請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: Hao-Wei Chang
審譯者: Willy Feng
00:12
Anyone in the room thought about sex today?
0
12527
2845
在座各位今天
有想色色的事嗎?
00:15
(Laughter)
1
15372
1160
(笑聲)
00:16
Yeah, you did.
2
16532
1205
一定有吧!
00:17
Thank you for putting your hand up over there.
3
17737
2466
謝謝你們如此誠實
00:20
Well, I'm here to provide you with
4
20203
1720
讓我為你們這些猥褻的白日夢
00:21
some biological validation
5
21923
1695
提供一些
00:23
for your sordid daydreams.
6
23618
1430
生物學上的證據
00:25
I'm here to tell you a few things
7
25048
1394
讓我告訴你們一些
00:26
that you might not have known about wild sex.
8
26442
3506
你們可能不知道的野生動物性事
00:29
Now, when humans think about sex,
9
29948
1848
當人類想到性
00:31
male and female forms
10
31796
1730
我們很自然想到
00:33
are generally what come to mind,
11
33526
1671
男女身體特徵
00:35
but for many millions of years,
12
35197
2453
但是數百萬年來
00:37
such specific categories didn't even exist.
13
37650
2621
這麼明顯的區別並不存在
00:40
Sex was a mere fusion of bodies
14
40271
2603
性就是身體融合
00:42
or a trickle of DNA
15
42874
1610
或是兩個、兩個以上的
00:44
shared between two or more beings.
16
44484
2542
遺傳物質交換
00:47
It wasn't until about 500 million years ago
17
47026
2325
直到 5 億年前
00:49
that we start to see structures akin to a penis
18
49351
3364
我們才看到近似陰莖
00:52
or a thing that gives DNA out,
19
52715
2658
或給予遺傳物質器官的出現
00:55
and a vagina, something that receives it.
20
55373
3154
和陰道或其他相似的接收結構
00:58
Now invariably, you're probably thinking about
21
58527
2325
你們難免會想
01:00
what belongs to our own species,
22
60852
2420
我們自己人類的構造
01:03
these very familiar structures,
23
63272
1898
我們看到動物世界中的
01:05
but the diversity that we see in sexual structures
24
65170
2286
生殖器官
01:07
in the animal kingdom that has evolved
25
67456
1988
這些相似但多樣的構造
01:09
in response to the multitude of factors
26
69444
2648
反應了關於生殖繁衍的
01:12
surrounding reproduction
27
72092
1661
諸多因素
01:13
is pretty mind-blowing.
28
73753
2394
實在很令人驚嘆
01:16
Penile diversity is especially profuse.
29
76147
3641
陰莖結構特別多樣
01:19
So this is a paper nautilus.
30
79788
2145
這是一隻船蛸
01:21
It's a close relative of squid and octopus,
31
81933
2910
是烏賊和章魚近親
01:24
and males have a hectocotylus.
32
84843
3122
雄性個體具有交接腕
01:27
Just what is a hectocotylus?
33
87965
1750
什麼是交接腕呢?
01:29
A detachable, swimming penis.
34
89715
4179
是一個可分離
會游泳的陰莖
01:33
It leaves the [body of the male],
35
93894
2409
它可以脫離雄性個體
01:36
finds the female through
pheromonal cues in the water,
36
96303
3200
借由水中的費洛蒙找到雌性
01:39
attaches itself to her body
37
99503
1911
再將自己結合上去
01:41
and deposits the sperm.
38
101414
1308
輸送精子
01:42
For many decades, biologists actually felt
39
102722
2524
數十年來
生物學家甚至認為
01:45
that the hectocotylus was a
separate organism altogether.
40
105246
4445
交接腕是個獨立的個體
01:49
Now, the tapir is a mammal from South America.
41
109691
2988
貘是以種來自南非的哺乳類
01:52
And the tapir has a prehensile penis.
42
112679
2948
貘俱有有抓握能力的陰莖
01:55
It actually has a level of dexterity in its penis
43
115627
3042
牠陰莖靈巧的程度
01:58
much akin to what we have with our hands.
