The birds and the bees are just the beginning | Carin Bondar

180,782 views ・ 2014-03-14

TED


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譯者: Hao-Wei Chang 審譯者: Willy Feng
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
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在座各位今天 有想色色的事嗎?
00:15
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
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一定有吧!
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
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謝謝你們如此誠實
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
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讓我為你們這些猥褻的白日夢
00:21
some biological validation
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提供一些
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
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生物學上的證據
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
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讓我告訴你們一些
00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
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你們可能不知道的野生動物性事
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
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當人類想到性
00:31
male and female forms
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我們很自然想到
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
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男女身體特徵
00:35
but for many millions of years,
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但是數百萬年來
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
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這麼明顯的區別並不存在
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
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性就是身體融合
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
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或是兩個、兩個以上的
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
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遺傳物質交換
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
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直到 5 億年前
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
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我們才看到近似陰莖
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
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或給予遺傳物質器官的出現
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
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和陰道或其他相似的接收結構
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
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你們難免會想
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
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我們自己人類的構造
01:03
these very familiar structures,
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我們看到動物世界中的
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
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生殖器官
01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
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這些相似但多樣的構造
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
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反應了關於生殖繁衍的
01:12
surrounding reproduction
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諸多因素
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
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實在很令人驚嘆
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
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陰莖結構特別多樣
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
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這是一隻船蛸
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
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是烏賊和章魚近親
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
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雄性個體具有交接腕
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
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什麼是交接腕呢?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
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是一個可分離 會游泳的陰莖
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
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它可以脫離雄性個體
01:36
finds the female through pheromonal cues in the water,
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借由水中的費洛蒙找到雌性
01:39
attaches itself to her body
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再將自己結合上去
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
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輸送精子
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
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數十年來 生物學家甚至認為
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a separate organism altogether.
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交接腕是個獨立的個體
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
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貘是以種來自南非的哺乳類
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
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貘俱有有抓握能力的陰莖
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
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牠陰莖靈巧的程度
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
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大概和我們的手一般
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
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而牠用這份靈巧
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
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穿過陰道
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
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將精子直接 送到雌性的子宮
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
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更別說牠的尺寸雄偉
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
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但是動物界中最大的陰莖
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
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並不是貘的
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
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在動物界中
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
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陰莖佔體型比例最大的
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
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是窄灘藤壺
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
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而這段影片可以告訴你
02:24
what the human penis would look like
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當人類與藤壺體積相等時
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
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陰莖的相對大小
02:29
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
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嗯 (笑聲)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
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對於如此多樣的結構
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
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有人可能認為
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
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為了成功繁衍後代
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
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陰莖可以完美地 與不同陰道結合
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
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直接將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
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然後一切就完美了
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
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但是事實並非如此
02:51
and that's because we can't just take form into account.
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因為在談論性時
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
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我們不能只考慮形態
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
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也必須考慮功能
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
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功能對配子的投資有關
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
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配子就是精子或卵子
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
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而兩份投資程度極不均等
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
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製造卵子代價昂貴
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
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所以雌性在選擇對象時
03:12
about who she shares them with.
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會十分謹慎
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
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另一方面,精子量多且成本低廉
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
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所以對雄性而言
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
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越頻繁的性交
03:23
when it comes to siring members
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對傳宗接代
03:24
of future generations.
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是最好的策略
03:26
So how do animals cope
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所以動物們如何調和
03:28
with these very incongruent needs between the sexes?
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不同性別對性交的要求?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
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我的意思是, 如果雌性不需要選擇雄性
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
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或是牠有能力儲存精子
03:36
and she simply has enough,
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而且也存夠了
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
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對牠而言, 合理的選擇是將時間花在
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
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進行其他生理活動:
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
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躲避敵害、育幼
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
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搜集並消化食物
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
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當然,這對沒有將 精子存入的雄性而言
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
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會是一個壞消息
03:53
and this sets the scene for some pretty drastic strategies
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現在想像一個
03:56
for successful fertilization.
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為了成功受孕的極端策略
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
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臭蟲的性交
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
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可以恰當地稱為「創傷式受精」
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
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雄性有尖銳、帶刺的陰莖
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
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可以真正刺進雌性體內
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
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而牠們並不是刺在陰道附近
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
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而是雌性身體的任一地方
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
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而精子則會借由
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
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雌性的血淋巴系統向子宮移動
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
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如果雌性受到太多刺傷
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
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或是刺傷造成感染
04:25
she can actually die from it.
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牠就可能因此死亡
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
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如果你曾經
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
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在池邊悠閒地散步
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
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並恰巧看到鴨子性交
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
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你一定會十分驚訝
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
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因為它看起來就像輪姦一般
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
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而事實就是如此
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
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一群雄性會抓住一隻雌性
04:43
hold her down,
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壓制牠
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
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將牠們螺旋形的陰莖
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
