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๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:42
and collect samples
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์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์„ ๋ชจ์•„
02:43
and send them to the central hospital for analysis,
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๋ณ‘์› ๋ณธ๋ถ€์— ๋ถ„์„์„ ์˜๋ขฐํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ 
02:47
that days later,
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๋ฉฐ์น  ํ›„
02:48
women get a call with an abnormal test result
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ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๋น„์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๋ณด๋ฐ›๊ณ 
02:51
and they're asked to come in.
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๋ณ‘์›์œผ๋กœ ์˜ค๋ผ๋Š” ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ์ฃ .
02:52
Fully half of them don't turn up because they can't afford the trip.
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๊ทธ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ˜•ํŽธ์ด ์•ˆ๋˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•˜์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:57
With the integrated microscope and computer analysis,
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ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„์ด ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด
03:01
Rebecca and her colleagues have been able to create a van
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๋ ˆ๋ฒ ์นด์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ง„๋‹จ๊ณผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์„
03:04
that has both a diagnostic setup and a treatment setup.
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๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
And what that means is that they can do a diagnosis
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ
03:10
and perform therapy on the spot,
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์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ
03:13
so no one is lost to follow up.
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ํ›„์† ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋†“์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์ฃ .
03:15
That's just one example of how miniaturization can save lives.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
Now as engineers,
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์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
03:21
we think of this as straight-up miniaturization.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ '๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”'๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:24
You took a big thing and you made it little.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
03:26
But what I told you before about computers
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•ž์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ
03:28
was that they transformed our lives
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์–ด๋””๋กœ๋“  ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
03:31
when they became small enough for us to take them everywhere.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒ๋ช…๋„ ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์ง€์š”.
03:35
So what is the transformational equivalent like that in medicine?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์˜์•ฝ์—์„œ ์ด์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:40
Well, what if you had a detector
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์ž, ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€
03:43
that was so small that it could circulate in your body,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
03:47
find the tumor all by itself
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ข…์–‘์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ 
03:50
and send a signal to the outside world?
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์™ธ๋ถ€์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:53
It sounds a little bit like science fiction.
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๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ์‹œ์ฃ .
03:55
But actually, nanotechnology allows us to do just that.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
Nanotechnology allows us to shrink the parts that make up the detector
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
04:04
from the width of a human hair,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๋งŒํผ ์ค„์ด๋ฉด
04:06
which is 100 microns,
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100 ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋ก ์ด ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:07
to a thousand times smaller,
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ฒœ ๋ฐฐ ๋” ์ค„์ด๋ฉด
04:10
which is 100 nanometers.
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100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
And that has profound implications.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ผ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ ธ์š”.
04:15
It turns out that materials actually change their properties
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด
04:19
at the nanoscale.
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์†์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:21
You take a common material like gold,
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๊ธˆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด
04:23
and you grind it into dust, into gold nanoparticles,
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๋จผ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„์„œ ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ฉด
04:27
and it changes from looking gold to looking red.
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๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง€์š”.
04:31
If you take a more exotic material like cadmium selenide --
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์…€๋ Œํ™” ์นด๋“œ๋ฎด๊ฐ™์€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚ฏ์„  ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์˜ˆ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
04:34
forms a big, black crystal --
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์›๋ž˜ ํฐ ๊ฒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:37
if you make nanocrystals out of this material
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
04:39
and you put it in a liquid,
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์•ก์ฒด์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด
04:41
and you shine light on it,
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๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋น›์„
04:43
they glow.
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์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:44
And they glow blue, green, yellow, orange, red,
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ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋ž‘, ์ดˆ๋ก, ๋…ธ๋ž‘, ์ฃผํ™ฉ, ๋นจ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ
04:50
depending only on their size.
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๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
It's wild! Can you imagine an object like that in the macro world?
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๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ๋˜์ฃ ! ๋งคํฌ๋กœ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
04:56
It would be like all the denim jeans in your closet are all made of cotton,
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๋‚ด ์˜ท์žฅ์˜ ์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฉด ์†Œ์žฌ์ธ๋ฐ๋„
05:03
but they are different colors depending only on their size.
