Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?

88,013 views ・ 2013-01-17

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00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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譯者: herman fu 審譯者: Jephian Lin
00:15
So, before I became a dermatologist,
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在我開始做皮膚科醫生之前,
00:18
I started in general medicine,
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我是從內科做起的,
00:20
as most dermatologists do in Britain.
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跟英國大部分皮膚科醫生一樣,都是內科出身。
00:22
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
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當在內科做得差不多的時候,我越洋到了澳洲,
00:24
about 20 years ago.
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那時大概是 20 年前左右。
00:26
What you learn when you go to Australia
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你去到澳洲就會發現
00:28
is the Australians are very competitive.
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澳洲人愛好競爭。
00:31
And they are not magnanimous in victory.
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對勝利絕對是當仁不讓的。
00:33
And that happened a lot:
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而這種情況經常發生:
00:35
"You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby."
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「你們這班英國佬,玩木球、欖球(rugby)都不行。」
00:38
I could accept that.
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這點我倒能接受的。
00:40
But moving into work --
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但說到工作──
00:42
and we have each week what's called a journal club,
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我們每週都有所謂的期刊例會,
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors
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就是當你和其他醫生相約坐下,
00:47
and you'd study a scientific paper
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一起研究有關醫學的
00:49
in relation to medicine.
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科學論文。
00:51
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,
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而過了第一週,主題就去到有關心血管疾病的死亡率,
00:54
a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,
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是個沉悶的主題──有多少人死於心臟疾病,
00:57
what the rates are.
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死亡率是多少。
00:59
And they were competitive about this:
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而他們對此也是愛競爭:
01:01
"You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."
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「你們這班英國佬,心臟疾病的死亡率嚇死人了。」
01:04
And of course, they were right.
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而當然,他們沒錯的。
01:06
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --
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澳洲人得心臟疾病的人比我們少三分一左右──
01:10
less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --
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少些心臟病發、心衰竭的死亡個案,少些中風個案──
01:14
they're generally a healthier bunch.
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整體而言,他們是較健康的一群。
01:16
And of course they said this was because of
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而當然他們會說這歸因於
01:17
their fine moral standing, their exercise,
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他們的道德修養、及運動的習慣,
01:19
because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.
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因為他們是澳洲人,我們是死英國佬,之類吧。
01:24
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain.
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不過,不單只是澳洲整體比英國健康。
01:29
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --
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在英國之內,健康狀況也有差異──
01:32
and this is what's called standardized mortality,
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而這就是所謂標準化死亡率,
01:34
basically your chances of dying.
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基本上就是你有多少成機會會死。
01:36
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,
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這是大約 20 年前期刊上找到的資料
01:39
but it's true today.
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但今日依然適用。
01:41
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --
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對比各地的死亡機率,這是北緯 50 度
01:44
that's the South, that's London and places --
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也就是南方南方,倫敦一帶
01:46
by latitude, and 55 degrees --
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而北緯 55 度……
01:50
the bad news is that's here, Glasgow.
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壞消息是,那就是這裏,格拉斯哥。
01:52
I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.
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我來自愛丁堡。更壞的消息是,愛丁堡更在那方。
01:55
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
01:59
So what accounts for this horrible space here
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要解釋中間這段駭人的差距:
02:02
between us up here in southern Scotland
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對比在上方南蘇格蘭的我們
02:04
and the South?
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以及南方土地,理由是甚麼?
02:05
Now, we know about smoking,
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現在,我們都知道吸煙、
02:07
deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.
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脆炸巧克力棒(Mars bars)、炸薯條──格拉斯哥的飲食方式。
02:10
All of these things.
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這些事情。
02:11
But this graph is after taking into account
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但圖表經過排除
02:14
all of these known risk factors.
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這些已知的高風險因素的影響。
02:16
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,
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這是經過排除吸煙、社會階級、飲食習慣,
02:20
all those other known risk factors.
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一切其他已知的高風險因素得出來的。
02:21
We are left with this missing space
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這段不見的差距,就成了一個謎:
02:24
of increased deaths the further north you go.
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愈往北走,死亡數字愈高。
02:27
Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.
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這時,日光,當然浮出水面了。
02:30
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,
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維他命 D 經過廣泛報導後,
02:32
and a lot of people get concerned about it.
