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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast
Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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翻译人员: Emma Zhao
校对人员: Karen SONG
00:15
So, before I became a dermatologist,
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在成为皮肤科医生之前
00:18
I started in general medicine,
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我最初在一般内科(实习)
00:20
as most dermatologists do in Britain.
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正如英国的大多数皮肤科医生所经历的那样
00:22
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
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在实习结束前我去了澳大利亚
00:24
about 20 years ago.
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那是大约20年前了。
00:26
What you learn when you go to Australia
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去了澳大利亚
00:28
is the Australians are very competitive.
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你就知道那里的人非常争强好胜
00:31
And they are not magnanimous in victory.
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他们对于获胜可谓是斤斤计较
00:33
And that happened a lot:
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这类事情经常发生:
00:35
"You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby."
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“你们英国佬不会打板球和橄榄球。”
00:38
I could accept that.
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这个我能接受
00:40
But moving into work --
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但换到工作中——
00:42
and we have each week what's called a journal club,
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我们每周有一次期刊俱乐部的活动,
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors
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我跟别的医生们一起坐下来
00:47
and you'd study a scientific paper
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研究一篇科学论文
00:49
in relation to medicine.
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只要与医学相关
00:51
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,
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第一个星期后,课题是关于心血管疾病的死亡率,
00:54
a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,
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这很枯燥—— 多少人死于心脏病,
00:57
what the rates are.
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死亡率是多少。
00:59
And they were competitive about this:
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他们就抬杠说
01:01
"You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."
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“你们英国佬的心脏病率令人震惊。”
01:04
And of course, they were right.
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当然,他们没错
01:06
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --
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澳大利亚人的心脏病发病率比我们少三分之一
01:10
less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --
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心脏病、心率衰竭、以及中风等病致死的概率也低
01:14
they're generally a healthier bunch.
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他们(跟英国人比)是个更健康的人群
01:16
And of course they said this was because of
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当然他们说这是因为
01:17
their fine moral standing, their exercise,
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澳大利人道德高尚,喜爱运动
01:19
because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.
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因为他们是澳大利亚人,而我们是瘦弱的英国佬,等等。
01:24
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain.
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但是不只是澳大利亚人比英国人健康。
01:29
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --
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在英国内部,健康也是有梯度的
01:32
and this is what's called standardized mortality,
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这就是所谓的标准化死亡率
01:34
basically your chances of dying.
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大致来说就是你死亡的概率
01:36
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,
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论文引用的是20年前的数据
01:39
but it's true today.
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在今天也适用
01:41
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --
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对比北纬50度以北地区的死亡率
01:44
that's the South, that's London and places --
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这是南方的伦敦和周边地区
01:46
by latitude, and 55 degrees --
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北纬55度
01:50
the bad news is that's here, Glasgow.
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这里情况不太好,是格拉斯哥
01:52
I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.
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我来自爱丁堡 。更糟的是,这里也有爱丁堡 。
01:55
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:59
So what accounts for this horrible space here
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是什么导致了这些地方的数据如此恐怖
02:02
between us up here in southern Scotland
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在苏格兰南部
02:04
and the South?
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和英格兰南部之间?
02:05
Now, we know about smoking,
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现在,我们知道愿意包括吸烟、
02:07
deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.
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油炸的巧克力棒、薯片——这些都是格拉斯哥的饮食。
02:10
All of these things.
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所有这些都是。
02:11
But this graph is after taking into account
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但这张图是综合考虑了
02:14
all of these known risk factors.
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所有这些已知风险因素的
02:16
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,
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排除了吸烟,社会地位,饮食,
02:20
all those other known risk factors.
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以及其他所有已知的危险因素的影响
02:21
We are left with this missing space
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这里有个空白区域
02:24
of increased deaths the further north you go.
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越往北,死亡率越高
02:27
Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.
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现在,日照这个因素参与了进来
02:30
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,
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媒体有过大量关于维生素D的报道
02:32
and a lot of people get concerned about it.
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许多人也开始关注
02:34
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount.
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我们需要维生素D。现在对儿童每天的摄入量有所规定。
02:38
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,
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我祖母在格拉斯哥长大
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem
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在20世纪二三十年代,佝偻病是个大问题
02:44
and cod liver oil was brought in.
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鱼肝油被采用,
02:46
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.
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真正起到了预防佝偻病这种常见病的作用
02:50
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
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小时候,祖母就给我吃过。
02:54
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.
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无疑,没人会忘记鱼肝油。
02:57
But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are,
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可是有一个关联:血液里维生素D越高的人
03:02
the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.
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患心脏病和癌症的几率越低
03:05
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.
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有很多数据标明维生素D对人体有益。
03:09
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.
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它会预防佝偻病,等等。
03:11
But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
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但如果你给人们维生素D补充剂,
03:14
you don't change that high rate of heart disease.
