The birds and the bees are just the beginning | Carin Bondar

180,904 views ใƒป 2014-03-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืกืงืก ื”ื™ื•ื?
00:15
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื.
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืจืžืชื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื.
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื›ื
00:21
some biological validation
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ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
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ืœื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
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ืื ื™ ืคื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
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ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืกืงืก ืคืจืื™.
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืงืก,
00:31
male and female forms
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ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืฉื™ื•ืช
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
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ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ,
00:35
but for many millions of years,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
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ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
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ืกืงืก ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
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ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ DNA
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
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ืžื—ื•ืœืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
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ื–ื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื™ืŸ
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
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ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื DNA,
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
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ื•ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืืชื ื›ื ืจืื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
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ืžื” ืฉืฉื™ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
01:03
these very familiar structures,
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื
01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
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ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
01:12
surrounding reproduction
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ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื”
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก ื ื™ื™ืจื™.
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ,
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
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ื•ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืงื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก.
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืงื˜ื•ืงื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
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ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื—ื” ืžืชื ืชืง.
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื›ืจ,
01:36
finds the female through pheromonal cues in the water,
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ืžื•ืฆื ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื” ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคืจื•ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื,
01:39
attaches itself to her body
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
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ื•ืžืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข.
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a separate organism altogether.
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ืฉื”ื”ืงื˜ื•ืงื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืง ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
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ื•ืœื˜ืคื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืœ.
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืŸ
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื”
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
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ื•ืœื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื”,
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื•.
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
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ื”ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™,
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืคื™ืจ.
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
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ื”ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
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ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
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ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ,
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
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ื•ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื
02:24
what the human penis would look like
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ืื™ืš ื”ืคื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืจืื”
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
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ืื” ื”ื.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
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ืื– ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”,
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉืคื™ื ื™ื
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
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ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ืคื” ืœื•ืื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
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ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ื—ืœืง A ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืจื™ืฅ B,
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš.
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืจื”,
02:51
and that's because we can't just take form into account.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื—ืช ืจืง ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกืงืก,
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
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ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
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ื”ื’ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ืื• ื”ื–ืจืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื™ืช.
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
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ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืช.
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
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ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ,
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจืจื ื™ื•ืช
03:12
about who she shares them with.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื ืžื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื•ืชืŸ.
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
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ื–ืจืข, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื•ืœ,
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
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ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืงืก ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
03:23
when it comes to siring members
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื‘ื”ื•ืช
03:24
of future generations.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
03:26
So how do animals cope
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
03:28
with these very incongruent needs between the sexes?
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ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ืื ื ืงื‘ื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื–ื›ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
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ืื• ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืื’ื•ืจ ื–ืจืข
03:36
and she simply has enough,
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
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ืื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื”
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
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ื‘ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช:
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
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ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
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ื–ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื–ื›ืจ
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
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ืฉืœื ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœื”,
03:53
and this sets the scene for some pretty drastic strategies
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:56
for successful fertilization.
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช.
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
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ื–ื” ืกืงืก ืคืจืขื•ืฉื™ ืžื™ื˜ื”,
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
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ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ื“, ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
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ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื”,
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”.
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
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ื”ื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
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ื•ื”ื–ืจืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ื“ื“
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืœื” ืœืฉื—ืœื•ืช.
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
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ืื ื ืงื‘ื” ื ื“ืงืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
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ืื• ืฉืคืฆืข ื”ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืžื–ื“ื”ื,
04:25
she can actually die from it.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ืœืžื•ืช ืžื–ื”.
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆืืชื,
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
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ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืื’ื
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืก,
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื”ืœืชื,
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ืก ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™.
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื” ืฉื–ื”.
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื™ืชืคืฉื• ื ืงื‘ื”,
04:43
hold her down,
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ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืื•ืชื”,
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื”
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืชื—ืŸ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื
04:52
over and over and over again.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
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ืžืžืฆื‘ ืจืคื•ื™ ืœืฉืคื™ื›ื” ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื”.