44
118669
2426
大概和我們的手一般
02:01
And it uses this dexterity
45
121095
1672
而牠用這份靈巧
02:02
to bypass the vagina altogether
46
122767
2216
穿過陰道
02:04
and deposit sperm directly into the female's uterus,
47
124983
3371
將精子直接
送到雌性的子宮
02:08
not to mention it's a pretty good size.
48
128354
3554
更別說牠的尺寸雄偉
02:11
The biggest penis in the animal kingdom,
49
131908
1929
但是動物界中最大的陰莖
02:13
however, is not that of the tapir.
50
133837
1695
並不是貘的
02:15
The biggest penis-to-body-size ratio
51
135532
2332
在動物界中
02:17
in the animal kingdom actually belongs
52
137864
1694
陰莖佔體型比例最大的
02:19
to the meager beach barnacle,
53
139558
2251
是窄灘藤壺
02:21
and this video is actually showing you
54
141809
2192
而這段影片可以告訴你
02:24
what the human penis would look like
55
144001
2084
當人類與藤壺體積相等時
02:26
if it were the same size as that of a barnacle.
56
146085
3461
陰莖的相對大小
02:29
(Laughter)
57
149546
3186
(笑聲)
02:32
Mm-hm. (Laughter)
58
152732
2263
嗯 (笑聲)
02:34
So with all of this diversity in structure,
59
154995
2798
對於如此多樣的結構
02:37
one might think, then, that penises
60
157793
2157
有人可能認為
02:39
are fitting neatly into vaginas all over the place
61
159950
2971
為了成功繁衍後代
02:42
for the purposes of successful reproduction.
62
162921
2077
陰莖可以完美地
與不同陰道結合
02:44
Simply insert part A into slot B,
63
164998
2545
直接將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
02:47
and we should all be good to go.
64
167543
2075
然後一切就完美了
02:49
But of course, that doesn't exactly happen,
65
169618
2329
但是事實並非如此
02:51
and that's because we can't
just take form into account.
66
171947
2928
因為在談論性時
02:54
We have to think about function as well,
67
174875
2282
我們不能只考慮形態
02:57
and when it comes to sex,
68
177157
1790
也必須考慮功能
02:58
function relates to the contributions made
69
178947
2526
功能對配子的投資有關
03:01
by the gametes, or the sperm and the eggs.
70
181473
2799
配子就是精子或卵子
03:04
And these contributions are far from equal.
71
184272
3334
而兩份投資程度極不均等
03:07
Eggs are very expensive to make,
72
187606
2386
製造卵子代價昂貴
03:09
so it makes sense for females to be very choosy
73
189992
2951
所以雌性在選擇對象時
03:12
about who she shares them with.
74
192943
2437
會十分謹慎
03:15
Sperm, on the other hand, is abundant and cheap,
75
195380
3813
另一方面,精子量多且成本低廉
03:19
so it makes more sense for males
76
199193
1852
所以對雄性而言
03:21
to have a more-sex-is-better strategy
77
201045
2150
越頻繁的性交
03:23
when it comes to siring members
78
203195
1412
對傳宗接代
03:24
of future generations.
79
204607
1846
是最好的策略
03:26
So how do animals cope
80
206453
1712
所以動物們如何調和
03:28
with these very incongruent
needs between the sexes?
81
208165
2885
不同性別對性交的要求?
03:31
I mean, if a female doesn't choose a particular male,
82
211050
3249
我的意思是,
如果雌性不需要選擇雄性
03:34
or if she has the ability to store sperm
83
214299
2439
或是牠有能力儲存精子
03:36
and she simply has enough,
84
216738
1677
而且也存夠了
03:38
then it makes more sense for her to spend her time
85
218415
2073
對牠而言,
合理的選擇是將時間花在
03:40
doing other biologically relevant things:
86
220488
2678
進行其他生理活動:
03:43
avoiding predators, taking care of offspring,
87
223166
2857
躲避敵害、育幼
03:46
gathering and ingesting food.
88
226023
2170
搜集並消化食物
03:48
This is, of course, bad news for any male
89
228193
2313
當然,這對沒有將
精子存入的雄性而言
03:50
who has yet to make a deposit in her sperm bank,
90
230506
2551
會是一個壞消息
03:53
and this sets the scene for
some pretty drastic strategies
91
233057
3105
現在想像一個
03:56
for successful fertilization.