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并不会改变心脏病的高发率。
03:18
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.
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它预防癌症的证据还不太具说服力
03:21
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.
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我的想法是,维生素D不是唯一的影响因素
03:26
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease.
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它不是预防心脏病的唯一原因。
03:30
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,
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维生素D高,是常晒太阳的结果
03:34
and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show,
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我将要说明,多晒太阳
03:37
is good for heart disease.
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能减少患心脏病的风险
03:40
Anyway, I came back from Australia,
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不管怎样,我从澳大利亚回来了,
03:42
and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.
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我冒着生命危险搬到了阿伯丁
03:45
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.
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现在,在阿伯丁,我开始进行皮肤科的培训
03:51
But I also became interested in research,
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可我也对研究感兴趣,
03:53
and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.
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特别是对一氧化氮这种物质感兴趣。
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
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这三个人
03:57
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,
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弗奇戈特、伊格纳罗和穆拉德
03:59
won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.
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是1998年诺贝尔医学奖的得主
04:02
And they were the first people to describe
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他们是最早来描述
04:04
this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.
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这种新的化学传递物——一氧化氮——的人
04:08
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,
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一氧化氮会扩张血管,
04:11
so it lowers your blood pressure.
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降低血压。
04:12
It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.
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它也能扩张冠状动脉,从而缓解心绞痛。
04:17
And what was remarkable about it
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它与众不同的是
04:18
was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,
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过去当我们想到体内的化学信使时,
04:22
we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,
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我们会想到一些复杂的诸东西,如雌激素、胰岛素、
04:25
or nerve transmission.
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或神经传导。
04:27
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals
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非常复杂的流程伴有非常复杂的化学物质
04:30
that fit into very complex receptors.
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存在于非常复杂的受体中。
04:32
And here's this incredibly simple molecule,
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这是个非常简单的分子,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,
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一个氮和一个氧粘在一起,
04:38
and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,
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但这些对我们的维持较低的血压至关重要,
04:43
for neurotransmission, for many, many things,
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它作用于神经传递和许多许多东西,
04:45
but particularly cardiovascular health.
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尤其是心血管健康。
04:49
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,
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我们开始研究,并且非常激动地发现,
04:52
that the skin produces nitric oxide.
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皮肤会生成一氧化氮。
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.
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所以它不只是在心血管系统中才出现
04:57
It arises in the skin.
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它在皮肤上也出现。
04:59
Well, having found that and published that,
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将这个发现发表之后
05:01
I thought, well, what's it doing?
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我就想,它在干啥呢?
05:03
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?
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你皮肤上怎么能有低血压呢?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
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不是心脏。你是干啥呢?
05:07
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research,
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于是我去了美国,很多人都去美国做研究
05:11
and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
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我在匹斯堡呆了几年,这就是匹斯堡。
05:15
And I was interested in these really complex systems.
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我对这些超级复杂的系统感兴趣。
05:17
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,
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我们认为也许一氧化氮影响细胞死亡,
05:21
and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
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影响细胞存活,也影响细胞的免疫
05:24
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,
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我先开始研究细胞文化,细胞生长
05:27
and then I was using knockout mouse models --
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接着用被击昏了的老鼠作为模特
05:29
mice that couldn't make the gene.
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那些老鼠不能生产基因。
05:31
We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.
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我们研究出一个机理:一氧化氮帮助细胞存活
05:35
And I then moved back to Edinburgh.
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后来我搬回爱丁堡。
05:39
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.
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在爱丁堡,我的实验动物是医学院学生。
05:42
It's a species close to human,
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是接近人类的一个物种,
05:44
with several advantages over mice:
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跟老鼠相比有以下几个好处:
05:46
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves,
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不用付费,不用给他们剃毛,不用喂养他们
05:49
and nobody pickets your office saying,
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没人查你的办公室,还要说:
05:51
"Save the lab medical student."
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“管好你实验室的医科学生。”
05:54
So they're really an ideal model.
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所以说,他们真是理想的模特。
05:57
But what we found
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但我们发现
05:59
was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.
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我们不能在人身上复制出在老鼠身上得到的数据。
06:04
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production
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看来我们不能停止
06:07
of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.
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人体皮肤产生一氧化氮
06:10
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
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我们涂上乳液就能阻挡制造它的酶,
06:13
we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.
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我们能注射药品。但我们无法停住一氧化氮。
06:17
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work,
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经过两三年的工作,我们终于找出了原因,
06:20
was that in the skin we have huge stores
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我们皮肤里大量储存的并非一氧化氮
06:25
not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,
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因为一氧化氮是气体
06:28
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away,
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它要挥发的——(噗!) ——几秒钟就没影了,
06:31
but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --
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但一氧化氮能转化成
06:34
nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.
