Richard Weller: Could the sun be good for your heart?

88,195 views ใƒป 2013-01-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Morton Bast Reviewer: Thu-Huong Ha
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
So, before I became a dermatologist,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœืจื•ืคื-ืขื•ืจ
00:18
I started in general medicine,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
00:20
as most dermatologists do in Britain.
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ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
00:22
At the end of that time, I went off to Australia,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
00:24
about 20 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-20 ืฉื ื”.
00:26
What you learn when you go to Australia
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ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”
00:28
is the Australians are very competitive.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื”ื ืžืื“ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื.
00:31
And they are not magnanimous in victory.
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ื”ื ืœื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื.
00:33
And that happened a lot:
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ืŸ:
00:35
"You pommies, you can't play cricket, rugby."
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"ืคื•ืžื™ื– ืฉื›ืžื•ืชื›ื, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืงืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ืจื•ื’ื‘ื™."
00:38
I could accept that.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
00:40
But moving into work --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” --
00:42
and we have each week what's called a journal club,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข "ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ื™-ืขืช",
00:45
when you'd sit down with the other doctors
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
00:47
and you'd study a scientific paper
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ื•ืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ืขื™
00:49
in relation to medicine.
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ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื”.
00:51
And after week one, it was about cardiovascular mortality,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘,
00:54
a dry subject -- how many people die of heart disease,
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ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืฉื™ -- ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘,
00:57
what the rates are.
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ืžื”ื ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
00:59
And they were competitive about this:
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”:
01:01
"You pommies, your rates of heart disease are shocking."
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"ืคื•ืžื™ื–, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืืฆืœื›ื ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื."
01:04
And of course, they were right.
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื•.
01:06
Australians have about a third less heart disease than we do --
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ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ื• --
01:10
less deaths from heart attacks, heart failure, less strokes --
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ ืžืžื•ืช ืžื”ืชืงืคื™ ืœื‘, ืื™ ืกืคื™ืงืช ืœื‘, ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื‘ืฅ--
01:14
they're generally a healthier bunch.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:16
And of course they said this was because of
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ื•ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
01:17
their fine moral standing, their exercise,
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ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื”ืชืขืžืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:19
because they're Australians and we're weedy pommies, and so on.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืžื™ื– ืขืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•'.
01:24
But it's not just Australia that has better health than Britain.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”.
01:29
Within Britain, there is a gradient of health --
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ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช --
01:32
and this is what's called standardized mortality,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืŸ,
01:34
basically your chances of dying.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืœืžื•ืช.
01:36
This is looking at data from the paper about 20 years ago,
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
01:39
but it's true today.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•.
01:41
Comparing your rates of dying 50 degrees north --
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” 50 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ื ื” --
01:44
that's the South, that's London and places --
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื–ืืช ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ --
01:46
by latitude, and 55 degrees --
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ืœืคื™ ืงื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื‘, ื•-55 ืžืขืœื•ืช --
01:50
the bad news is that's here, Glasgow.
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœื–ื’ื•.
01:52
I'm from Edinburgh. Worse news, that's even Edinburgh.
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ืื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•. ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื.
01:55
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:59
So what accounts for this horrible space here
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื”
02:02
between us up here in southern Scotland
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ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืืŸ ืœืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“
02:04
and the South?
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ื?
02:05
Now, we know about smoking,
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ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:07
deep-fried Mars bars, chips -- the Glasgow diet.
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ืขืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ "ืžืืจืก" ืžื˜ื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ, ืฆ'ื™ืคืก -- ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื–ื’ื•.
02:10
All of these things.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:11
But this graph is after taking into account
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
02:14
all of these known risk factors.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
02:16
This is after accounting for smoking, social class, diet,
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ื–ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”,
02:20
all those other known risk factors.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
02:21
We are left with this missing space
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ื ื•ืชืจื ื• ืขื ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ื–ื”
02:24
of increased deaths the further north you go.
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ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืชื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
02:27
Now, sunlight, of course, comes into this.
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื–ื”.
02:30
And vitamin D has had a great deal of press,
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ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื•ืช,
02:32
and a lot of people get concerned about it.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
02:34
And we need vitamin D. It's now a requirement that children have a certain amount.
