The birds and the bees are just the beginning | Carin Bondar

180,783 views ・ 2014-03-14

TED


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翻译人员: 晨星 徐 校对人员: Li Li
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
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在座的各位今天有没有想到过性?
00:15
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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哈哈,的确如此
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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谢谢你们把手举起来
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
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在这里我为大家
00:21
some biological validation
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不堪的白日梦
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
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提供一些生物验证
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
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我要告诉你们一些事
00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
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你不知道的有关野生动物的性生活
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
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当人类想到性的时候
00:31
male and female forms
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男人和女人的形式
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
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这通常是他们首先想到的
00:35
but for many millions of years,
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但上百万年来
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
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这样细致的分类从没存在过
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
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性是多个生物体之间的
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
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一种身体结合
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
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或是DNA的产生
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
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直到5亿年后
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
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我们才开始研究阴茎的结构
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
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产生DNA的物质
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
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阴道,以及
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
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毫无疑问,你们或许在想
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
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什么是属于我们的物种
01:03
these very familiar structures,
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这种为人熟知的结构
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
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但是在动物界
01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
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性别结构的多样性已经进化到
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
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可以应对环境繁殖
01:12
surrounding reproduction
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所带来的多种因素
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
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这的确令人振奋不已
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
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阴茎的多样性随处可见
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
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这是船艄(一种软体动物)
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
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是鱿鱼和章鱼的近亲
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
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公船艄会有一个交接腕
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
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那什么是交接腕?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
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一种可拆分的、会游动的阴茎
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
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它会离开公船艄的躯体
01:36
finds the female through pheromonal cues in the water,
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通过水中的信息素线索找到异性
01:39
attaches itself to her body
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把自己吸附在异性身上
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
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储存精子
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
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几十年来,生物学家一直认为
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a separate organism altogether.
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交接腕是一个完全分离的生物体
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
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貘是一种南美的哺乳动物
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
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它有一个可以盘卷东西的阴茎
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
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这个阴茎很灵活
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
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非常类似于我们的手
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
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它运用这种灵活性
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
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可以迂回阴道
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
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直接把精子储存在异性的子宫里
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
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更别说这是一个非常大的阴茎
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
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动物界最大的阴茎
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
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却不是貘的阴茎
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
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动物界最悬殊的
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
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阴茎身体比例
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
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是看上去可怜巴巴的海滩藤壶
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
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这个视频向我们展示了
02:24
what the human penis would look like
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如果人类的阴茎也这么大的话
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
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会是什么样子
02:29
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
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嗯嗯 (笑声)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
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鉴于结构的多样性
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
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有人会想
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
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为了能够成功地繁衍后代
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
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阴茎必须得很齐整地进入阴道
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
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如果仅仅是把A插入B槽口
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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那就好办多了
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
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当然,这不太可能会发生
02:51
and that's because we can't just take form into account.
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因为我们不能仅仅只将形状大小考虑进去
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
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还得考虑功能的问题
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
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当提及性的时候
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
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功能与配子或精子和卵子做出的贡献
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
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密不可分
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
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但他们所做的贡献并不是对等的
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
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卵子并不容易产生
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
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这使得雌性在和谁分享卵子的事上
03:12
about who she shares them with.
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非常挑剔
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
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另一方面,精子很多,显得廉价
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
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这使得雄性
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
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在考虑繁衍下一代时
03:23
when it comes to siring members
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需要拿出
03:24
of future generations.
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性越多越好的策略
03:26
So how do animals cope
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那么动物是如何应对
03:28
with these very incongruent needs between the sexes?
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两性间这种不平衡的需求?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
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我的意思是,如果雌性不局限于某个特定的同伴
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
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或是她有能力储存精子
03:36
and she simply has enough,
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并且拥有的量已足
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
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那么她会做些
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
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其它生物活动
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
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躲避捕食者,培育下一代
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
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采集和消化食物
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
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这对那些还没把精子储存到
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
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雌性身体的雄性来说确实不是什么好事
03:53
and this sets the scene for some pretty drastic strategies
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为了能够成功授精
03:56
for successful fertilization.
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雄性们不得不使出一些策略
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
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这是臭虫在做爱
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
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这被恰如其分地称为创伤性授精
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
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雄性有一个尖尖的类似倒钩的阴茎
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
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他们通常直接插入雌性身体中
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
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而且并不刺入阴茎附近
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
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雄性把阴茎很随意地刺入雌性身体
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
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因此精子只是通过
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
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她的血淋巴进入卵巢
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
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如果雌性的刺伤很多
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
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或是这些刺伤受到感染的话
04:25
she can actually die from it.
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她可能会因此死去
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
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如果你在湖边
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
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悠闲自乐地散步
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
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看到鸭子们做爱
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
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你一定会感到很震惊
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
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因为这看起来像群奸
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
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老实说,事实的确如此
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
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一大群雄性会抓住一个雌性
04:43
hold her down,
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把她按下去
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
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然后不停地用自己螺旋状的阴茎
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
