Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?

88,013 views ・ 2013-01-17

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
0
0
7000
翻译人员: Emma Zhao 校对人员: Karen SONG
00:15
So, before I became a dermatologist,
1
15640
2407
在成为皮肤科医生之前
00:18
I started in general medicine,
2
18047
2552
我最初在一般内科(实习)
00:20
as most dermatologists do in Britain.
3
20599
2216
正如英国的大多数皮肤科医生所经历的那样
00:22
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
4
22815
2048
在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚
00:24
about 20 years ago.
5
24863
1896
那是大约20年前了。
00:26
What you learn when you go to Australia
6
26759
2121
去了澳大利亚
00:28
is the Australians are very competitive.
7
28880
2726
你就知道那里的人非常争强好胜
00:31
And they are not magnanimous in victory.
8
31606
2057
他们对于获胜可谓是斤斤计较
00:33
And that happened a lot:
9
33663
2064
这类事情经常发生:
00:35
"You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby."
10
35727
2432
“你们英国佬不会打板球和橄榄球。”
00:38
I could accept that.
11
38159
2118
这个我能接受
00:40
But moving into work --
12
40277
2330
但换到工作中——
00:42
and we have each week what's called a journal club,
13
42607
2538
我们每周有一次期刊俱乐部的活动,
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors
14
45145
2458
我跟别的医生们一起坐下来
00:47
and you'd study a scientific paper
15
47603
2120
研究一篇科学论文
00:49
in relation to medicine.
16
49723
1841
只要与医学相关
00:51
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,
17
51564
2749
第一个星期后,课题是关于心血管疾病的死亡率,
00:54
a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,
18
54313
3680
这很枯燥—— 多少人死于心脏病,
00:57
what the rates are.
19
57993
1384
死亡率是多少。
00:59
And they were competitive about this:
20
59377
1976
他们就抬杠说
01:01
"You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."
21
61353
3096
“你们英国佬的心脏病率令人震惊。”
01:04
And of course, they were right.
22
64449
1896
当然,他们没错
01:06
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --
23
66345
3981
澳大利亚人的心脏病发病率比我们少三分之一
01:10
less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --
24
70326
3791
心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低
01:14
they're generally a healthier bunch.
25
74117
2060
他们(跟英国人比)是个更健康的人群
01:16
And of course they said this was because of
26
76177
1691
当然他们说这是因为
01:17
their fine moral standing, their exercise,
27
77868
2064
澳大利人道德高尚,喜爱运动
01:19
because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.
28
79932
4068
因为他们是澳大利亚人,而我们是瘦弱的英国佬,等等。
01:24
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain.
29
84000
5031
但是不只是澳大利亚人比英国人健康。
01:29
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --
30
89031
3528
在英国内部,健康也是有梯度的
01:32
and this is what's called standardized mortality,
31
92559
1936
这就是所谓的标准化死亡率
01:34
basically your chances of dying.
32
94495
2088
大致来说就是你死亡的概率
01:36
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,
33
96583
3344
论文引用的是20年前的数据
01:39
but it's true today.
34
99927
1475
在今天也适用
01:41
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --
35
101402
3090
对比北纬50度以北地区的死亡率
01:44
that's the South, that's London and places --
36
104492
2267
这是南方的伦敦和周边地区
01:46
by latitude, and 55 degrees --
37
106759
3352
北纬55度
01:50
the bad news is that's here, Glasgow.
38
110111
2384
这里情况不太好,是格拉斯哥
01:52
I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.
39
112495
2848
我来自爱丁堡 。更糟的是,这里也有爱丁堡 。
01:55
(Laughter)
40
115343
4124
(笑声)
01:59
So what accounts for this horrible space here
41
119467
3306
是什么导致了这些地方的数据如此恐怖
02:02
between us up here in southern Scotland
42
122773
2204
在苏格兰南部
02:04
and the South?
43
124977
1010
和英格兰南部之间?
02:05
Now, we know about smoking,
44
125987
1418
现在,我们知道愿意包括吸烟、
02:07
deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.