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋ฉด ์ƒ‰์ƒ๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ตฌ์š”.
05:08
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:10
So as a physician,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ
05:12
what's just as interesting to me
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์ €๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
05:14
is that it's not just the color of materials
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๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
05:17
that changes at the nanoscale;
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๋ชธ ์†์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๋„
05:19
the way they travel in your body also changes.
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05:23
And this is the kind of observation that we're going to use
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
05:25
to make a better cancer detector.
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๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
So let me show you what I mean.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
This is a blood vessel in the body.
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์ด๊ฑด ๋ชธ ์†์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์„ ์ข…์–‘์ด ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
05:35
We're going to inject nanoparticles into the blood vessel
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:38
and watch how they travel from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:43
Now it turns out that the blood vessels of many tumors are leaky,
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์ข…์–‘์˜ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:47
and so nanoparticles can leak out from the bloodstream into the tumor.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์™€ ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:52
Whether they leak out depends on their size.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ์ž…์ž์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ๋ง์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ฃ .
05:56
So in this image,
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ
05:57
the smaller, hundred-nanometer, blue nanoparticles are leaking out,
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ํŒŒ๋ž‘์ƒ‰์ธ 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์€ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ์–ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
06:01
and the larger, 500-nanometer, red nanoparticles
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๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ธ 500 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ํฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋Š”
06:05
are stuck in the bloodstream.
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ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜์— ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:06
So that means as an engineer,
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๊ณตํ•™์ž์˜ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
06:09
depending on how big or small I make a material,
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์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
06:13
I can change where it goes in your body.
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๋ชธ์˜ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ์ง€ ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋”๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
06:17
In my lab, we recently made a cancer nanodetector
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:21
that is so small that it could travel into the body and look for tumors.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ชธ ์†์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘์„ ์ฐพ์•„์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:27
We designed it to listen for tumor invasion:
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์ข…์–‘์ด ์ฆ์‹ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
06:31
the orchestra of chemical signals that tumors need to make to spread.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ข…์–‘์ด ์ฆ์‹๋  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
For a tumor to break out of the tissue that it's born in,
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์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ์ปค์ ธ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด
06:39
it has to make chemicals called enzymes
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๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜๊ฒŒ ๋œฏ์–ด์„œ ๋‚˜์™€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:42
to chew through the scaffolding of tissues.
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์ด ๋•Œ ํšจ์†Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
We designed these nanoparticles to be activated by these enzymes.
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์ด ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋™์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”.
06:51
One enzyme can activate a thousand of these chemical reactions in an hour.
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ํšจ์†Œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์ฒœ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
Now in engineering, we call that one-to-a-thousand ratio
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๊ณตํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ 1 ๋Œ€ 1000๋กœ
07:01
a form of amplification,
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๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฆํญ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
07:02
and it makes something ultrasensitive.
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์ดˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:04
So we've made an ultrasensitive cancer detector.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋„ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
07:09
OK, but how do I get this activated signal to the outside world,
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์ž ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์™ธ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด
07:14
where I can act on it?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์น˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:15
For this, we're going to use one more piece of nanoscale biology,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฝฉํŒฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ
07:19
and that has to do with the kidney.
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๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
The kidney is a filter.
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์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ํ•„ํ„ฐ์ฃ .
07:23
Its job is to filter out the blood and put waste into the urine.
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
It turns out that what the kidney filters
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์ฝฉํŒฅ์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ
07:31
is also dependent on size.
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์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:34
So in this image, what you can see
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์ด ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋“ฏ์ด
07:36
is that everything smaller than five nanometers
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ํ˜ˆ์•ก์ด ์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด 5 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘์€ ๊ฑด
07:39
is going from the blood, through the kidney, into the urine,
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๋ชจ๋‘ ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ 
07:44
and everything else that's bigger is retained.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฑด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚จ์ง€์š”.