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ื•ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ื›ื™ื•ื ื–ื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
02:38
My grandmother grew up in Glasgow,
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ืกื‘ืชื™ ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื’ืœื–ื’ื•.
02:41
back in the 1920s and '30s when rickets was a real problem
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ื•ื”-30 ื›ืฉื”ืจื›ื›ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
02:44
and cod liver oil was brought in.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืฉืžืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:46
And that really prevented the rickets that used to be common in this city.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ืจื›ื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
02:50
And I as a child was fed cod liver oil by my grandmother.
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ื•ื›ื™ืœื“ ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:54
I distinctly -- nobody forgets cod liver oil.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:57
But an association: The higher people's blood levels of vitamin D are,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื‘ื“ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:02
the less heart disease they have, the less cancer.
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ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘, ืคื—ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
03:05
There seems to be a lot of data suggesting that vitamin D is very good for you.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื.
03:09
And it is, to prevent rickets and so on.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืจื›ื›ืช ื•ื›ื•'.
03:11
But if you give people vitamin D supplements,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D,
03:14
you don't change that high rate of heart disease.
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ืœื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืœื‘.
03:18
And the evidence for it preventing cancers is not yet great.
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
03:21
So what I'm going to suggest is that vitamin D is not the only story in town.
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
03:26
It's not the only reason preventing heart disease.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘.
03:30
High vitamin D levels, I think, are a marker for sunlight exposure,
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ,
03:34
and sunlight exposure, in methods I'm going to show,
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ื•ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’,
03:37
is good for heart disease.
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ื”ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘
03:40
Anyway, I came back from Australia,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ,
03:42
and despite the obvious risks to my health, I moved to Aberdeen.
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™, ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืื‘ืจื“ื™ืŸ.
03:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:48
Now, in Aberdeen, I started my dermatology training.
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืื‘ืจื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
03:51
But I also became interested in research,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ,
03:53
and in particular I became interested in this substance, nitric oxide.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ .
03:56
Now these three guys up here,
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ื›ืขืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
03:57
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad,
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ืคื•ืจื›ื’ื•ื˜, ืื™ื’ื ืืจื• ื•ืžื•ืจืื“.
03:59
won the Nobel Prize for medicine back in 1998.
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ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื‘-1998.
04:02
And they were the first people to describe
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืืจ
04:04
this new chemical transmitter, nitric oxide.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ.
04:08
What nitric oxide does is it dilates blood vessels,
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ืžื” ืฉืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื,
04:11
so it lowers your blood pressure.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื.
04:12
It also dilates the coronary arteries, so it stops angina.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืชืขื•ืงืช ื—ื–ื”.
04:17
And what was remarkable about it
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื
04:18
was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
04:22
we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
04:25
or nerve transmission.
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ืื• ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช.
04:27
Very complex processes with very complex chemicals
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
04:30
that fit into very complex receptors.
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ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืื“.
04:32
And here's this incredibly simple molecule,
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ื•ื”ื ื”, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื–ื•,
04:35
a nitrogen and an oxygen that are stuck together,
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ื—ื ืงืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
04:38
and yet these are hugely important for [unclear] our low blood pressure,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:43
for neurotransmission, for many, many things,
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ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช, ืœื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
04:45
but particularly cardiovascular health.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•-ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
04:49
And I started doing research, and we found, very excitingly,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื•, ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ,
04:52
that the skin produces nitric oxide.
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ.
04:55
So it's not just in the cardiovascular system it arises.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ืช
04:57
It arises in the skin.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
04:59
Well, having found that and published that,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื–ื”,
05:01
I thought, well, what's it doing?
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”?
05:03
How do you have low blood pressure in your skin?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœืš?
05:05
It's not the heart. What do you do?
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืœื‘, ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
05:07
So I went off to the States, as many people do if they're going to do research,
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ืื– ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืœืืจื”"ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ,
05:11
and I spent a few years in Pittsburgh. This is Pittsburgh.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื˜ืกื‘ื•ืจื’
05:15
And I was interested in these really complex systems.
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ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•.
05:17
We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื,
05:21
and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:24
And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells,
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืชืื™ื, ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืื™ื
05:27
and then I was using knockout mouse models --
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื“ื’ืžื™ื ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื --
05:29
mice that couldn't make the gene.
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ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ.