45
127405
2702
油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——这些都是格拉斯哥的饮食。
02:10
All of these things.
46
130107
1328
所有这些都是。
02:11
But this graph is after taking into account
47
131435
2792
但这张图是综合考虑了
02:14
all of these known risk factors.
48
134227
2064
所有这些已知风险因素的
02:16
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,
49
136291
3769
排除了吸烟,社会地位,饮食,
02:20
all those other known risk factors.
50
140060
1743
以及其他所有已知的危险因素的影响
02:21
We are left with this missing space
51
141803
2224
这里有个空白区域
02:24
of increased deaths the further north you go.
52
144027
3860
越往北,死亡率越高
02:27
Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.
53
147887
2637
现在,日照这个因素参与了进来
02:30
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,
54
150524
2320
媒体有过大量关于维生素D的报道
02:32
and a lot of people get concerned about it.
55
152844
2002
许多人也开始关注
02:34
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount.
56
154846
3992
我们需要维生素D。现在对儿童每天的摄入量有所规定。
02:38
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,
57
158838
2232
我祖母在格拉斯哥长大
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem
58
161070
3586
在20世纪二三十年代,佝偻病是个大问题
02:44
and cod liver oil was brought in.
59
164656
2198
鱼肝油被采用,
02:46
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.
60
166854
3944
真正起到了预防佝偻病这种常见病的作用
02:50
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
61
170798
3920
小时候,祖母就给我吃过。
02:54
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.
62
174718
3024
无疑,没人会忘记鱼肝油。
02:57
But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are,
63
177742
4782
可是有一个关联:血液里维生素D越高的人
03:02
the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.
64
182524
3327
患心脏病和癌症的几率越低
03:05
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.
65
185851
3842
有很多数据标明维生素D对人体有益。
03:09
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.
66
189693
2294
它会预防佝偻病,等等。
03:11
But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
67
191987
2720
但如果你给人们维生素D补充剂,
03:14
you don't change that high rate of heart disease.
68
194707
3432
并不会改变心脏病的高发率。
03:18
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.
69
198139
3728
它预防癌症的证据还不太具说服力
03:21
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.
70
201867
4857
我的想法是,维生素D不是唯一的影响因素
03:26
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease.
71
206724
3311
它不是预防心脏病的唯一原因。
03:30
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,
72
210035
4369
维生素D高,是常晒太阳的结果
03:34
and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show,
73
214404
3215
我将要说明,多晒太阳
03:37
is good for heart disease.
74
217619
2439
能减少患心脏病的风险
03:40
Anyway, I came back from Australia,
75
220058
1961
不管怎样,我从澳大利亚回来了,
03:42
and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.
76
222019
3496
我冒着生命危险搬到了阿伯丁
03:45
(Laughter)
77
225515
2552
(笑声)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.
78
228067
3151
现在,在阿伯丁,我开始进行皮肤科的培训
03:51
But I also became interested in research,
79
231218
1945
可我也对研究感兴趣,
03:53
and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.
80
233163
3175
特别是对一氧化氮这种物质感兴趣。
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
81
236338
1376
这三个人
03:57
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,
82
237714
1570
弗奇戈特、伊格纳罗和穆拉德
03:59
won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.
83
239284
3262
是1998年诺贝尔医学奖的得主
04:02
And they were the first people to describe
84
242546
2143
他们是最早来描述
04:04
this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.
85
244689
3345
这种新的化学传递物——一氧化氮——的人
04:08
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,
86
248034
3025
一氧化氮会扩张血管,
04:11
so it lowers your blood pressure.
87
251059
1871
降低血压。
04:12
It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.
88
252930
4167
它也能扩张冠状动脉,从而缓解心绞痛。
04:17
And what was remarkable about it
89
257097
1386
它与众不同的是
04:18
was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,
90
258483
4071
过去当我们想到体内的化学信使时,
04:22
we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,
91
262554
3170
我们会想到一些复杂的诸东西,如雌激素、胰岛素、
04:25
or nerve transmission.
