This is your brain on communication | Uri Hasson

265,492 views ・ 2016-06-03

TED


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翻译人员: Haoliang Chen 校对人员: 易帆 余
00:12
Imagine that you invented a device
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想象一下你发明了一个设备,
00:14
that can record my memories,
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可以记录我的记忆、
00:16
my dreams, my ideas,
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我的梦想、我的想法,
00:18
and transmit them to your brain.
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并把它们传输到你的大脑里。
00:20
That would be a game-changing technology, right?
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那将是改变世界的新科技,对吧?
00:23
But in fact, we already possess this device,
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但事实上,我们已经拥有了这样的设备,
00:26
and it's called human communication system
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它被称作"人类沟通系统"
00:29
and effective storytelling.
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和"有效的故事叙述"。
00:31
To understand how this device works,
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为理解这个设备的运作方式,
00:34
we have to look into our brains.
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我们必须对大脑进行一番研究。
00:36
And we have to formulate the question in a slightly different manner.
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并且稍稍改变提问的方向。
00:40
Now we have to ask
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我们改问:
00:42
how these neuron patterns in my brain
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我大脑中那些
00:44
that are associated with my memories and ideas
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与我的记忆和想法相关的神经元,
00:48
are transmitted into your brains.
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是如何被传输到你的大脑里的?
00:51
And we think there are two factors that enable us to communicate.
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我们认为,有两个因素促成沟通。
00:55
First, your brain is now physically coupled to the sound wave
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首先,你的大脑在物理层面上
00:59
that I'm transmitting to your brain.
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与我正在传输的声波耦合。
01:01
And second, we developed a common neural protocol
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其次,我们有共通的神经通讯协定
01:05
that enabled us to communicate.
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使我们能够沟通。
01:07
So how do we know that?
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那么,我们是如何知道的呢?
01:09
In my lab in Princeton,
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在我的普林斯顿实验室里,
01:11
we bring people to the fMRI scanner and we scan their brains
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我们对受测者进行 功能性核磁共振仪扫描,
01:14
while they are either telling or listening to real-life stories.
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就在他们讲述或聆听真实故事时, 扫描他们的大脑。
01:18
And to give you a sense of the stimulus we are using,
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为了让你们了解我们所使用的刺激物,
01:21
let me play 20 seconds from a story that we used,
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我从一段故事中截取了20秒来播放,
01:25
told by a very talented storyteller,
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这是来自一位 非常有才华的故事讲述者
01:27
Jim O'Grady.
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名为 Jim O'Grady。
01:30
(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good,
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(音频)Jim O'Grady:我现在要 大声说出我的故事,因为很好笑,
01:33
and then I start to make it better --
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然后为了让故事更生动--
01:35
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:38
by adding an element of embellishment.
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我会稍微地加油添醋,
01:41
Reporters call this "making shit up."
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记者们称之为“忽悠”
01:44
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:47
And they recommend against crossing that line.
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他们建议不要越过那条线,
01:52
But I had just seen the line crossed between a high-powered dean
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但我刚看见糕点飞过那条线,
01:56
and assault with a pastry.
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砸在院长大人的脸上。
01:58
And I kinda liked it."
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我还挺开心的。
01:59
Uri Hasson: OK, so now let's look into your brain
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尤里.哈森:好,现在我们来观察你的大脑
02:02
and see what's happening when you listen to these kinds of stories.
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看看当你听这类故事时发生了什么。
02:05
And let's start simple -- let's start with one listener and one brain area:
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一开始我们先简单点—— 从一位受测听众的大脑区域开始:
02:09
the auditory cortex that processes the sounds that come from the ear.
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处理耳朵听到的声音的 听觉大脑皮层。
02:13
And as you can see, in this particular brain area,
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如你所见,这特定区域的脑波
02:15
the responses are going up and down as the story is unfolding.
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会随着故事的进展而上下波动。
02:19
Now we can take these responses
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现在我们把这些反应
02:20
and compare them to the responses in other listeners
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和其他受测听众 同一大脑区域内的反应
02:23
in the same brain area.
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进行比较。
02:24
And we can ask:
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我们会问:
02:26
How similar are the responses across all listeners?
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所有受测听众的反应有多相似呢?
02:30
So here you can see five listeners.
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可以看到这五位受测者的脑波。
02:32
And we start to scan their brains before the story starts,
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在故事展开前, 我们就开始扫描他们的大脑,
02:36
when they're simply lying in the dark and waiting for the story to begin.
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当时他们只是躺在黑暗中, 等待故事开始。
02:40
As you can see,
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正如你们所见,
02:41
the brain area is going up and down in each one of them,
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他们每个人的大脑区域里都有起伏,
02:43
but the responses are very different,
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但是反应却非常不同,
02:45
and not in sync.
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而且不同步。
02:47
However, immediately as the story is starting,
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然而,就在故事开始后,
02:50
something amazing is happening.
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一些神奇的事情发生了。
02:52
(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good,
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(音频) JO:我现在要 大声说出我的故事,因为很好笑,
02:55
and then I start to make it --