05:31
We worked out a mechanism, which -- NO was helping cells survive.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ, ืืฉืจ - NO (ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ) ืขื–ืจ ืœืชืื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
05:35
And I then moved back to Edinburgh.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
05:39
And in Edinburgh, the experimental animal we use is the medical student.
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ื•ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
05:42
It's a species close to human,
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ื–ื”ื• ื–ืŸ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
05:44
with several advantages over mice:
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื:
05:46
They're free, you don't shave them, they feed themselves,
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ืš ืžื’ืœื— ืื•ืชื, ื”ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
05:49
and nobody pickets your office saying,
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืžืฉืจื“ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ,
05:51
"Save the lab medical student."
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"ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”."
05:54
So they're really an ideal model.
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ืื– ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื™ื“ืืœื™.
05:57
But what we found
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•
05:59
was that we couldn't reproduce in man the data we had shown in mice.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื‘ืื“ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:04
It seemed we couldn't turn off the production
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ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช
06:07
of nitric oxide in the skin of humans.
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ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
06:10
We put on creams that blocked the enzyme that made it,
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ืžืจื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื™ื ืฉื—ืกืžื• ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื–ืืช,
06:13
we injected things. We couldn't turn off the nitric oxide.
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ื”ื–ืจืงื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ.
06:17
And the reason for this, it turned out, after two or three years' work,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ื, ืžืชื‘ืจืจ, ืœืื—ืจ 2-3 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
06:20
was that in the skin we have huge stores
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื
06:25
not of nitric oxide, because nitric oxide is a gas,
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ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ, ื›ื™ ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื–,
06:28
and it's released -- (Poof!) -- and in a few seconds it's away,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจื” .. (ืคื•ืฃ) -- ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ืขืœืžืช,
06:31
but it can be turned into these forms of nitric oxide --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ.
06:34
nitrate, NO3; nitrite, NO2; nitrosothiols.
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ื ื™ื˜ืจืื˜, NO3; ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื˜,NO2; (ืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื ืงืŸ), ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืกื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœ,
06:38
And these are more stable,
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช,
06:39
and your skin has got really large stores of NO.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ NO.
06:43
And we then thought to ourselves, with those big stores,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื– ืœืขืฆืžื ื•, ืขื ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื”,
06:46
I wonder if sunlight might activate those stores
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืืœื”
06:49
and release them from the skin,
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ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ืžื”ืขื•ืจ,
06:51
where the stores are about 10 times as big as what's in the circulation.
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ืฉื ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื™ 10 ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
06:54
Could the sun activate those stores into the circulation,
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ื”ืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื,
06:57
and there in the circulation do its good things for your cardiovascular system?
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ื•ืฉื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•-ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ืช?
07:03
Well, I'm an experimental dermatologist,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™,
07:05
so what we did was we thought
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื”, ..ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
07:06
we'd have to expose our experimental animals to sunlight.
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ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
07:10
And so what we did was we took a bunch of volunteers
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ื•ื›ืš ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื
07:14
and we exposed them to ultraviolet light.
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ื•ื—ืฉืคื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ืจ ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ.
07:17
So these are kind of sunlamps.
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ืื–, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ "ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืฉ".
07:18
Now, what we were careful to do was,
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื”ืจื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
07:21
vitamin D is made by ultraviolet B rays
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื ื™ B ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช
07:24
and we wanted to separate our story from the vitamin D story.
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ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.
07:28
So we used ultraviolet A, which doesn't make vitamin D.
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ืื– ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืงืจื ื™ A ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.
07:32
When we put people under a lamp
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžื ื•ืจื”
07:34
for the equivalent of about 30 minutes of sunshine in summer in Edinburgh,
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ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœ-30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
07:39
what we produced was, we produced a rise
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื”ื™ื”, ื™ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”
07:42
in circulating nitric oxide.
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ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ.
07:44
So we put patients with these subjects under the UV,
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ืื– ืฉืžื ื• ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื” ืชื—ืช ื”-UV.
07:47
and their NO levels do go up,
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ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”-NO ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช,
07:49
and their blood pressure goes down.
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ื•ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“.
07:51
Not by much, as an individual level,
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ืœื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืจืžื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช
07:54
but enough at a population level
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”
07:56
to shift the rates of heart disease in a whole population.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื”.