92
236162
3306
為了成功受孕的極端策略
03:59
This is bedbug sex,
93
239468
2007
臭蟲的性交
04:01
and it's aptly termed traumatic insemination.
94
241475
4274
可以恰當地稱為「創傷式受精」
04:05
Males have a spiked, barbed penis
95
245749
2794
雄性有尖銳、帶刺的陰莖
04:08
that they literally stab into the female,
96
248543
2604
可以真正刺進雌性體內
04:11
and they don't stab it anywhere near her vagina.
97
251147
2861
而牠們並不是刺在陰道附近
04:14
They stab it anywhere in her body,
98
254008
2135
而是雌性身體的任一地方
04:16
and the sperm simply migrates
99
256143
1797
而精子則會借由
04:17
through her hemolymph to her ovaries.
100
257940
3304
雌性的血淋巴系統向子宮移動
04:21
If a female gets too many stab wounds,
101
261244
2144
如果雌性受到太多刺傷
04:23
or if a stab wound happens to become infected,
102
263388
2346
或是刺傷造成感染
04:25
she can actually die from it.
103
265734
2379
牠就可能因此死亡
04:28
Now if you've ever been out for a nice,
104
268113
1771
如果你曾經
04:29
peaceful walk by the lake
105
269884
1891
在池邊悠閒地散步
04:31
and happened to see some ducks having sex,
106
271775
2742
並恰巧看到鴨子性交
04:34
you've undoubtedly been alarmed,
107
274517
1695
你一定會十分驚訝
04:36
because it looks like gang rape.
108
276212
2511
因為它看起來就像輪姦一般
04:38
And quite frankly, that's exactly what it is.
109
278723
2661
而事實就是如此
04:41
A group of males will grab a female,
110
281384
2220
一群雄性會抓住一隻雌性
04:43
hold her down,
111
283604
1169
壓制牠
04:44
and ballistically ejaculate their spiral-shaped penis
112
284773
4430
將牠們螺旋形的陰莖
04:49
into her corkscrew-shaped vagina
113
289203
3084
輪流插入
04:52
over and over and over again.
114
292287
2906
雌性螺旋狀的陰道中
04:55
From flaccid to ejaculation in less than a second.
115
295193
3789
從開始到射精不到一秒的時間
04:58
Now the female actually
gets the last laugh, though,
116
298982
2135
但是雌性有最後的選擇
05:01
because she can actually manipulate her posture
117
301117
2827
因為雌性可以調整姿勢
05:03
so as to allow the sperm of certain suitors
118
303944
3105
所以中意追求者的精子
05:07
better access to her ovaries.
119
307049
3262
有更好的機會靠近子宮
05:10
Now, I like to share stories
like this with my audiences
120
310311
2110
我希望跟你們
分享這些故事的原因
05:12
because, yeah, we humans,
121
312421
1456
是因為我們人類
05:13
we tend to think sex, sex is fun, sex is good,
122
313877
3145
傾向將性交
聯想成好玩、有趣
05:17
there's romance, and there's orgasm.
123
317022
2241
有浪漫與有高潮
05:19
But orgasm didn't actually evolve
124
319263
1682
但是高潮是在
05:20
until about 65 million years ago
125
320945
2086
在 6 千 5 百萬年前
05:23
with the advent of mammals.
126
323031
1767
隨著哺乳動物演化後才出現的
05:24
But some animals had it going
on quite a bit before that.
127
324798
2864
但是有些生物開始得更早
05:27
There are some more primitive ways
128
327662
1754
利用原始的方式
05:29
of pleasing one's partner.
129
329416
2401
取悅伴侶
05:31
Earwig males have either
130
331817
2056
地蜈蚣有兩種形態
05:33
really large penile appendages
131
333873
1758
一種有較大的陰莖狀組織
05:35
or really small ones.
132
335631
1401
一種則是縮小版
05:37
It's a very simple genetically inherited trait
133
337032
2821
縮小版是簡單的
遺傳物質傳送通道
05:39
and the males are not otherwise any different.
134
339853
1986
雄性間其他方面沒有不同
05:41
Those that have long penile appendages
135
341839
1962
那些俱有較大陰莖狀組織的
05:43
are not bigger or stronger
136
343801
1768
並非更強壯
05:45
or otherwise any different at all.