07:47
OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer cancer detector,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 100 ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•” ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
07:52
I inject it in the bloodstream,
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ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด
07:54
it can leak into the tumor where it's activated by tumor enzymes
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ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ข…์–‘์œผ๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•ด์„œ
08:00
to release a small signal
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์ข…์–‘ ํšจ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜์–ด
08:02
that is small enough to be filtered out of the kidney
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์ฝฉํŒฅ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
and put into the urine,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์†Œ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋ฉด
08:07
I have a signal in the outside world that I can detect.
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์ €๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
08:12
OK, but there's one more problem.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
08:14
This is a tiny little signal,
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์ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€๋ฐ
08:16
so how do I detect it?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜์ฃ ?
08:18
Well, the signal is just a molecule.
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์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ด์•ผ ๋ถ„์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
08:20
They're molecules that we designed as engineers.
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๊ณตํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“  ๋ถ„์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
08:23
They're completely synthetic, and we can design them
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์™„์ „ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ˆ
08:26
so they are compatible with our tool of choice.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์šฉ๋„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:30
If we want to use a really sensitive, fancy instrument
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š”
08:33
called a mass spectrometer,
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•œ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์“ด๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:35
then we make a molecule with a unique mass.
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์งˆ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
Or maybe we want make something that's more inexpensive and portable.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด๋Œ€ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ข‹๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
08:42
Then we make molecules that we can trap on paper,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ž„์‹  ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ™์€
08:46
like a pregnancy test.
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์ข…์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
In fact, there's a whole world of paper tests
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—
08:50
that are becoming available in a field called paper diagnostics.
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์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ง€ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
Alright, where are we going with this?
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
08:58
What I'm going to tell you next,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์€
09:00
as a lifelong researcher,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‰์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
09:02
represents a dream of mine.
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๊ฟˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
I can't say that's it's a promise;
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์•ฝ์†์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ณ 
09:06
it's a dream.
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๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
But I think we all have to have dreams to keep us pushing forward,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•  ๊ฟˆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:11
even -- and maybe especially -- cancer researchers.
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์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์ผ์ง€๋ผ๋„์š”. ์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ์•” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋” ๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผํ•˜์ฃ .
09:15
I'm going to tell you what I hope will happen with my technology,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
09:19
that my team and I will put our hearts and souls
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์ €์™€ ํŒ€์ด ์‹ฌํ˜ˆ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ์„œ
09:23
into making a reality.
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์‹คํ˜„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
OK, here goes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
09:27
I dream that one day,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”
09:30
instead of going into an expensive screening facility
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๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:33
to get a colonoscopy,
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๊ฒฐ์žฅ ๋‚ด์‹œ์ˆ ,
09:35
or a mammogram,
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์œ ๋ฐฉ X์„  ์ดฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ,
09:36
or a pap smear,
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ํŒน ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ 
09:38
that you could get a shot,
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์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋Œ€ ๋งž๊ณ 
09:40
wait an hour,
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ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ ํ›„
09:42
and do a urine test on a paper strip.
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์ข…์ด์— ์†Œ๋ณ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
09:45
I imagine that this could even happen
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”
09:48
without the need for steady electricity,
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์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์—†์ด๋„
09:51
or a medical professional in the room.
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์˜ํ•™ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์—†์ด๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
09:53
Maybe they could be far away
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ์„œ
09:55
and connected only by the image on a smartphone.
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์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
09:58
Now I know this sounds like a dream,
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ํ—ˆํ™ฉ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
10:00
but in the lab we already have this working in mice,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
10:03
where it works better than existing methods
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ํ์•”, ๋Œ€์žฅ์•”์ด๋‚˜ ๋‚œ์†Œ์•”์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
10:05
for the detection of lung, colon and ovarian cancer.
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๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ณด๋‹ค ํƒ์›”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
And I hope that what this means
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์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ
10:12
is that one day we can detect tumors in patients
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„
10:18
sooner than 10 years after they've started growing,
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๊ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ธต ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
10:21
in all walks of life,
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์ข…์–‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ์ง€ 10๋…„์ด๋‚˜ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—
10:23
all around the globe,
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์•”์„ ๊ฒ€์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:25
and that this would lead to earlier treatments,
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์กฐ๊ธฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ
10:28
and that we could save more lives than we can today,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด
10:31
with early detection.
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์˜ค๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:33
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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