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硝酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、二氧化氮、亚硝基硫醇。
06:38
And these are more stable,
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这些形式更稳定
06:39
and your skin has got really large stores of NO.
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你的皮肤就得到了大量的一氧化氮
06:43
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,
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我们就寻思
06:46
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores
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阳光是否会活化这大量的一氧化氮
06:49
and release them from the skin,
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将它们从皮肤中释放出来
06:51
where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation.
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这些一氧化氮的存量10倍于参与新陈代谢的一氧化氮量
06:54
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,
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太阳能不能激活这些存量让它们参与新陈代谢,
06:57
and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?
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从而作用于心血管系统呢?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist,
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我呢,是个实验皮肤科医生,
07:05
so what we did was we thought
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所以我们想到
07:06
we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.
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应该让实验动物多晒太阳
07:10
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers
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于是,我们找来了一群志愿者
07:14
and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.
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让他们接受紫外线照射
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps.
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这些是太阳灯。
07:18
Now, what we were careful to do was,
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这里我们要小心
07:21
vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays
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维生素D是通过中波紫外线(UVB)射线生成的
07:24
and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.
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而我们想排除维生素D的干扰
07:28
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.
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所以,我们使用了不生成维生素D的长波紫外线(UVA)
07:32
When we put people under a lamp
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我们对受试者进行照射
07:34
for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,
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强度相当于暴露在爱丁堡夏日阳光中30分钟
07:39
what we produced was, we produced a rise
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结果是我们得到了
07:42
in circulating nitric oxide.
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新陈代谢中一氧化氮的提升
07:44
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,
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我们让心血管病的患者接受紫外线照射
07:47
and their NO levels do go up,
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他们的一氧化氮水平上升了
07:49
and their blood pressure goes down.
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而他们的血压下降了
07:51
Not by much, as an individual level,
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就个人而言不算多
07:54
but enough at a population level
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但对于整个人群而言有显著意义
07:56
to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.
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足以改变整个人群的心脏病患病率
08:00
And when we shone UV at them,
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给他们照射紫外线
08:02
or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,
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或者使他们的皮肤太阳灯的温度那样温暖
08:06
but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen.
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但不让光线接触皮肤,同样的结果就不会发生
08:09
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.
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这似乎说明了其中关键在于紫外线要接触到皮肤
08:13
Now, we're still collecting data.
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我们至今仍在收集数据
08:15
A few good things here:
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有几样好的发现:
08:16
This appeared to be more marked in older people.
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这在年长者身上效果更明显
08:19
I'm not sure exactly how much.
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我不确定具体的数量
08:21
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,
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其中一个被试是我的岳母大人
08:23
and clearly I do not know her age.
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很显然我不太清楚她的年龄
08:26
But certainly in people older than my wife,
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但肯定比我太太年纪要大
08:29
this appears to be a more marked effect.
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在她身上效果更明显
08:32
And the other thing I should mention
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我要提到的另一点是
08:33
was there was no change in vitamin D.
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在整个过程中维生素D并没有发生变化
08:36
This is separate from vitamin D.
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维生素D的影响是被分离的
08:38
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,
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维生素D对人有益——它预防佝偻病
08:39
it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.
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还能预防钙流失,是很重要的微量元素
08:41
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
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但(我们研究的)这是一个与维生素D相分离的机制
08:44
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure
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现今在血压的问题上有一点要注意
08:47
is your body does everything it can
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就是你的身体会竭尽所能
08:49
to keep your blood pressure at the same place.
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去把血压维持在同一个水平
08:50
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,
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如果你的腿被剁断,你会失血,
08:52
your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
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你的身体会施加压力,增加心跳,
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.
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来尽可能地维持你的正常血压。
08:57
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.
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这是一个绝对的基本生理原则。
09:00
So what we've next done
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所以我们接下来做的
09:02
is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.
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就是转而研究血管扩张
09:05
So we've measured -- this is again,
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我们测试了同一批(实验动物)
09:07
notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.
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注意他们没有尾巴也没有皮毛,这是个医科学生。
09:12
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm
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你测量手臂上的血流
09:15
by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.
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测量血流通过时血管扩张了多少
09:18
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation --
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这里显示的是在做假射机
09:22
this is the thick line here --
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这里有条粗线
09:23
this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up
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紫外线照射到手臂上,皮肤升温
09:25
but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin.
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但我们盖住皮肤,所以紫外线就接触不到了
09:28
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.
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血流量没有变化,血管也没有扩张
09:32
But the active irradiation,
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但如果让紫外线接触皮肤
09:34
during the UV and for an hour after it,
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在紫外线照射期间及照射后一小时
09:37
there is dilation of the blood vessels.