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很多人都很關注。如是得出:
02:34
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount.
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我們需要維他命 D。 因此飲食指引列明: 兒童須要攝取指定份量。
02:38
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,
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我祖母在格拉斯哥長大,
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem
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早在 1920 至 30 年代,佝僂病風行,疾病嚴重,
02:44
and cod liver oil was brought in.
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於是就引入魚肝油。
02:46
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.
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而這確實預防了城市中許多佝僂病案例。
02:50
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
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我小時候也是被祖母餵食魚肝油的。
02:54
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.
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我敢說──沒人會忘記魚肝油的。
02:57
But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are,
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但基於一種聯想:人血液中的維他命 D 水平愈高,
03:02
the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.
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人們就少些有心臟病,少些癌症。
03:05
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.
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很多資料似乎都說明維他命 D 對身體很好。
03:09
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.
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而確實是:可以預防佝僂病,等等。
03:11
But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
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但如果人們服食維他命 D 補充劑,
03:14
you don't change that high rate of heart disease.
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似乎並不能減少心臟病的高患病率。
03:18
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.
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而且維他命 D 補充劑並未有太大實證支持能預防癌症。
03:21
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.
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我想指出的是,維他命 D 並非這個城市中 關於疾病預防的全部。
03:26
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease.
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維他命 D 並非預防心臟病的惟一原因。
03:30
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,
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我認為,高維他命 D 水平,倒標誌了較多的陽光曝曬,
03:34
and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show,
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而透過以下方式,我想說明,
03:37
is good for heart disease.
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陽光曝曬,其實有助預防心臟病。
03:40
Anyway, I came back from Australia,
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說回那個故事,我從澳洲回來之後,
03:42
and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.
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儘管身體健康暴露高風險,我搬到亞伯丁。
03:45
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.
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現在,在亞伯丁,我開始了我的皮膚專科訓練。
03:51
But I also became interested in research,
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但我同時對研究產生興趣,
03:53
and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.
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尤其是我有興趣研究這種物質,一氧化氮。
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
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圖中這三位,
03:57
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,
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佛契哥德、伊格那羅和慕拉德,
03:59
won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.
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共同奪得了 1998 年的諾貝爾醫學獎。
04:02
And they were the first people to describe
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他們同時是第一批人,能夠描述
04:04
this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.
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這種新的化學傳導物質,一氧化氮。
04:08
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,
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一氧化氮可以擴張血管,
04:11
so it lowers your blood pressure.
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從而降低血壓。
04:12
It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.
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它同時擴張冠狀動脈,停止心絞痛。
04:17
And what was remarkable about it
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而最特別的一點就是,
04:18
was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,
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以前當我們思索身體內有甚麼化學信使時,
04:22
we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,
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我們總想到複雜的雌激素和胰島素,
04:25
or nerve transmission.
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或者是神經傳導。
04:27
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals
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很複雜的過程,牽涉很複雜的化學物質,
04:30
that fit into very complex receptors.
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發生在很複雜的化學受體上。
04:32
And here's this incredibly simple molecule,
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而這就是個異常簡單的分子,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,
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將一氧一氧結合起來,
04:38
and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,
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然而卻扮演重要角色,去引起血管擴張,增加血流量,
04:43
for neurotransmission, for many, many things,
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作神經傳導,很多很多的功用,
04:45
but particularly cardiovascular health.
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但尤其是心血管健康。
04:49
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,
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之後我開始研究,並得出很令人振奮的發現,
04:52
that the skin produces nitric oxide.
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就是皮膚能夠產生一氧化氮。
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.
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所以一氧化氮不單只在心血管系統中生成。
04:57
It arises in the skin.
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一氧化氮也在皮膚中生成。
04:59
Well, having found that and published that,
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之後,在得出這發現並發表後,
05:01
I thought, well, what's it doing?
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我想,好了,它究竟扮演甚麼角色?
05:03
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?
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你的皮膚怎樣維持低的血壓?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
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這不是心臟。可以怎麼做?
05:07
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research,
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所以我走了一趟美國,就像做研究的人都會這樣做,
05:11
and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
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而我在匹茲堡待了幾年。這就是匹茲堡。
05:15
And I was interested in these really complex systems.