92
265724
1470
或神经传导。
04:27
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals
93
267194
3295
非常复杂的流程伴有非常复杂的化学物质
04:30
that fit into very complex receptors.
94
270489
2288
存在于非常复杂的受体中。
04:32
And here's this incredibly simple molecule,
95
272777
2361
这是个非常简单的分子,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,
96
275138
3338
一个氮和一个氧粘在一起,
04:38
and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,
97
278476
4630
但这些对我们的维持较低的血压至关重要,
04:43
for neurotransmission, for many, many things,
98
283106
2606
它作用于神经传递和许多许多东西,
04:45
but particularly cardiovascular health.
99
285712
3402
尤其是心血管健康。
04:49
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,
100
289114
3302
我们开始研究,并且非常激动地发现,
04:52
that the skin produces nitric oxide.
101
292416
2610
皮肤会生成一氧化氮。
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.
102
295026
2897
所以它不只是在心血管系统中才出现
04:57
It arises in the skin.
103
297923
1867
它在皮肤上也出现。
04:59
Well, having found that and published that,
104
299790
1866
将这个发现发表之后
05:01
I thought, well, what's it doing?
105
301656
2056
我就想,它在干啥呢?
05:03
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?
106
303712
1480
你皮肤上怎么能有低血压呢?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
107
305192
2091
不是心脏。你是干啥呢?
05:07
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research,
108
307283
4071
于是我去了美国,很多人都去美国做研究
05:11
and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
109
311354
3737
我在匹斯堡呆了几年,这就是匹斯堡。
05:15
And I was interested in these really complex systems.
110
315091
2613
我对这些超级复杂的系统感兴趣。
05:17
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,
111
317704
4041
我们认为也许一氧化氮影响细胞死亡,
05:21
and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
112
321745
2480
影响细胞存活,也影响细胞的免疫
05:24
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,
113
324225
3367
我先开始研究细胞文化,细胞生长
05:27
and then I was using knockout mouse models --
114
327592
2120
接着用被击昏了的老鼠作为模特
05:29
mice that couldn't make the gene.
115
329712
1737
那些老鼠不能生产基因。
05:31
We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.
116
331449
4410
我们研究出一个机理:一氧化氮帮助细胞存活
05:35
And I then moved back to Edinburgh.
117
335859
3821
后来我搬回爱丁堡。
05:39
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.
118
339680
2782
在爱丁堡,我的实验动物是医学院学生。
05:42
It's a species close to human,
119
342462
2058
是接近人类的一个物种,
05:44
with several advantages over mice:
120
344520
1902
跟老鼠相比有以下几个好处:
05:46
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves,
121
346422
3456
不用付费,不用给他们剃毛,不用喂养他们
05:49
and nobody pickets your office saying,
122
349878
2120
没人查你的办公室,还要说:
05:51
"Save the lab medical student."
123
351998
2400
“管好你实验室的医科学生。”
05:54
So they're really an ideal model.
124
354398
3263
所以说,他们真是理想的模特。
05:57
But what we found
125
357661
1961
但我们发现
05:59
was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.
126
359622
4617
我们不能在人身上复制出在老鼠身上得到的数据。
06:04
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production
127
364239
3240
看来我们不能停止
06:07
of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.
128
367479
3080
人体皮肤产生一氧化氮
06:10
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
129
370559
2792
我们涂上乳液就能阻挡制造它的酶,
06:13
we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.
130
373351
4384
我们能注射药品。但我们无法停住一氧化氮。
06:17
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work,
131
377735
3264
经过两三年的工作,我们终于找出了原因,
06:20
was that in the skin we have huge stores
132
380999
4048
我们皮肤里大量储存的并非一氧化氮
06:25
not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,
133
385047
3088
因为一氧化氮是气体
06:28
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away,
134
388135
3152
它要挥发的——(噗!) ——几秒钟就没影了,
06:31
but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --
135
391287
3224
但一氧化氮能转化成
06:34
nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.