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向雌性同一形状的阴道射入精子
04:52
over and over and over again.
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一遍又一遍
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
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从一开始的疲软无力道后来的持续射精,这中间的过程不超过一秒
04:58
Now the female actually gets the last laugh, though,
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但是雌性会赢得最后的胜利
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
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因为她可以转变自己的境况
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
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选择那些适宜的精子
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
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进入自己的卵巢
05:10
Now, I like to share stories like this with my audiences
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现在我要和你们分享一些故事
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
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因为,我们人类
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
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总是认为性很好,性充满着乐趣
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
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充满着浪漫,充满着性高潮
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
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但直到6500万年后
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
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性高潮才随着哺乳动物的出现
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
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有所发展
05:24
But some animals had it going on quite a bit before that.
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但是有些动物在此之前就有所变化
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
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有一些颇为原始的
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
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取悦异性的方法
05:31
Earwig males have either
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雄性蠼螋的阴茎下部
05:33
really large penile appendages
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要么很大
05:35
or really small ones.
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要么很小
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
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这是一种非常简单的基因遗传特性
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
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其他方面,雄性没有任何差别
05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
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那些有着长长的阴茎下部的雄性
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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看上去并不比其它的高大
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
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或是有着其它的不同
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
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根据生物理念
05:49
we might think that females should choose
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我们或许认为雌性应当选择
05:51
to have sex with the guys that have the shorter appendages,
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和那些阴茎下部比较小的雄性做爱
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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这样她可以有更多的时间做其它事
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
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躲避捕食者,照顾下一代
05:58
finding and ingesting food.
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收集和消化食物
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
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但是生物学家多次注意到
06:03
that females choose to have sex
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雌性会选择
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
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和那些阴茎下部较长的雄性做爱
06:09
Why do they do this?
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她们为什么这么做呢?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
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好吧,根据一些生物学方面的专著
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
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“在交配过程中
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
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通过一些机械的或是刺激性的交互作用
06:19
through superior mechanical or stimulatory interaction
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一些雄性的生殖器会运用雌性生殖系统
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
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使她们产生更为愉悦的反应。”
06:26
Mm-hm.
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嗯嗯
06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
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这是墨西哥古比鱼
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
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你们可以从它们的上颌骨
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
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看到一个表皮细丝的分支
06:35
and these filaments basically form
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这些细丝形成了
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
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一个鱼须
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
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我们已经注意到
06:41
the female's genital opening
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雄性会在交欢前
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
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把阴茎刺入雌性的生殖口
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
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我喜欢把它命名为“夏威夷神探假设” (《夏威夷神探》是美国的一部电视剧)
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
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雌性会更喜欢和那些有鱼须的雄性
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
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蹲在一起
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
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这是一个古比鱼的性爱录像
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
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为了赢得一个异性伴侣
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
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雄性会使用
07:05
winning a female partner.
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多种策略
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which sexual structures are used in a forceful way
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我们知道有一种强制策略使得性以一种强迫的方式
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
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与雌性发生关系
07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
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还有一种取悦策略
07:15
where males are actually
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雄性会
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
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通过讨好异性
07:19
as a sex partner.
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来赢得她们的芳心
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
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不幸的是,在动物界
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
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强制策略
07:26
time and time again.
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最为常见
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
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在各个物种中都可以看到
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
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比如无脊椎动物、鸟类
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
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哺乳动物,甚至在灵长类也很常见
07:35
Now interestingly, there are a few mammalian species
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有趣的是,在一些哺乳类物种中
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
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雌性进化出一些特定的生殖器
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
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使得性强迫无法发生
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
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母大象和母鬣狗
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
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有一个勃起的阴蒂
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
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或是一个外挂的扩大的阴蒂组织
07:55
much like a penis,
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很像阴茎
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
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其实很难仅仅从外在区分
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
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这些动物的性别
08:02
So before a male can insert his penis into a female's vagina,
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因此一个雄性在把自己的阴茎插入雄性的卵巢前
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
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雌性会把自己勃起的阴蒂
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
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伸出体外
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
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你可以想象,把一个阴茎放在另一个上面
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
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这事不太可能发生
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
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除非雌性同意
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
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更为有趣的是
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
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大象界和鬣狗界
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
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是一个母系社会
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
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它们有一群雌性带领着
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
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姐妹,姑姑阿姨,以及她们的子孙
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
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当年轻的雄性性发育成熟后
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
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就会被驱逐出群体
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
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在鬣狗界
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
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成年雄性的地位最低
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
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在猎杀中,他们总是排在最后
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
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甚至不如自己的后代
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
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由此可见,如果雄性
08:48
away from a male,
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没有了阴茎
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
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他就什么社会能力都没了
08:54
So what are my take-home messages from my talk today?
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那么今天我要告诉大家什么呢?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
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性不只仅仅是
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
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把A插入B槽口
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
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然后子孙满堂
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
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我们在动物界
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
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看到的性策略和生殖结构
09:10
dictate how males and females will react to each other,
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告诉我们两性是如何相互作用的
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
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也告诉我们人口和社会
09:17
form and evolve.
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如何形成并演变的
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
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所以动物,包括我们自己
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
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花费很多时间想着性的问题
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
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一点不足为奇
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
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但让你们感到惊讶的是
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
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性会在多大程度上
09:34
are influenced by it.
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影响我们以及它们生活的方方面面
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
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谢谢你们。做个好梦!
09:38
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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