Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?

87,914 views ・ 2013-01-17

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
0
0
7000
譯者: herman fu 審譯者: Jephian Lin
00:15
So, before I became a dermatologist,
1
15640
2407
在我開始做皮膚科醫生之前,
00:18
I started in general medicine,
2
18047
2552
我是從內科做起的,
00:20
as most dermatologists do in Britain.
3
20599
2216
跟英國大部分皮膚科醫生一樣,都是內科出身。
00:22
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
4
22815
2048
當在內科做得差不多的時候,我越洋到了澳洲,
00:24
about 20 years ago.
5
24863
1896
那時大概是 20 年前左右。
00:26
What you learn when you go to Australia
6
26759
2121
你去到澳洲就會發現
00:28
is the Australians are very competitive.
7
28880
2726
澳洲人愛好競爭。
00:31
And they are not magnanimous in victory.
8
31606
2057
對勝利絕對是當仁不讓的。
00:33
And that happened a lot:
9
33663
2064
而這種情況經常發生:
00:35
"You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby."
10
35727
2432
「你們這班英國佬,玩木球、欖球(rugby)都不行。」
00:38
I could accept that.
11
38159
2118
這點我倒能接受的。
00:40
But moving into work --
12
40277
2330
但說到工作──
00:42
and we have each week what's called a journal club,
13
42607
2538
我們每週都有所謂的期刊例會,
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors
14
45145
2458
就是當你和其他醫生相約坐下,
00:47
and you'd study a scientific paper
15
47603
2120
一起研究有關醫學的
00:49
in relation to medicine.
16
49723
1841
科學論文。
00:51
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,
17
51564
2749
而過了第一週,主題就去到有關心血管疾病的死亡率,
00:54
a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,
18
54313
3680
是個沉悶的主題──有多少人死於心臟疾病,
00:57
what the rates are.
19
57993
1384
死亡率是多少。
00:59
And they were competitive about this:
20
59377
1976
而他們對此也是愛競爭:
01:01
"You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."
21
61353
3096
「你們這班英國佬,心臟疾病的死亡率嚇死人了。」
01:04
And of course, they were right.
22
64449
1896
而當然,他們沒錯的。
01:06
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --
23
66345
3981
澳洲人得心臟疾病的人比我們少三分一左右──
01:10
less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --
24
70326
3791
少些心臟病發、心衰竭的死亡個案,少些中風個案──
01:14
they're generally a healthier bunch.
25
74117
2060
整體而言,他們是較健康的一群。
01:16
And of course they said this was because of
26
76177
1691
而當然他們會說這歸因於
01:17
their fine moral standing, their exercise,
27
77868
2064
他們的道德修養、及運動的習慣,
01:19
because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.
28
79932
4068
因為他們是澳洲人,我們是死英國佬,之類吧。
01:24
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain.
29
84000
5031
不過,不單只是澳洲整體比英國健康。
01:29
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --
30
89031
3528
在英國之內,健康狀況也有差異──
01:32
and this is what's called standardized mortality,
31
92559
1936
而這就是所謂標準化死亡率,
01:34
basically your chances of dying.
32
94495
2088
基本上就是你有多少成機會會死。
01:36
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,
33
96583
3344
這是大約 20 年前期刊上找到的資料
01:39
but it's true today.
34
99927
1475
但今日依然適用。
01:41
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --
35
101402
3090
對比各地的死亡機率,這是北緯 50 度
01:44
that's the South, that's London and places --
36
104492
2267
也就是南方南方,倫敦一帶
01:46
by latitude, and 55 degrees --
37
106759
3352
而北緯 55 度……
01:50
the bad news is that's here, Glasgow.
38
110111
2384
壞消息是,那就是這裏,格拉斯哥。
01:52
I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.
39
112495
2848
我來自愛丁堡。更壞的消息是,愛丁堡更在那方。
01:55
(Laughter)
40
115343
4124
(眾笑)
01:59
So what accounts for this horrible space here
41
119467
3306
要解釋中間這段駭人的差距:
02:02
between us up here in southern Scotland
42
122773
2204
對比在上方南蘇格蘭的我們
02:04
and the South?
43
124977
1010
以及南方土地,理由是甚麼?
02:05
Now, we know about smoking,
44
125987
1418
現在,我們都知道吸煙、
02:07
deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.