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輪流插入
04:52
over and over and over again.
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雌性螺旋狀的陰道中
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
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從開始到射精不到一秒的時間
04:58
Now the female actually gets the last laugh, though,
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但是雌性有最後的選擇
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
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因為雌性可以調整姿勢
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
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所以中意追求者的精子
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
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有更好的機會靠近子宮
05:10
Now, I like to share stories like this with my audiences
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我希望跟你們 分享這些故事的原因
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
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是因為我們人類
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
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傾向將性交 聯想成好玩、有趣
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
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有浪漫與有高潮
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
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但是高潮是在
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
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在 6 千 5 百萬年前
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
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隨著哺乳動物演化後才出現的
05:24
But some animals had it going on quite a bit before that.
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但是有些生物開始得更早
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
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利用原始的方式
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
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取悅伴侶
05:31
Earwig males have either
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地蜈蚣有兩種形態
05:33
really large penile appendages
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一種有較大的陰莖狀組織
05:35
or really small ones.
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一種則是縮小版
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
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縮小版是簡單的 遺傳物質傳送通道
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
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雄性間其他方面沒有不同
05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
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那些俱有較大陰莖狀組織的
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
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並非更強壯
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
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和其它個體沒有差別
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
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所以回到我們生物學的思維
05:49
we might think that females should choose
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我們可能會認為
05:51
to have sex with the guys that have the shorter appendages,
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雌性會選擇和 陰莖短小的雄性交配
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
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所以雌性能將時間花在:
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
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躲避天敵、育幼
05:58
finding and ingesting food.
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找尋並消化食物上
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
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但是生物學家重複觀察到
06:03
that females choose to have sex
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雌性會選擇和
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
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陰莖雄偉的雄性性交
06:09
Why do they do this?
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為什麼要這樣做呢?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
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根據生物學文獻
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
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「在交配時,特定雄性的生殖器
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
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可藉由更好的 生理構造或刺激形式
06:19
through superior mechanical or stimulatory interaction
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帶給雌性生殖道
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
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更愉悅的感受」
06:26
Mm-hm.
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06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
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這些是墨西哥大肚魚
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
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而你們看到牠們上頜骨
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
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有上外生長的表皮纖維
06:35
and these filaments basically form
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這些纖維基本上就是
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
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魚的鬍子
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
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我們觀察到
06:41
the female's genital opening
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雄魚會在交配前
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
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會刺激雌魚生殖道口
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
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這被我稱作「神探猛龍假說」 (註:神探猛龍主角以鬍子、風流著稱)
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
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雌魚顯然會偏好
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
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有鬍子的雄魚
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
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真是隻好色的小魚
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
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我們看到了不同
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
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雄性贏得
07:05
winning a female partner.
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雌性伴侶的策略
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which sexual structures are used in a forceful way
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我們看到以強制的手段
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
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迫使雌性就範
07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
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我們也看到令人愉悅的策略
07:15
where males are actually
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雄性是利用
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
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取悅雌性的方式
07:19
as a sex partner.
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使其成為性伴侶
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
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不幸的是在動物界中
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
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強迫的手段
07:26
time and time again.
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非常常見
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
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爲許多門動物所共有
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
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從無脊椎動物到鳥類
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
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哺乳類,甚至靈長類
07:35
Now interestingly, there are a few mammalian species
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有趣的是少數哺乳動物
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
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雌性會演化出特殊的生殖系統
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
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防止霸王硬上弓發生
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
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雌性的大象和土狼
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
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有陰莖狀的陰核
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
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或可說是膨大的陰核結構
07:55
much like a penis,
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像陰莖一般懸在外面
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
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這讓動物很難只藉由
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
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觀察外表就判定性別
08:02
So before a male can insert his penis into a female's vagina,
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所以在雄性可以 將其陰莖深入雌性陰道前
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
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雌性必須將陰莖狀的陰核
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
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向內收入自己體內
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
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想像將陰莖置入另一個陰莖
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
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這根本不可能發生
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
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除非雌性先進行這個動作
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
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更有趣的事
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
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大象和土狼的社會
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
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是母系社會
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
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牠們是由一群雌性管理
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
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姐妹、阿姨和小孩們
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
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當年輕雄性達到性成熟
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
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牠們會被逐出群體
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
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在土狼社會中, 成年雄性的地位
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
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在社會最底層
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
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牠們只能在 其他個體之後分食獵物
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
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順序甚至在幼獸之後
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
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這好像就是從雄性上
08:48
away from a male,
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拿走了陰莖所代表的力量
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
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就拿走了牠們所有的社會地位
08:54
So what are my take-home messages from my talk today?
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所以我想讓你們學到什麼呢?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
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性不只是
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
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將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
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然後期待會有活蹦亂跳的後代
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
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我們在動物界中看到
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
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生殖策略與結構
09:10
dictate how males and females will react to each other,
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主宰了雄性與雌性的互動
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
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也決定了族群與社會的
09:17
form and evolve.
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形成與演進
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
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所以包含我們在內的許多動物
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
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花許多時間思考性事
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
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這一點也不令人訝異了
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
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但是可能讓你們驚訝的
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
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性是如何影響到
09:34
are influenced by it.
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我們和牠們的其他生活層面
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
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謝謝大家 祝各位有個愉快的白日夢
09:38
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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