136
394511
3632
硝酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、二氧化氮、亚硝基硫醇。
06:38
And these are more stable,
137
398143
1416
这些形式更稳定
06:39
and your skin has got really large stores of NO.
138
399559
4160
你的皮肤就得到了大量的一氧化氮
06:43
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,
139
403719
2825
我们就寻思
06:46
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores
140
406544
3311
阳光是否会活化这大量的一氧化氮
06:49
and release them from the skin,
141
409855
1744
将它们从皮肤中释放出来
06:51
where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation.
142
411599
3392
这些一氧化氮的存量10倍于参与新陈代谢的一氧化氮量
06:54
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,
143
414991
2840
太阳能不能激活这些存量让它们参与新陈代谢,
06:57
and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?
144
417831
5240
从而作用于心血管系统呢?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist,
145
423071
2528
我呢,是个实验皮肤科医生,
07:05
so what we did was we thought
146
425599
1305
所以我们想到
07:06
we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.
147
426904
3527
应该让实验动物多晒太阳
07:10
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers
148
430431
4080
于是,我们找来了一群志愿者
07:14
and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.
149
434511
2698
让他们接受紫外线照射
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps.
150
437209
1729
这些是太阳灯。
07:18
Now, what we were careful to do was,
151
438938
2696
这里我们要小心
07:21
vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays
152
441634
2960
维生素D是通过中波紫外线(UVB)射线生成的
07:24
and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.
153
444594
3976
而我们想排除维生素D的干扰
07:28
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.
154
448570
3847
所以,我们使用了不生成维生素D的长波紫外线(UVA)
07:32
When we put people under a lamp
155
452417
2281
我们对受试者进行照射
07:34
for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,
156
454698
5076
强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30分钟
07:39
what we produced was, we produced a rise
157
459774
2540
结果是我们得到了
07:42
in circulating nitric oxide.
158
462314
1992
新陈代谢中一氧化氮的提升
07:44
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,
159
464306
2848
我们让心血管病的患者接受紫外线照射
07:47
and their NO levels do go up,
160
467154
2416
他们的一氧化氮水平上升了
07:49
and their blood pressure goes down.
161
469570
2136
而他们的血压下降了
07:51
Not by much, as an individual level,
162
471706
2377
就个人而言不算多
07:54
but enough at a population level
163
474083
2367
但对于整个人群而言有显著意义
07:56
to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.
164
476450
3720
足以改变整个人群的心脏病患病率
08:00
And when we shone UV at them,
165
480170
2424
给他们照射紫外线
08:02
or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,
166
482594
3662
或者使他们的皮肤太阳灯的温度那样温暖
08:06
but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen.
167
486256
3262
但不让光线接触皮肤,同样的结果就不会发生
08:09
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.
168
489518
3864
这似乎说明了其中关键在于紫外线要接触到皮肤
08:13
Now, we're still collecting data.
169
493382
1824
我们至今仍在收集数据
08:15
A few good things here:
170
495206
1448
有几样好的发现:
08:16
This appeared to be more marked in older people.
171
496654
3147
这在年长者身上效果更明显
08:19
I'm not sure exactly how much.
172
499801
1613
我不确定具体的数量
08:21
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,
173
501414
1773
其中一个被试是我的岳母大人
08:23
and clearly I do not know her age.
174
503187
2952
很显然我不太清楚她的年龄
08:26
But certainly in people older than my wife,
175
506139
3432
但肯定比我太太年纪要大
08:29
this appears to be a more marked effect.
176
509571
3133
在她身上效果更明显
08:32
And the other thing I should mention
177
512704
1251
我要提到的另一点是
08:33
was there was no change in vitamin D.
178
513955
2056
在整个过程中维生素D并没有发生变化
08:36
This is separate from vitamin D.
179
516011
2120
维生素D的影响是被分离的
08:38
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,
180
518131
1536
维生素D对人有益——它预防佝偻病
08:39
it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.