45
127405
2702
脆炸巧克力棒(Mars bars)、炸薯條──格拉斯哥的飲食方式。
02:10
All of these things.
46
130107
1328
這些事情。
02:11
But this graph is after taking into account
47
131435
2792
但圖表經過排除
02:14
all of these known risk factors.
48
134227
2064
這些已知的高風險因素的影響。
02:16
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,
49
136291
3769
這是經過排除吸煙、社會階級、飲食習慣,
02:20
all those other known risk factors.
50
140060
1743
一切其他已知的高風險因素得出來的。
02:21
We are left with this missing space
51
141803
2224
這段不見的差距,就成了一個謎:
02:24
of increased deaths the further north you go.
52
144027
3860
愈往北走,死亡數字愈高。
02:27
Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.
53
147887
2637
這時,日光,當然浮出水面了。
02:30
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,
54
150524
2320
維他命 D 經過廣泛報導後,
02:32
and a lot of people get concerned about it.
55
152844
2002
很多人都很關注。如是得出:
02:34
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount.
56
154846
3992
我們需要維他命 D。 因此飲食指引列明: 兒童須要攝取指定份量。
02:38
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,
57
158838
2232
我祖母在格拉斯哥長大,
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem
58
161070
3586
早在 1920 至 30 年代,佝僂病風行,疾病嚴重,
02:44
and cod liver oil was brought in.
59
164656
2198
於是就引入魚肝油。
02:46
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.
60
166854
3944
而這確實預防了城市中許多佝僂病案例。
02:50
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
61
170798
3920
我小時候也是被祖母餵食魚肝油的。
02:54
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.
62
174718
3024
我敢說──沒人會忘記魚肝油的。
02:57
But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are,
63
177742
4782
但基於一種聯想:人血液中的維他命 D 水平愈高,
03:02
the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.
64
182524
3327
人們就少些有心臟病,少些癌症。
03:05
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.
65
185851
3842
很多資料似乎都說明維他命 D 對身體很好。
03:09
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.
66
189693
2294
而確實是:可以預防佝僂病,等等。
03:11
But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
67
191987
2720
但如果人們服食維他命 D 補充劑,
03:14
you don't change that high rate of heart disease.
68
194707
3432
似乎並不能減少心臟病的高患病率。
03:18
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.
69
198139
3728
而且維他命 D 補充劑並未有太大實證支持能預防癌症。
03:21
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.
70
201867
4857
我想指出的是,維他命 D 並非這個城市中 關於疾病預防的全部。
03:26
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease.
71
206724
3311
維他命 D 並非預防心臟病的惟一原因。
03:30
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,
72
210035
4369
我認為,高維他命 D 水平,倒標誌了較多的陽光曝曬,
03:34
and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show,
73
214404
3215
而透過以下方式,我想說明,
03:37
is good for heart disease.
74
217619
2439
陽光曝曬,其實有助預防心臟病。
03:40
Anyway, I came back from Australia,
75
220058
1961
說回那個故事,我從澳洲回來之後,
03:42
and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.
76
222019
3496
儘管身體健康暴露高風險,我搬到亞伯丁。
03:45
(Laughter)
77
225515
2552
(眾笑)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.
78
228067
3151
現在,在亞伯丁,我開始了我的皮膚專科訓練。
03:51
But I also became interested in research,
79
231218
1945
但我同時對研究產生興趣,
03:53
and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.
80
233163
3175
尤其是我有興趣研究這種物質,一氧化氮。
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
81
236338
1376
圖中這三位,
03:57
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,
82
237714
1570
佛契哥德、伊格那羅和慕拉德,
03:59
won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.
83
239284
3262
共同奪得了 1998 年的諾貝爾醫學獎。
04:02
And they were the first people to describe
84
242546
2143
他們同時是第一批人,能夠描述
04:04
this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.
85
244689
3345
這種新的化學傳導物質,一氧化氮。
04:08
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,
86
248034
3025
一氧化氮可以擴張血管,
04:11
so it lowers your blood pressure.
87
251059
1871
從而降低血壓。
04:12
It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.
88
252930
4167
它同時擴張冠狀動脈,停止心絞痛。
04:17
And what was remarkable about it
89
257097
1386
而最特別的一點就是,
04:18
was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,
90
258483
4071
以前當我們思索身體內有甚麼化學信使時,
04:22
we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,
91
262554
3170
我們總想到複雜的雌激素和胰島素,
04:25
or nerve transmission.