137
345569
1504
和其它個體沒有差別
05:47
So going back to our biological minds, then,
138
347073
2541
所以回到我們生物學的思維
05:49
we might think that females should choose
139
349614
2117
我們可能會認為
05:51
to have sex with the guys that
have the shorter appendages,
140
351731
2981
雌性會選擇和
陰莖短小的雄性交配
05:54
because she can use her time for other things:
141
354712
2565
所以雌性能將時間花在:
05:57
avoiding predators, taking care of young,
142
357277
1676
躲避天敵、育幼
05:58
finding and ingesting food.
143
358953
1848
找尋並消化食物上
06:00
But biologists have repeatedly observed
144
360801
2816
但是生物學家重複觀察到
06:03
that females choose to have sex
145
363617
1968
雌性會選擇和
06:05
with the males that have the long appendages.
146
365585
4129
陰莖雄偉的雄性性交
06:09
Why do they do this?
147
369714
1963
為什麼要這樣做呢?
06:11
Well, according to the biological literature,
148
371677
2399
根據生物學文獻
06:14
"During copulation, the genitalia of certain males
149
374076
2827
「在交配時,特定雄性的生殖器
06:16
may elicit more favorable female responses
150
376903
2620
可藉由更好的
生理構造或刺激形式
06:19
through superior mechanical
or stimulatory interaction
151
379523
3077
帶給雌性生殖道
06:22
with the female reproductive tract."
152
382600
3558
更愉悅的感受」
06:26
Mm-hm.
153
386158
2391
嗯
06:28
These are Mexican guppies,
154
388549
1937
這些是墨西哥大肚魚
06:30
and what you see on their upper maxilla
155
390486
2131
而你們看到牠們上頜骨
06:32
is an outgrowth of epidermal filaments,
156
392617
2402
有上外生長的表皮纖維
06:35
and these filaments basically form
157
395019
1845
這些纖維基本上就是
06:36
a fish mustache, if you will.
158
396864
2598
魚的鬍子
06:39
Now males have been observed to prod
159
399462
2342
我們觀察到
06:41
the female's genital opening
160
401804
1664
雄魚會在交配前
06:43
prior to copulating with her,
161
403468
1947
會刺激雌魚生殖道口
06:45
and in what I have lovingly termed
the Magnum, P.I. hypothesis,
162
405415
3509
這被我稱作「神探猛龍假說」
(註:神探猛龍主角以鬍子、風流著稱)
06:48
females are overwhelmingly more likely to be found
163
408924
4012
雌魚顯然會偏好
06:52
with males that have these fish mustaches.
164
412936
3965
有鬍子的雄魚
06:56
A little guppy porn for you right there.
165
416901
3297
真是隻好色的小魚
07:00
So we've seen very different strategies
166
420198
2756
我們看到了不同
07:02
that males are using when it comes to
167
422954
2238
雄性贏得
07:05
winning a female partner.
168
425192
1596
雌性伴侶的策略
07:06
We've seen a coercion strategy in which
sexual structures are used in a forceful way
169
426788
4988
我們看到以強制的手段
07:11
to basically make a female have sex.
170
431776
1773
迫使雌性就範
07:13
We've also seen a titillation strategy
171
433549
2057
我們也看到令人愉悅的策略
07:15
where males are actually
172
435606
1937
雄性是利用
07:17
pleasing their female partners into choosing them
173
437543
2148
取悅雌性的方式
07:19
as a sex partner.
174
439691
1719
使其成為性伴侶
07:21
Now unfortunately, in the animal kingdom,
175
441410
2445
不幸的是在動物界中
07:23
it's the coercion strategy that we see
176
443855
2416
強迫的手段
07:26
time and time again.
177
446271
1739
非常常見
07:28
It's very common in many phyla,
178
448010
2347
爲許多門動物所共有
07:30
from invertebrates to avian species,
179
450357
2633
從無脊椎動物到鳥類
07:32
mammals, and, of course, even in primates.
180
452990
2546
哺乳類,甚至靈長類
07:35
Now interestingly, there
are a few mammalian species
181
455536
3537
有趣的是少數哺乳動物
07:39
in which females have evolved specialized genitalia
182
459073
3232
雌性會演化出特殊的生殖系統
07:42
that doesn't allow for sexual coercion to take place.