181
519667
2240
还能预防钙流失,是很重要的微量元素
08:41
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
182
521907
3032
但(我们研究的)这是一个与维生素D相分离的机制
08:44
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure
183
524939
2576
现今在血压的问题上有一点要注意
08:47
is your body does everything it can
184
527515
1552
就是你的身体会竭尽所能
08:49
to keep your blood pressure at the same place.
185
529067
1583
去把血压维持在同一个水平
08:50
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,
186
530650
1649
如果你的腿被剁断,你会失血,
08:52
your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
187
532299
2905
你的身体会施加压力,增加心跳,
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.
188
535204
2224
来尽可能地维持你的正常血压。
08:57
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.
189
537428
2976
这是一个绝对的基本生理原则。
09:00
So what we've next done
190
540404
1807
所以我们接下来做的
09:02
is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.
191
542211
3656
就是转而研究血管扩张
09:05
So we've measured -- this is again,
192
545867
1497
我们测试了同一批(实验动物)
09:07
notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.
193
547364
5328
注意他们没有尾巴也没有皮毛,这是个医科学生。
09:12
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm
194
552692
2618
你测量手臂上的血流
09:15
by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.
195
555310
3232
测量血流通过时血管扩张了多少
09:18
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation --
196
558542
3475
这里显示的是在做假射机
09:22
this is the thick line here --
197
562017
1469
这里有条粗线
09:23
this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up
198
563486
2400
紫外线照射到手臂上,皮肤升温
09:25
but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin.
199
565886
2824
但我们盖住皮肤,所以紫外线就接触不到了
09:28
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.
200
568710
3912
血流量没有变化,血管也没有扩张
09:32
But the active irradiation,
201
572622
1849
但如果让紫外线接触皮肤
09:34
during the UV and for an hour after it,
202
574471
3352
在紫外线照射期间及照射后一小时
09:37
there is dilation of the blood vessels.
203
577823
2097
血管都有所扩张
09:39
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,
204
579920
2600
这就是降低血压的机制
09:42
by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,
205
582520
2376
你的冠状动脉也扩张了
09:44
to let the blood be supplied with the heart.
206
584896
1711
给心脏提供更多的血液
09:46
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight --
207
586607
4393
这里有更多有关紫外线——也就是太阳光的作用
09:51
has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.
208
591000
4879
数据显示紫外线有益于血流和心血管系统。
09:55
So we thought we'd just kind of model --
209
595879
2343
我们认为我们只是一种模型--
09:58
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,
210
598222
6249
不同时节照射到不同地域的紫外线是不等的
10:04
so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --
211
604471
4024
所以,你其实可以
10:08
the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --
212
608495
2256
将皮肤里的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还有亚硝基硫醇
10:10
cleave to release NO.
213
610751
2872
分解得到一氧化氮
10:13
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.
214
613623
3825
不同波长的光产生不同的反应
10:17
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.
215
617448
2079
所以你可以去检视光波
10:19
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,
216
619527
3985
如果你住在赤道地区,太阳光垂直射入
10:23
it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.
217
623512
1816
薄薄的大气
10:25
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light.
218
625328
2439
无论冬夏,光照的量是相同的
10:27
If you live up here, in summer
219
627767
2513
如果你住在(高纬度地区)
10:30
the sun is coming fairly directly down,
220
630280
2656
太阳光在夏季几乎是直射的
10:32
but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,
221
632936
3307
而在冬季就会斜穿厚厚的大气
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,
222
636243
3221
很多紫外线无法到达地面
10:39
and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth
223
639464
2352
而到达地面的波长范围
10:41
are different from summer to winter.
224
641816
2328
夏天和冬天是不同的
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data
225
644144
1942
你可以把这些数据
10:46
by the NO that's released
226
646086
1993
乘上一氧化氮的释放量
10:48
and you can calculate how much nitric oxide
227
648079
3184
你就可以算出有多少一氧化氮
10:51
would be released from the skin into the circulation.