92
265724
1470
或者是神經傳導。
04:27
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals
93
267194
3295
很複雜的過程,牽涉很複雜的化學物質,
04:30
that fit into very complex receptors.
94
270489
2288
發生在很複雜的化學受體上。
04:32
And here's this incredibly simple molecule,
95
272777
2361
而這就是個異常簡單的分子,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,
96
275138
3338
將一氧一氧結合起來,
04:38
and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,
97
278476
4630
然而卻扮演重要角色,去引起血管擴張,增加血流量,
04:43
for neurotransmission, for many, many things,
98
283106
2606
作神經傳導,很多很多的功用,
04:45
but particularly cardiovascular health.
99
285712
3402
但尤其是心血管健康。
04:49
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,
100
289114
3302
之後我開始研究,並得出很令人振奮的發現,
04:52
that the skin produces nitric oxide.
101
292416
2610
就是皮膚能夠產生一氧化氮。
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.
102
295026
2897
所以一氧化氮不單只在心血管系統中生成。
04:57
It arises in the skin.
103
297923
1867
一氧化氮也在皮膚中生成。
04:59
Well, having found that and published that,
104
299790
1866
之後,在得出這發現並發表後,
05:01
I thought, well, what's it doing?
105
301656
2056
我想,好了,它究竟扮演甚麼角色?
05:03
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?
106
303712
1480
你的皮膚怎樣維持低的血壓?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
107
305192
2091
這不是心臟。可以怎麼做?
05:07
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research,
108
307283
4071
所以我走了一趟美國,就像做研究的人都會這樣做,
05:11
and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
109
311354
3737
而我在匹茲堡待了幾年。這就是匹茲堡。
05:15
And I was interested in these really complex systems.
110
315091
2613
我對這些很複雜的系統很感興趣。
05:17
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,
111
317704
4041
我們想,或許一氧化氮能夠左右細胞的死亡,
05:21
and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
112
321745
2480
細胞怎樣維持生存,以及對外來物質的抵抗。
05:24
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,
113
324225
3367
我首先從細胞培植入手,就是培養細胞,
05:27
and then I was using knockout mouse models --
114
327592
2120
之後我就用了關鍵的老鼠實驗模型──
05:29
mice that couldn't make the gene.
115
329712
1737
一些無法製造某基因的老鼠。
05:31
We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.
116
331449
4410
我們得出一個運作原理,就是── 一氧化氮幫助細胞生存。
05:35
And I then moved back to Edinburgh.
117
335859
3821
之後我搬回愛丁堡。
05:39
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.
118
339680
2782
而在愛丁堡,實驗對象就變成了醫科學生。
05:42
It's a species close to human,
119
342462
2058
是個很接近人類的物種,對吧,
05:44
with several advantages over mice:
120
344520
1902
比起老鼠有多個好處:
05:46
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves,
121
346422
3456
他們是免費的,你不用替他們刮鬍鬚,照顧他們三餐,
05:49
and nobody pickets your office saying,
122
349878
2120
而沒有人會衝進你的辦公室,說:
05:51
"Save the lab medical student."
123
351998
2400
「保護實驗醫科學生的權益。」
05:54
So they're really an ideal model.
124
354398
3263
所以他們是十分理想的實驗模型。
05:57
But what we found
125
357661
1961
但我們得出的結果是
05:59
was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.
126
359622
4617
我們不能在人身上重複老鼠的實驗,並得出相同的結果。
06:04
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production
127
364239
3240
我們似乎並不能關掉
06:07
of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.
128
367479
3080
人類皮膚上產生一氧化氮的過程。
06:10
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
129
370559
2792
我們試過塗上一層膏,阻擋催化製造一氧化氮的酶,
06:13
we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.
130
373351
4384
我們試過注射化學物質, 但就是不能關掉一氧化氮的製造。
06:17
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work,
131
377735
3264
而箇中原因,經過兩三年的研究工作之後,發覺
06:20
was that in the skin we have huge stores
132
380999
4048
原來是皮膚中有大量的貯存,
06:25
not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,
133
385047
3088
不是一氧化氮,因為一氧化氮本體是氣體,
06:28
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away,
134
388135
3152
一釋放就會─(呼!) ─數秒間就消失無蹤,
06:31
but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --
135
391287
3224
但是可以變成這些形式的一氧化氮──
06:34
nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.