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血管都有所扩张
09:39
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,
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这就是降低血压的机制
09:42
by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,
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你的冠状动脉也扩张了
09:44
to let the blood be supplied with the heart.
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给心脏提供更多的血液
09:46
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight --
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这里有更多有关紫外线——也就是太阳光的作用
09:51
has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.
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数据显示紫外线有益于血流和心血管系统。
09:55
So we thought we'd just kind of model --
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我们认为我们只是一种模型--
09:58
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,
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不同时节照射到不同地域的紫外线是不等的
10:04
so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --
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所以,你其实可以
10:08
the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --
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将皮肤里的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、还有亚硝基硫醇
10:10
cleave to release NO.
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分解得到一氧化氮
10:13
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.
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不同波长的光产生不同的反应
10:17
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.
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所以你可以去检视光波
10:19
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,
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如果你住在赤道地区,太阳光垂直射入
10:23
it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.
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薄薄的大气
10:25
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light.
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无论冬夏,光照的量是相同的
10:27
If you live up here, in summer
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如果你住在(高纬度地区)
10:30
the sun is coming fairly directly down,
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太阳光在夏季几乎是直射的
10:32
but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,
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而在冬季就会斜穿厚厚的大气
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,
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很多紫外线无法到达地面
10:39
and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth
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而到达地面的波长范围
10:41
are different from summer to winter.
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夏天和冬天是不同的
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data
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你可以把这些数据
10:46
by the NO that's released
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乘上一氧化氮的释放量
10:48
and you can calculate how much nitric oxide
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你就可以算出有多少一氧化氮
10:51
would be released from the skin into the circulation.
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从皮肤里释放,参与到新陈代谢中去
10:54
Now, if you're on the equator here --
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如果你在赤道地区
10:56
that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --
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也就是这两条红色和紫色的线
10:59
the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve,
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线下方的区域代表一氧化氮的释放量
11:04
it's the area in this space here.
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也就是这片区域
11:06
So if you're on the equator, December or June,
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所以如果你在赤道地区,不管是12月份还是6月份
11:08
you've got masses of NO being released from the skin.
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你的皮肤里都能释放大量的一氧化氮
11:12
So Ventura is in southern California.
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南加州有个地方叫文图拉
11:14
In summer, you might as well be at the equator.
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你在夏天能得到相当于赤道地区的日照
11:16
It's great. Lots of NO is released.
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这太棒了,释放了很多的一氧化氮
11:18
Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount.
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文图拉的隆冬,结果也不错
11:22
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,
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爱丁堡的夏季,曲线以下的区域也还行
11:26
but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released
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可以一到冬季,一氧化氮
11:31
is next to nothing, tiny amounts.
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几乎就不释放了
11:34
So what do we think?
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我们如何看待这个结果?
11:36
We're still working at this story,
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我们仍然在研究
11:38
we're still developing it, we're still expanding it.
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我们仍然在发掘和扩展
11:40
We think it's very important.
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我们认为这项研究非常重要
11:41
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,
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我们认为这项研究能解释英国南北部很多的健康问题的差异
11:45
It's of relevance to us.
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这是与我们切实相关的
11:47
We think that the skin --
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我们认为人的皮肤
11:48
well, we know that the skin has got very large stores
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我们知道人的皮肤上有很多
11:51
of nitric oxide as these various other forms.
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以不同形式存在的一氧化氮
11:53
We suspect a lot of these come from diet,
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我们猜想其中有很多来自于饮食
11:55
green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce
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绿叶蔬菜,甜菜根、还有生菜
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.
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含有很多的一氧化氮,我们认为它最终来到皮肤
12:01
We think they're then stored in the skin,
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并且贮存在皮肤里
12:03
and we think the sunlight releases this
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我们认为太阳光能释放这些一氧化氮
12:05
where it has generally beneficial effects.
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起到很多有益的作用
12:08
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --
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这个研究还在进行之中,可皮肤科医生们——
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist.
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我就是一名皮肤科医生
12:12
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer,
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白天的工作中我要对病人说,“你得了皮肤癌,
12:15
it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun."
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是阳光引起的, 别去晒太阳。”
12:17
I actually think a far more important message
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其实我认为还有更重要的一则讯息
12:19
is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.
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就是晒太阳既有益处,也有风险
12:23
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,
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没错,阳光是引发皮肤癌的一个主要风险变量
12:29
but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher
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但是死于心脏病的人数
12:31
than deaths from skin cancer.
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是死于皮肤癌的一百倍
12:33
And I think that we need to be more aware of,
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我们需要加深对此的了解
12:36
and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.
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我们还需要找到其中的风险效益比
12:38
How much sunlight is safe,
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晒多少太阳是安全的?
12:40
and how can we finesse this best for our general health?
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如何掌握其中分寸来增进大家普遍的健康?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed.
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非常感谢大家。
12:46
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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