183
462305
4669
防止霸王硬上弓發生
07:46
Female elephants and female hyenas
184
466974
2368
雌性的大象和土狼
07:49
have a penile clitoris,
185
469342
2374
有陰莖狀的陰核
07:51
or an enlarged clitoral tissue that hangs externally,
186
471716
3807
或可說是膨大的陰核結構
07:55
much like a penis,
187
475523
1559
像陰莖一般懸在外面
07:57
and in fact it's very difficult to sex these animals
188
477082
2384
這讓動物很難只藉由
07:59
by merely looking at their external morphology.
189
479466
3167
觀察外表就判定性別
08:02
So before a male can insert
his penis into a female's vagina,
190
482633
3592
所以在雄性可以
將其陰莖深入雌性陰道前
08:06
she has to take this penile clitoris
191
486225
1855
雌性必須將陰莖狀的陰核
08:08
and basically inside-out it in her own body.
192
488080
3563
向內收入自己體內
08:11
I mean, imagine putting a penis into another penis.
193
491643
2937
想像將陰莖置入另一個陰莖
08:14
It's simply not going to happen
194
494580
1532
這根本不可能發生
08:16
unless the female is on board with the action.
195
496112
3322
除非雌性先進行這個動作
08:19
Now, even more interesting is the fact
196
499434
1813
更有趣的事
08:21
that elephant and hyena societies
197
501247
2009
大象和土狼的社會
08:23
are entirely matriarchal:
198
503256
2429
是母系社會
08:25
they're run by females, groups of females,
199
505685
2502
牠們是由一群雌性管理
08:28
sisters, aunts and offspring,
200
508187
2246
姐妹、阿姨和小孩們
08:30
and when young males attain sexual maturity,
201
510433
3203
當年輕雄性達到性成熟
08:33
they're turfed out of the group.
202
513636
1877
牠們會被逐出群體
08:35
In hyena societies, adult males
203
515513
2083
在土狼社會中,
成年雄性的地位
08:37
are actually the lowest on the social scale.
204
517596
3262
在社會最底層
08:40
They can take part in a kill only after
205
520858
2433
牠們只能在
其他個體之後分食獵物
08:43
everybody else, including the offspring.
206
523291
2730
順序甚至在幼獸之後
08:46
So it seems that when you take the penis power
207
526021
2318
這好像就是從雄性上
08:48
away from a male,
208
528339
1838
拿走了陰莖所代表的力量
08:50
you take away all the social power he has.
209
530177
4059
就拿走了牠們所有的社會地位
08:54
So what are my take-home
messages from my talk today?
210
534236
2642
所以我想讓你們學到什麼呢?
08:56
Well, sex is just so much more
211
536878
2681
性不只是
08:59
than insert part A into slot B
212
539559
2599
將突出物 A 插入插槽 B
09:02
and hope that the offspring run around everywhere.
213
542158
3142
然後期待會有活蹦亂跳的後代
09:05
The sexual strategies and reproductive structures
214
545300
2657
我們在動物界中看到
09:07
that we see in the animal kingdom basically
215
547957
3023
生殖策略與結構
09:10
dictate how males and females
will react to each other,
216
550980
3928
主宰了雄性與雌性的互動
09:14
which then dictates how populations and societies
217
554908
2746
也決定了族群與社會的
09:17
form and evolve.
218
557654
1615
形成與演進
09:19
So it may not be surprising to any of you
219
559284
2469
所以包含我們在內的許多動物
09:21
that animals, including ourselves,
220
561753
1808
花許多時間思考性事
09:23
spend a good amount of time thinking about sex,
221
563561
3610
這一點也不令人訝異了
09:27
but what might surprise you is the extent to which
222
567171
3176
但是可能讓你們驚訝的
09:30
so many other aspects of their lives and our lives
223
570347
4071
性是如何影響到
09:34
are influenced by it.
224
574418
1822
我們和牠們的其他生活層面
09:36
So thank you, and happy daydreaming.
225
576240
1963
謝謝大家
祝各位有個愉快的白日夢
09:38
(Applause)
226
578203
4079
(掌聲)
New videos
關於本網站
本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。