136
394511
3632
硝酸鹽 NO3 <sup>-</sup>;亞硝酸鹽 NO2 <sup>-</sup>;亞硝基硫醇。
06:38
And these are more stable,
137
398143
1416
而這些是較穩定的形態,
06:39
and your skin has got really large stores of NO.
138
399559
4160
而皮膚中確實有很大的一氧化氮貯存。
06:43
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,
139
403719
2825
我們跟着就想,有了這一大堆貯存,
06:46
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores
140
406544
3311
究竟日光能否活化這些貯存
06:49
and release them from the skin,
141
409855
1744
讓它們從皮膚中釋放,
06:51
where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation.
142
411599
3392
因為貯存量是在血液循環中的約十倍之多。
06:54
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,
143
414991
2840
太陽可否將貯存中的一氧化氮釋放到血液中,
06:57
and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?
144
417831
5240
進而在血液循環中有助於心血管系統健康?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist,
145
423071
2528
對了,我是個實驗皮膚學家,
07:05
so what we did was we thought
146
425599
1305
所以我們當時接着想的是
07:06
we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.
147
426904
3527
我們會將實驗對象放於陽光中曝曬。
07:10
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers
148
430431
4080
所以我們當時做的是,我們將一班自願者
07:14
and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.
149
434511
2698
放在紫外光燈的曝曬下。
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps.
150
437209
1729
那是其中一種太陽光燈。
07:18
Now, what we were careful to do was,
151
438938
2696
此時,我們小心翼翼去做的是,
07:21
vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays
152
441634
2960
維他命 D 是由紫外光 B 光線造成的,
07:24
and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.
153
444594
3976
而我們想將避開維他命 D 的影響。
07:28
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.
154
448570
3847
所以我們用了紫外光燈 A,是不會產生維他命 D 的。
07:32
When we put people under a lamp
155
452417
2281
當我們將人們放於燈下,
07:34
for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,
156
454698
5076
相當於在愛丁堡夏天 曝曬日光三十分鐘的時間,
07:39
what we produced was, we produced a rise
157
459774
2540
我們得出的是,我們得出一個
07:42
in circulating nitric oxide.
158
462314
1992
一氧化氮在血液循環中提升的結果。
07:44
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,
159
464306
2848
所以我們將一些有此方面問題的病人 放在紫外光燈下,
07:47
and their NO levels do go up,
160
467154
2416
而他們的一氧化氮含量確實提升了,
07:49
and their blood pressure goes down.
161
469570
2136
而血壓就下降。
07:51
Not by much, as an individual level,
162
471706
2377
效果不是太明顯,在個人層面之言,
07:54
but enough at a population level
163
474083
2367
但在一個社群層面,已相當有效果,
07:56
to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.
164
476450
3720
將整個社群中的心臟病患率往下調。
08:00
And when we shone UV at them,
165
480170
2424
而當我們只是將紫外光往他們照一照,
08:02
or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,
166
482594
3662
或當我們將他們 像是照燈一樣暖起來,
08:06
but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen.
167
486256
3262
但不讓光線實際的照進皮膚上,得不出這種效果。
08:09
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.
168
489518
3864
所以這似乎是紫外光線接觸皮膚後的效果。
08:13
Now, we're still collecting data.
169
493382
1824
現在,我們仍在蒐集數據。
08:15
A few good things here:
170
495206
1448
已得出的好處有幾點:
08:16
This appeared to be more marked in older people.
171
496654
3147
似乎是較年長的人身上,效果較明顯。
08:19
I'm not sure exactly how much.
172
499801
1613
我不確定較明顯多少。
08:21
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,
173
501414
1773
其中一位試驗者是我的岳母,
08:23
and clearly I do not know her age.
174
503187
2952
很明顯我不知道她的確實年齡。
08:26
But certainly in people older than my wife,
175
506139
3432
但肯定的是,在一些比我妻子年長的人身上,
08:29
this appears to be a more marked effect.
176
509571
3133
似乎有較明顯的效果。
08:32
And the other thing I should mention
177
512704
1251
而值得一提的是
08:33
was there was no change in vitamin D.
178
513955
2056
維他命 D 含量並沒有改變。
08:36
This is separate from vitamin D.