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我對這些很複雜的系統很感興趣。
05:17
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,
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我們想,或許一氧化氮能夠左右細胞的死亡,
05:21
and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
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細胞怎樣維持生存,以及對外來物質的抵抗。
05:24
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,
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我首先從細胞培植入手,就是培養細胞,
05:27
and then I was using knockout mouse models --
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之後我就用了關鍵的老鼠實驗模型──
05:29
mice that couldn't make the gene.
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一些無法製造某基因的老鼠。
05:31
We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.
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我們得出一個運作原理,就是── 一氧化氮幫助細胞生存。
05:35
And I then moved back to Edinburgh.
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之後我搬回愛丁堡。
05:39
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.
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而在愛丁堡,實驗對象就變成了醫科學生。
05:42
It's a species close to human,
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是個很接近人類的物種,對吧,
05:44
with several advantages over mice:
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比起老鼠有多個好處:
05:46
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves,
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他們是免費的,你不用替他們刮鬍鬚,照顧他們三餐,
05:49
and nobody pickets your office saying,
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而沒有人會衝進你的辦公室,說:
05:51
"Save the lab medical student."
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「保護實驗醫科學生的權益。」
05:54
So they're really an ideal model.
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所以他們是十分理想的實驗模型。
05:57
But what we found
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但我們得出的結果是
05:59
was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.
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我們不能在人身上重複老鼠的實驗,並得出相同的結果。
06:04
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production
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我們似乎並不能關掉
06:07
of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.
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人類皮膚上產生一氧化氮的過程。
06:10
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
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我們試過塗上一層膏,阻擋催化製造一氧化氮的酶,
06:13
we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.
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我們試過注射化學物質, 但就是不能關掉一氧化氮的製造。
06:17
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work,
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而箇中原因,經過兩三年的研究工作之後,發覺
06:20
was that in the skin we have huge stores
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原來是皮膚中有大量的貯存,
06:25
not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,
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不是一氧化氮,因為一氧化氮本體是氣體,
06:28
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away,
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一釋放就會─(呼!) ─數秒間就消失無蹤,
06:31
but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --
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但是可以變成這些形式的一氧化氮──
06:34
nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.
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硝酸鹽 NO3 <sup>-</sup>;亞硝酸鹽 NO2 <sup>-</sup>;亞硝基硫醇。
06:38
And these are more stable,
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而這些是較穩定的形態,
06:39
and your skin has got really large stores of NO.
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而皮膚中確實有很大的一氧化氮貯存。
06:43
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,
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我們跟着就想,有了這一大堆貯存,
06:46
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores
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究竟日光能否活化這些貯存
06:49
and release them from the skin,
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讓它們從皮膚中釋放,
06:51
where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation.
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因為貯存量是在血液循環中的約十倍之多。
06:54
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,
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太陽可否將貯存中的一氧化氮釋放到血液中,
06:57
and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?
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進而在血液循環中有助於心血管系統健康?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist,
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對了,我是個實驗皮膚學家,
07:05
so what we did was we thought
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所以我們當時接着想的是
07:06
we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.
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我們會將實驗對象放於陽光中曝曬。
07:10
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers
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所以我們當時做的是,我們將一班自願者
07:14
and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.
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放在紫外光燈的曝曬下。
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps.
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那是其中一種太陽光燈。
07:18
Now, what we were careful to do was,
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此時,我們小心翼翼去做的是,
07:21
vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays
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維他命 D 是由紫外光 B 光線造成的,
07:24
and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.
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而我們想將避開維他命 D 的影響。
07:28
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.
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所以我們用了紫外光燈 A,是不會產生維他命 D 的。
07:32
When we put people under a lamp
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當我們將人們放於燈下,
07:34
for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,
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相當於在愛丁堡夏天 曝曬日光三十分鐘的時間,
07:39
what we produced was, we produced a rise
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我們得出的是,我們得出一個
07:42
in circulating nitric oxide.
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一氧化氮在血液循環中提升的結果。
07:44
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,
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所以我們將一些有此方面問題的病人 放在紫外光燈下,
07:47
and their NO levels do go up,
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而他們的一氧化氮含量確實提升了,
07:49
and their blood pressure goes down.