04:58
Now the female actually gets the last laugh, though,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื”
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
05:10
Now, I like to share stories like this with my audiences
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืขื ื”ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
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ืžืคื ื™ , ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืงืก, ืกืงืก ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ, ืกืงืก ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
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ื™ืฉ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื”.
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื–ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
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ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ 65 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
05:24
But some animals had it going on quite a bit before that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืคื ื™.
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
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ืœืขื ื’ ืฉื•ืชืฃ.
05:31
Earwig males have either
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ืœื–ื›ืจื™ ืฆื‘ืชืŸ ื™ืฉ ืื•
05:33
really large penile appendages
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ืคื™ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
05:35
or really small ones.
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ืื• ืžืžืฉ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
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ื–ื• ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
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ื•ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
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ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื™ื ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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ืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
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ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ืื–,
05:49
we might think that females should choose
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ
05:51
to have sex with the guys that have the shorter appendages,
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ืœืงื™ื™ื ืกืงืก ืขื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื™ื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื:
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
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ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
05:58
finding and ingesting food.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื•ื ืฉื ื”
06:03
that females choose to have sex
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ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
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ืขื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:09
Why do they do this?
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ืœืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
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"ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช
06:19
through superior mechanical or stimulatory interaction
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ื“ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
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ืขื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื”."
06:26
Mm-hm.
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ืื” ื”ื.
06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
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ืืœื ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื™ื,
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœืกืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
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ื–ื” ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื,
06:35
and these filaments basically form
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
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ืฉืคื ื“ื’ื™, ืื ืชืจืฆื•.
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื ืฆืคื• ืžื’ืจื™ื
06:41
the female's genital opening
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ืืช ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ื” ื”ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื™ืชื”,
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
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ื•ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืœื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžื’ื ื•ื PI,
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
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ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืขื
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืคื ื“ื’ื™.
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
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ืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืจื ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื ืคื”.
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
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ืื– ืจืื™ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
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ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข
07:05
winning a female partner.
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ืœื–ื›ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื ืงื‘ื”.
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which sexual structures are used in a forceful way
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
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ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ืงื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกืงืก.
07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™
07:15
where males are actually
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ื‘ื” ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
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ืžืขื ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื
07:19
as a sex partner.
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ื›ืคืจื˜ื ืจื™ื ืœืกืงืก.
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืฆืขืจื™ื ื•, ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™,
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
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ื–ื• ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
07:26
time and time again.
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ืคืขื ืื—ืจื™ ืคืขื.
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ืืฆืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช,
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
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ืžื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืคืคื™ื,
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ื.
07:35
Now interestingly, there are a few mammalian species
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
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ื‘ื”ื ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื” ืžืชืžื—ื™ื
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
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ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ืคื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœืงืจื•ืช.
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
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ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ื“ื’ื ื™ ืคื™ืŸ,
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
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ืื• ืจืงืžืช ื“ื’ื“ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืชืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
07:55
much like a penis,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืŸ,
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
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ืจืง ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
08:02
So before a male can insert his penis into a female's vagina,
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื›ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื”,
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
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ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื“ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื”.
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ืคื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ืงืจื”
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
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ืื ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ืœื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
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ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
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ื”ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ื•ืช:
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
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ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
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ืื—ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื,
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช,
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
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ื”ื ืžื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืœื”ืงื”.
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”ืจื’ ืจืง ืื—ืจื™
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคื™ืŸ
08:48
away from a male,
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ืžื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื,
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
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ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื.
08:54
So what are my take-home messages from my talk today?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืกืงืก ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
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ืžืจืง ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื—ืœืง A ื‘ื—ืจื™ืฅ B
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
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ื•ืœืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื™ื”
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ
09:10
dictate how males and females will react to each other,
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ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืš ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™,
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
09:17
form and evolve.
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
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ืฉื—ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืกืงืก,
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื ื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื”
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
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ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
09:34
are influenced by it.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžื–ื”.
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื, ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:38
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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