179
516011
2120
這是與維他命 D 分開的。
08:38
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,
180
518131
1536
所以,維他命 D 對身體有好處──它停止佝僂病,
08:39
it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.
181
519667
2240
預防鈣之代謝,此等重要的事。
08:41
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
182
521907
3032
但這是個與維他命 D 分開的機制。
08:44
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure
183
524939
2576
好了,純粹看血壓控制其中一個弊處是
08:47
is your body does everything it can
184
527515
1552
你的身體會竭其所能
08:49
to keep your blood pressure at the same place.
185
529067
1583
去維持你的血壓在一個相當的水平。
08:50
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,
186
530650
1649
若你的腿不幸被砍掉,大量失血,
08:52
your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
187
532299
2905
你的身體會降低效能,增加心跳,
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.
188
535204
2224
竭其所能去維持血壓。
08:57
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.
189
537428
2976
那實是很基本的生理調節原則。
09:00
So what we've next done
190
540404
1807
所以我們之後所做的
09:02
is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.
191
542211
3656
是轉往觀察血管擴張。
09:05
So we've measured -- this is again,
192
545867
1497
如是我們測量了──再一次地,
09:07
notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.
193
547364
5328
沒有尾巴,沒有毛髮,這位是醫科學生。
09:12
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm
194
552692
2618
在手臂,你可以測量一下手臂的血液流量,
09:15
by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.
195
555310
3232
由手腫起的程度來判斷血流量。
09:18
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation --
196
558542
3475
而我們發現的是,在未照光組
09:22
this is the thick line here --
197
562017
1469
(就是這條實心線)
09:23
this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up
198
563486
2400
這是在手臂上照紫外光,讓手臂暖起來,
09:25
but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin.
199
565886
2824
但將手臂覆蓋着,不讓光線直接照射皮膚。
09:28
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.
200
568710
3912
血液流量沒有因為血管擴張而改變。
09:32
But the active irradiation,
201
572622
1849
但在照光組中,
09:34
during the UV and for an hour after it,
202
574471
3352
在紫外光下照了一小時,
09:37
there is dilation of the blood vessels.
203
577823
2097
血管出現擴張的現象。
09:39
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,
204
579920
2600
這是身體降低血壓的運作方式,
09:42
by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,
205
582520
2376
一併會擴張冠狀動脈,
09:44
to let the blood be supplied with the heart.
206
584896
1711
增加供應心臟的血流量。
09:46
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight --
207
586607
4393
這裏,就是進一步支持紫外光──也就是日光──
09:51
has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.
208
591000
4879
對血液流動以及 心血管系統有幫助的數據。
09:55
So we thought we'd just kind of model --
209
595879
2343
我們想我們的結論模型大概是──
09:58
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,
210
598222
6249
不同強度的紫外光, 每年在不同時節, 照射地球上不同的地方。
10:04
so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --
211
604471
4024
所以你實在猜得到 被貯存的一氧化氮──
10:08
the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --
212
608495
2256
皮膚內的硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、亞硝基硫醇──
10:10
cleave to release NO.
213
610751
2872
破出轉而釋放一氧化氮。
10:13
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.
214
613623
3825
不同波長的光,對這些活動有不同效果。
10:17
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.
215
617448
2079
所以你可以看看 可以達到效果的波長。
10:19
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,
216
619527
3985
而你可以看看──這樣看, 若你在赤道附近,太陽直照頭頂,
10:23
it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.
217
623512
1816
陽光透過很薄的大氣層射進來。
10:25
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light.
218
625328
2439
在冬天或夏天,都有相同強度的光源。
10:27
If you live up here, in summer
219
627767
2513
若你住在北方的這裡,在夏天,
10:30
the sun is coming fairly directly down,
220
630280
2656
陽光能頗直接的到達,
10:32
but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,
221
632936
3307
但在冬天,陽光就要穿透好一層大氣層,
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,
222
636243
3221
當中好一部分紫外線經已被磨滅,
10:39
and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth
223
639464
2352
而光線到達地球時,波長的範圍
10:41
are different from summer to winter.
224
641816
2328
從夏天到冬天都有所不同。
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data
225
644144
1942
所以你可以做到的是,你將那些數據
10:46
by the NO that's released
226
646086
1993
與釋放出來的一氧化氮相乘,
10:48
and you can calculate how much nitric oxide
227
648079
3184
而你就可以計算出有多少一氧化氮
10:51
would be released from the skin into the circulation.