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而血壓就下降。
07:51
Not by much, as an individual level,
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效果不是太明顯,在個人層面之言,
07:54
but enough at a population level
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但在一個社群層面,已相當有效果,
07:56
to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.
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將整個社群中的心臟病患率往下調。
08:00
And when we shone UV at them,
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而當我們只是將紫外光往他們照一照,
08:02
or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,
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或當我們將他們 像是照燈一樣暖起來,
08:06
but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen.
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但不讓光線實際的照進皮膚上,得不出這種效果。
08:09
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.
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所以這似乎是紫外光線接觸皮膚後的效果。
08:13
Now, we're still collecting data.
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現在,我們仍在蒐集數據。
08:15
A few good things here:
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已得出的好處有幾點:
08:16
This appeared to be more marked in older people.
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似乎是較年長的人身上,效果較明顯。
08:19
I'm not sure exactly how much.
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我不確定較明顯多少。
08:21
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,
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其中一位試驗者是我的岳母,
08:23
and clearly I do not know her age.
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很明顯我不知道她的確實年齡。
08:26
But certainly in people older than my wife,
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但肯定的是,在一些比我妻子年長的人身上,
08:29
this appears to be a more marked effect.
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似乎有較明顯的效果。
08:32
And the other thing I should mention
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而值得一提的是
08:33
was there was no change in vitamin D.
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維他命 D 含量並沒有改變。
08:36
This is separate from vitamin D.
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這是與維他命 D 分開的。
08:38
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,
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所以,維他命 D 對身體有好處──它停止佝僂病,
08:39
it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.
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預防鈣之代謝,此等重要的事。
08:41
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
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但這是個與維他命 D 分開的機制。
08:44
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure
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好了,純粹看血壓控制其中一個弊處是
08:47
is your body does everything it can
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你的身體會竭其所能
08:49
to keep your blood pressure at the same place.
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去維持你的血壓在一個相當的水平。
08:50
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,
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若你的腿不幸被砍掉,大量失血,
08:52
your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
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你的身體會降低效能,增加心跳,
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.
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竭其所能去維持血壓。
08:57
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.
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那實是很基本的生理調節原則。
09:00
So what we've next done
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所以我們之後所做的
09:02
is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.
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是轉往觀察血管擴張。
09:05
So we've measured -- this is again,
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如是我們測量了──再一次地,
09:07
notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.
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沒有尾巴,沒有毛髮,這位是醫科學生。
09:12
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm
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在手臂,你可以測量一下手臂的血液流量,
09:15
by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.
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由手腫起的程度來判斷血流量。
09:18
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation --
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而我們發現的是,在未照光組
09:22
this is the thick line here --
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(就是這條實心線)
09:23
this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up
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這是在手臂上照紫外光,讓手臂暖起來,
09:25
but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin.
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但將手臂覆蓋着,不讓光線直接照射皮膚。
09:28
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.
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血液流量沒有因為血管擴張而改變。
09:32
But the active irradiation,
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但在照光組中,
09:34
during the UV and for an hour after it,
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在紫外光下照了一小時,
09:37
there is dilation of the blood vessels.
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血管出現擴張的現象。
09:39
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,
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這是身體降低血壓的運作方式,
09:42
by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,
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一併會擴張冠狀動脈,
09:44
to let the blood be supplied with the heart.
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增加供應心臟的血流量。
09:46
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight --
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這裏,就是進一步支持紫外光──也就是日光──
09:51
has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.
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對血液流動以及 心血管系統有幫助的數據。
09:55
So we thought we'd just kind of model --
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我們想我們的結論模型大概是──
09:58
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,
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不同強度的紫外光, 每年在不同時節, 照射地球上不同的地方。
10:04
so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --
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所以你實在猜得到 被貯存的一氧化氮──
10:08
the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --
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皮膚內的硝酸鹽、亞硝酸鹽、亞硝基硫醇──
10:10
cleave to release NO.
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破出轉而釋放一氧化氮。
10:13
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.
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不同波長的光,對這些活動有不同效果。
10:17
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.
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所以你可以看看 可以達到效果的波長。
10:19
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,
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而你可以看看──這樣看, 若你在赤道附近,太陽直照頭頂,
10:23
it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.
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陽光透過很薄的大氣層射進來。
10:25
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light.