228
651263
3169
从皮肤里释放,参与到新陈代谢中去
10:54
Now, if you're on the equator here --
229
654432
2000
如果你在赤道地区
10:56
that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --
230
656432
3427
也就是这两条红色和紫色的线
10:59
the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve,
231
659859
4397
线下方的区域代表一氧化氮的释放量
11:04
it's the area in this space here.
232
664256
2031
也就是这片区域
11:06
So if you're on the equator, December or June,
233
666287
2697
所以如果你在赤道地区,不管是12月份还是6月份
11:08
you've got masses of NO being released from the skin.
234
668984
3256
你的皮肤里都能释放大量的一氧化氮
11:12
So Ventura is in southern California.
235
672240
2464
南加州有个地方叫文图拉
11:14
In summer, you might as well be at the equator.
236
674704
2216
你在夏天能得到相当于赤道地区的日照
11:16
It's great. Lots of NO is released.
237
676920
2056
这太棒了,释放了很多的一氧化氮
11:18
Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount.
238
678976
3943
文图拉的隆冬,结果也不错
11:22
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,
239
682919
3961
爱丁堡的夏季,曲线以下的区域也还行
11:26
but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released
240
686880
4215
可以一到冬季,一氧化氮
11:31
is next to nothing, tiny amounts.
241
691095
3858
几乎就不释放了
11:34
So what do we think?
242
694953
1805
我们如何看待这个结果?
11:36
We're still working at this story,
243
696758
1592
我们仍然在研究
11:38
we're still developing it, we're still expanding it.
244
698350
1912
我们仍然在发掘和扩展
11:40
We think it's very important.
245
700262
1648
我们认为这项研究非常重要
11:41
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,
246
701910
3593
我们认为这项研究能解释英国南北部很多的健康问题的差异
11:45
It's of relevance to us.
247
705503
1631
这是与我们切实相关的
11:47
We think that the skin --
248
707134
1688
我们认为人的皮肤
11:48
well, we know that the skin has got very large stores
249
708822
2888
我们知道人的皮肤上有很多
11:51
of nitric oxide as these various other forms.
250
711710
2224
以不同形式存在的一氧化氮
11:53
We suspect a lot of these come from diet,
251
713934
1873
我们猜想其中有很多来自于饮食
11:55
green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce
252
715807
2271
绿叶蔬菜,甜菜根、还有生菜
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.
253
718078
3320
含有很多的一氧化氮,我们认为它最终来到皮肤
12:01
We think they're then stored in the skin,
254
721398
2144
并且贮存在皮肤里
12:03
and we think the sunlight releases this
255
723542
2400
我们认为太阳光能释放这些一氧化氮
12:05
where it has generally beneficial effects.
256
725942
2633
起到很多有益的作用
12:08
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --
257
728575
2479
这个研究还在进行之中,可皮肤科医生们——
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist.
258
731054
1720
我就是一名皮肤科医生
12:12
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer,
259
732774
2528
白天的工作中我要对病人说,“你得了皮肤癌,
12:15
it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun."
260
735302
1880
是阳光引起的, 别去晒太阳。”
12:17
I actually think a far more important message
261
737182
2736
其实我认为还有更重要的一则讯息
12:19
is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.
262
739918
3424
就是晒太阳既有益处,也有风险
12:23
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,
263
743342
5753
没错,阳光是引发皮肤癌的一个主要风险变量
12:29
but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher
264
749095
2871
但是死于心脏病的人数
12:31
than deaths from skin cancer.
265
751966
1952
是死于皮肤癌的一百倍
12:33
And I think that we need to be more aware of,
266
753918
2649
我们需要加深对此的了解
12:36
and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.
267
756567
2079
我们还需要找到其中的风险效益比
12:38
How much sunlight is safe,
268
758646
1472
晒多少太阳是安全的?
12:40
and how can we finesse this best for our general health?
269
760118
4200
如何掌握其中分寸来增进大家普遍的健康?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed.
270
764318
2180
非常感谢大家。
12:46
(Applause)
271
766498
6897
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7