08:00
And when we shone UV at them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื UV,
08:02
or when we warmed them up to the same level as the lamps,
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ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืžืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืจืžืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื•ืช,
08:06
but didn't actually let the rays hit the skin, this didn't happen.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืื™ืคืฉืจื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”.
08:09
So this seems to be a feature of ultraviolet rays hitting the skin.
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืฉืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
08:13
Now, we're still collecting data.
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
08:15
A few good things here:
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ืžืขื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ:
08:16
This appeared to be more marked in older people.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื.
08:19
I'm not sure exactly how much.
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ืื™ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขื“ ื›ืžื”.
08:21
One of the subjects here was my mother-in-law,
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืชื ืช ืฉืœื™,
08:23
and clearly I do not know her age.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื’ื™ืœื”.
08:26
But certainly in people older than my wife,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืืฉืชื™,
08:29
this appears to be a more marked effect.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:32
And the other thing I should mention
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ
08:33
was there was no change in vitamin D.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.
08:36
This is separate from vitamin D.
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ื–ื” ื ืคืจื“ ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.
08:38
So vitamin D is good for you -- it stops rickets,
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ืื– ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื -- ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื ืข ืจื›ื›ืช,
08:39
it prevents calcium metabolism, important stuff.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ื ืข ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
08:41
But this is a separate mechanism from vitamin D.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D.
08:44
Now, one of the problems with looking at blood pressure
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ื›ืขืช, ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ื
08:47
is your body does everything it can
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ื”ืื ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ
08:49
to keep your blood pressure at the same place.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื.
08:50
If your leg is chopped off and you lose blood,
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ืื ืจื’ืœื›ื ื ืงื˜ืขื” ื•ืืชื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื“ื,
08:52
your body will clamp down, increase the heart rate,
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ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื™ื™ืœื—ืฅ, ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืœื‘
08:55
do everything it can to keep your blood pressure up.
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ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื ืœืžืขืœื”.
08:57
That is an absolutely fundamental physiological principle.
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
09:00
So what we've next done
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
09:02
is we've moved on to looking at blood vessel dilatation.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื“ื.
09:05
So we've measured -- this is again,
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ืื– ืžื“ื“ื ื• - ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘,
09:07
notice no tail and hairless, this is a medical student.
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ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื ื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉืขื™ืจ, ื–ื”ื• ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
09:12
In the arm, you can measure blood flow in the arm
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ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื“ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข
09:15
by how much it swells up as some blood flows into it.
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ืคื—ืช ื›ืฉื–ืจื ื“ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื”.
09:18
And what we've shown is that doing a sham irradiation --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื™ืช ืงืจื™ื ื” --
09:22
this is the thick line here --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื• ื”ืขื‘ื” ื›ืืŸ --
09:23
this is shining UV on the arm so it warms up
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ื–ื” ื”ืืจืช UV ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžืช
09:25
but keeping it covered so the rays don't hit the skin.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืœื ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ.
09:28
There is no change in blood flow, in dilatation of the blood vessels.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื, ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
09:32
But the active irradiation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
09:34
during the UV and for an hour after it,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ื”-UV ื•ืฉืขื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื”,
09:37
there is dilation of the blood vessels.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื.
09:39
This is the mechanism by which you lower blood pressure,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื,
09:42
by which you dilate the coronary arteries also,
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ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืจืงื™ื ื”ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื™ื,
09:44
to let the blood be supplied with the heart.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื“ื ืœืœื‘.
09:46
So here, further data that ultraviolet -- that's sunlight --
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ืื– ื›ืืŸ, ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ -- ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
09:51
has benefits on the blood flow and the cardiovascular system.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื•-ื•ืกืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
09:55
So we thought we'd just kind of model --
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื ื“ื’ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ --
09:58
Different amounts of UV hit different parts of the Earth at different times of year,
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ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ UV ืฉืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”,
10:04
so you can actually work out those stores of nitric oxide --
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ --
10:08
the nitrates, nitrites, nitrosothiols in the skin --
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ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจืื˜ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ืจื•ืกื•ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื•ืจ --
10:10
cleave to release NO.
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ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ NO.
10:13
Different wavelengths of light have different activities of doing that.
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ืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
10:17
So you can look at the wavelengths of light that do that.