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在冬天或夏天,都有相同強度的光源。
10:27
If you live up here, in summer
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若你住在北方的這裡,在夏天,
10:30
the sun is coming fairly directly down,
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陽光能頗直接的到達,
10:32
but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,
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但在冬天,陽光就要穿透好一層大氣層,
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,
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當中好一部分紫外線經已被磨滅,
10:39
and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth
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而光線到達地球時,波長的範圍
10:41
are different from summer to winter.
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從夏天到冬天都有所不同。
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data
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所以你可以做到的是,你將那些數據
10:46
by the NO that's released
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與釋放出來的一氧化氮相乘,
10:48
and you can calculate how much nitric oxide
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而你就可以計算出有多少一氧化氮
10:51
would be released from the skin into the circulation.
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會從皮膚中釋放到血液循環。
10:54
Now, if you're on the equator here --
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好了,若你在赤道這裏──
10:56
that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --
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這裏有兩條線,紅線和紫線──
10:59
the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve,
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一氧化氮釋出的量,就是曲線下的部份,
11:04
it's the area in this space here.
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就是這個區域的面積。
11:06
So if you're on the equator, December or June,
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所以,若你身處赤道上,不論十二月還是六月,
11:08
you've got masses of NO being released from the skin.
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你都有一大份量的一氧化氮,從皮膚中釋放。
11:12
So Ventura is in southern California.
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另外,文圖拉就在南加利福尼亞州。
11:14
In summer, you might as well be at the equator.
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在夏天,情況與身處赤道倒也差不多。
11:16
It's great. Lots of NO is released.
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很不錯。很多一氧化氮會釋放。
11:18
Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount.
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在文圖拉仲冬,都算是仍有一定份量的。
11:22
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,
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夏天的愛丁堡,曲線下的面積也不錯的,
11:26
but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released
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但冬天的愛丁堡.可以釋放出來的一氧化氮
11:31
is next to nothing, tiny amounts.
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就近乎零,只是微小份量。
11:34
So what do we think?
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那我們認為怎樣?
11:36
We're still working at this story,
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我們仍在這方面努力,
11:38
we're still developing it, we're still expanding it.
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我們仍在發展它,我們仍在拓展這想法。
11:40
We think it's very important.
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我們覺得這件事非常重要。
11:41
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,
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我們認為它也許能解釋 在英國之中,許多南北健康差異的理由,
11:45
It's of relevance to us.
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它對我們的意義重大。
11:47
We think that the skin --
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我們認為皮膚……
11:48
well, we know that the skin has got very large stores
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我們確實知道 皮膚有很多一氧化氮的貯存,
11:51
of nitric oxide as these various other forms.
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只是以眾多其他形式來貯存。
11:53
We suspect a lot of these come from diet,
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我們猜想很多是來自飲食,
11:55
green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce
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綠葉蔬菜、甜菜、生菜中
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.
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有很多這些一氧化氮,我們認為會跑到皮膚去。
12:01
We think they're then stored in the skin,
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我們想,之後它們就貯存在皮膚中,
12:03
and we think the sunlight releases this
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而我們想,在日光下,它得以釋放,
12:05
where it has generally beneficial effects.
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同時有助於整體身體健康。
12:08
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --
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而這仍在研究中,但是皮膚學家……
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist.
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我的意思是,我是個皮膚專科醫生。
12:12
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer,
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我白天的工作就是對人們說:「你有皮膚癌,
12:15
it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun."
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是由太陽光造成的,不要走到陽光下。」
12:17
I actually think a far more important message
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我其實想,有個更加重要的訊息
12:19
is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.
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就是太陽光有利也有弊。
12:23
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,
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沒錯,陽光是罹患皮膚癌, 一個可以控制的高風險因素,
12:29
but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher
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但心臟病的死亡個案 比起皮膚癌
12:31
than deaths from skin cancer.
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高出一百倍。
12:33
And I think that we need to be more aware of,
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而我認為我們應該更加認清事實,
12:36
and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.
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並需要找尋 風險與益處適當的比例。
12:38
How much sunlight is safe,
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陽光有多大的情況下是安全的,
12:40
and how can we finesse this best for our general health?
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而我們又能怎樣巧用陽光 達到我們普遍的健康?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed.
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最後,萬分感謝在座各位。
12:46
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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