228
651263
3169
會從皮膚中釋放到血液循環。
10:54
Now, if you're on the equator here --
229
654432
2000
好了,若你在赤道這裏──
10:56
that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --
230
656432
3427
這裏有兩條線,紅線和紫線──
10:59
the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve,
231
659859
4397
一氧化氮釋出的量,就是曲線下的部份,
11:04
it's the area in this space here.
232
664256
2031
就是這個區域的面積。
11:06
So if you're on the equator, December or June,
233
666287
2697
所以,若你身處赤道上,不論十二月還是六月,
11:08
you've got masses of NO being released from the skin.
234
668984
3256
你都有一大份量的一氧化氮,從皮膚中釋放。
11:12
So Ventura is in southern California.
235
672240
2464
另外,文圖拉就在南加利福尼亞州。
11:14
In summer, you might as well be at the equator.
236
674704
2216
在夏天,情況與身處赤道倒也差不多。
11:16
It's great. Lots of NO is released.
237
676920
2056
很不錯。很多一氧化氮會釋放。
11:18
Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount.
238
678976
3943
在文圖拉仲冬,都算是仍有一定份量的。
11:22
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,
239
682919
3961
夏天的愛丁堡,曲線下的面積也不錯的,
11:26
but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released
240
686880
4215
但冬天的愛丁堡.可以釋放出來的一氧化氮
11:31
is next to nothing, tiny amounts.
241
691095
3858
就近乎零,只是微小份量。
11:34
So what do we think?
242
694953
1805
那我們認為怎樣?
11:36
We're still working at this story,
243
696758
1592
我們仍在這方面努力,
11:38
we're still developing it, we're still expanding it.
244
698350
1912
我們仍在發展它,我們仍在拓展這想法。
11:40
We think it's very important.
245
700262
1648
我們覺得這件事非常重要。
11:41
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,
246
701910
3593
我們認為它也許能解釋 在英國之中,許多南北健康差異的理由,
11:45
It's of relevance to us.
247
705503
1631
它對我們的意義重大。
11:47
We think that the skin --
248
707134
1688
我們認為皮膚……
11:48
well, we know that the skin has got very large stores
249
708822
2888
我們確實知道 皮膚有很多一氧化氮的貯存,
11:51
of nitric oxide as these various other forms.
250
711710
2224
只是以眾多其他形式來貯存。
11:53
We suspect a lot of these come from diet,
251
713934
1873
我們猜想很多是來自飲食,
11:55
green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce
252
715807
2271
綠葉蔬菜、甜菜、生菜中
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.
253
718078
3320
有很多這些一氧化氮,我們認為會跑到皮膚去。
12:01
We think they're then stored in the skin,
254
721398
2144
我們想,之後它們就貯存在皮膚中,
12:03
and we think the sunlight releases this
255
723542
2400
而我們想,在日光下,它得以釋放,
12:05
where it has generally beneficial effects.
256
725942
2633
同時有助於整體身體健康。
12:08
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --
257
728575
2479
而這仍在研究中,但是皮膚學家……
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist.
258
731054
1720
我的意思是,我是個皮膚專科醫生。
12:12
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer,
259
732774
2528
我白天的工作就是對人們說:「你有皮膚癌,
12:15
it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun."
260
735302
1880
是由太陽光造成的,不要走到陽光下。」
12:17
I actually think a far more important message
261
737182
2736
我其實想,有個更加重要的訊息
12:19
is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.
262
739918
3424
就是太陽光有利也有弊。
12:23
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,
263
743342
5753
沒錯,陽光是罹患皮膚癌, 一個可以控制的高風險因素,
12:29
but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher
264
749095
2871
但心臟病的死亡個案 比起皮膚癌
12:31
than deaths from skin cancer.
265
751966
1952
高出一百倍。
12:33
And I think that we need to be more aware of,
266
753918
2649
而我認為我們應該更加認清事實,
12:36
and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.
267
756567
2079
並需要找尋 風險與益處適當的比例。
12:38
How much sunlight is safe,
268
758646
1472
陽光有多大的情況下是安全的,
12:40
and how can we finesse this best for our general health?
269
760118
4200
而我們又能怎樣巧用陽光 達到我們普遍的健康?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed.
270
764318
2180
最後,萬分感謝在座各位。
12:46
(Applause)
271
766498
6897
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7