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ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช
10:19
And you can look -- So, if you live on the equator, the sun comes straight overhead,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ -- ื›ืš, ืฉืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืงื•ืจื ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืœ ืœืจืืฉ,
10:23
it comes through a very thin bit of atmosphere.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืคื™ืกื” ื“ืงื” ืžืื“ ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
10:25
In winter or summer, it's the same amount of light.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
10:27
If you live up here, in summer
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ืื ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืงื™ืฅ
10:30
the sun is coming fairly directly down,
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ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื”,
10:32
but in winter it's coming through a huge amount of atmosphere,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
10:36
and much of the ultraviolet is weeded out,
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ืกืœ.
10:39
and the range of wavelengths that hit the Earth
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ื•ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
10:41
are different from summer to winter.
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ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžื”ืงื™ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืจืฃ.
10:44
So what you can do is you can multiply those data
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”
10:46
by the NO that's released
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ื‘-NO ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ
10:48
and you can calculate how much nitric oxide
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื—ื ืงืŸ
10:51
would be released from the skin into the circulation.
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ืชืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
10:54
Now, if you're on the equator here --
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ื›ืขืช, ืื ืืชื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ --
10:56
that's these two lines here, the red line and the purple line --
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ืืœื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ืงื• ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ --
10:59
the amount of nitric oxide that's released is the area under the curve,
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืงื•ืžื”,
11:04
it's the area in this space here.
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ื–ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
11:06
So if you're on the equator, December or June,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”, ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ ืื• ื™ื•ื ื™,
11:08
you've got masses of NO being released from the skin.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžืกื•ืช ืฉืœ NO ืฉืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืจ.
11:12
So Ventura is in southern California.
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ืื–, ื•ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
11:14
In summer, you might as well be at the equator.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื”.
11:16
It's great. Lots of NO is released.
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ื–ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ืจื‘ื” NO ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ.
11:18
Ventura mid-winter, well, there's still a decent amount.
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ื•ื ื˜ื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื ืื•ืชื”.
11:22
Edinburgh in summer, the area beneath the curve is pretty good,
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ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืงื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
11:26
but Edinburgh in winter, the amount of NO that can be released
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ืื‘ืœ ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ NO ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ
11:31
is next to nothing, tiny amounts.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืืคืก, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
11:34
So what do we think?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื?
11:36
We're still working at this story,
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ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”,
11:38
we're still developing it, we're still expanding it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
11:40
We think it's very important.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
11:41
We think it probably accounts for a lot of the north-south health divide within Britain,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืขืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ - ื“ืจื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
11:45
It's of relevance to us.
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ื–ื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื ื•.
11:47
We think that the skin --
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ -
11:48
well, we know that the skin has got very large stores
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืขื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“
11:51
of nitric oxide as these various other forms.
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ืฉืœ ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
11:53
We suspect a lot of these come from diet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืขืจื™ื ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื”,,
11:55
green leafy vegetables, beetroot, lettuce
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ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืขืœื™ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืกืœืง, ื—ืกื”
11:58
has a lot of these nitric oxides that we think go to the skin.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืžืชื—ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื ืงืŸ ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจ.
12:01
We think they're then stored in the skin,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืจ,
12:03
and we think the sunlight releases this
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ื–ืืช
12:05
where it has generally beneficial effects.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.
12:08
And this is ongoing work, but dermatologists --
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ื˜ืคืช, ืืš ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ-
12:11
I mean, I'm a dermatologist.
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ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคื ืขื•ืจ.
12:12
My day job is saying to people, "You've got skin cancer,
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื, "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืจ,
12:15
it's caused by sunlight, don't go in the sun."
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ื–ื” ื ื’ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืืœ ืชืœืš ื‘ืฉืžืฉ."
12:17
I actually think a far more important message
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉืžืกืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:19
is that there are benefits as well as risks to sunlight.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
12:23
Yes, sunlight is the major alterable risk factor for skin cancer,
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ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ,
12:29
but deaths from heart disease are a hundred times higher
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ืืš ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื™ ืžืื•ืช
12:31
than deaths from skin cancer.
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ืžืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
12:33
And I think that we need to be more aware of,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
12:36
and we need to find the risk-benefit ratio.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื™ื—ืก ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
12:38
How much sunlight is safe,
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ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
12:40
and how can we finesse this best for our general health?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืžืจืŸ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
12:44
So, thank you very much indeed.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืช.
12:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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