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然后为了让故事更生动--
02:57
UH: Suddenly, you can see that the responses in all of the subjects
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UH:突然间,所有人的脑波回应
03:00
lock to the story,
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都随着故事的进展而上上下下,
03:01
and now they are going up and down in a very similar way
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波型都很类似。
03:05
across all listeners.
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03:06
And in fact, this is exactly what is happening now in your brains
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事实上,各位听我讲话的时候
03:09
when you listen to my sound speaking.
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这种现象也正在你的大脑里发生;
03:12
We call this effect "neural entrainment."
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我们把这个效应称作 “神经振荡同步化”
03:16
And to explain to you what is neural entrainment,
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为了解释“神经振荡同步化”
03:18
let me first explain what is physical entrainment.
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我先来解释一下什么是“物理震盪同步化“
03:22
So, we'll look and see five metronomes.
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我们来看看这 5 个节拍器,
03:24
Think of these five metronomes as five brains.
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想象这5个节拍器是 5 个大脑。
03:27
And similar to the listeners before the story starts,
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和故事开始前的 5 位受测听众一样,
03:30
these metronomes are going to click,
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这五个节拍器会开始打拍子,
03:32
but they're going to click out of phase.
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但并不同步。
03:35
(Clicking)
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(咔哒咔哒……)
03:39
Now see what will happen when I connect them together
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现在来看一下, 当我把它们放在这两个圆筒上,
03:42
by placing them on these two cylinders.
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把它们连起来,会发生什么。
03:45
(Clicking)
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(咔哒咔哒……)
03:49
Now these two cylinders start to rotate.
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现在这两个圆筒开始滚动,
03:51
This rotation vibration is going through the wood
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这种旋转振动贯穿整块木板,
03:54
and is going to couple all the metronomes together.
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把所有节拍器同步在一起,
03:57
And now listen to the click.
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现在来听听咔哒声。
03:59
(Synchronized clicking)
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(同步的咔哒咔哒声……)
04:09
This is what you call physical entrainment.
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这就是所谓的物理震盪同步化。
04:12
Now let's go back to the brain and ask:
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现在让我们回到大脑, 问一个问题:
04:14
What's driving this neural entrainment?
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是什么在驱动神经振荡同步化?
04:16
Is it simply the sounds that the speaker is producing?
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是说话者发出的声音?
04:19
Or maybe it's the words.
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还是所说的字彙?
04:21
Or maybe it's the meaning that the speaker is trying to convey.
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还是说话者试图传达的意思?
04:24
So to test it, we did the following experiment.
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为了测试,我们做了以下实验。
04:27
First, we took the story and played it backwards.
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首先,我们倒退播放这个故事,
04:30
And that preserved many of the original auditory features,
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这保留了很多原有的听觉特征,
04:33
but removed the meaning.
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但失去了含义,
04:35
And it sounds something like that.
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听起来就像是这样:
04:37
(Audio) JO: (Unintelligible)
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(音频)JO:(不知所云)
04:43
And we flashed colors in the two brains
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我们在两个大脑裡,用闪现的颜色
04:45
to indicate brain areas that respond very similarly across people.
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来标示受测者间 相似脑区块的回应。
04:49
And as you can see,
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正如你们所见,
04:50
this incoming sound induced entrainment or alignment in all of the brains
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诱使所有受测者大脑内 处理声音的听觉皮层,全都同步了;
04:54
in auditory cortices that process the sounds,
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04:57
but it didn't spread deeper into the brain.
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但没有扩散到大脑深层区域。
05:00
Now we can take these sounds and build words out of it.
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现在,我们用这些声音来构建文字。
05:03
So if we take Jim O'Grady and scramble the words,
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如果我们用 Jim O'Grady 的声音 把文字胡乱拼凑在一起,
05:06
we'll get a list of words.
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我们会得到一系列文字
05:07
(Audio) JO: ... an animal ... assorted facts ...
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(音频)JO: ... 一只动物.... 各种各样的事实
05:09
and right on ... pie man ... potentially ... my stories
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正在...卖馅饼的人... 可能...我的故事。
05:12
UH: And you can see that these words start to induce alignment
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UH:你可以看到这些文字 开始引起
05:15
in early language areas, but not more than that.
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早期语言区域的校准, 但也仅仅如此。
05:18
Now we can take the words and start to build sentences out of them.
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现在,我们可以使用文字来组建句子。
05:23
(Audio) JO: And they recommend against crossing that line.
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(吉姆·雷迪的声音) 他们建议不要逾越那条线。
05:28
He says: "Dear Jim, Good story. Nice details.
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他说:“亲爱的 Jim 故事不错,细节很棒。
05:32
Didn't she only know about him through me?"
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难道她不是通过我才认识他的吗?“
05:34
UH: Now you can see that the responses in all the language areas
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UH:现在你可以看到 在所有受测者中
05:37
that process the incoming language
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在处理输入语言的所有语言区域,
05:39
become aligned or similar across all listeners.
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他们的反应变得整齐或相似。
05:42
However, only when we use the full, engaging, coherent story
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然而,只有当我们使用完整、 动人、连贯的故事时,
05:46
do the responses spread deeper into the brain
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反应才会进入大脑深层区域
05:49
into higher-order areas,
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和高阶区域,
05:50
which include the frontal cortex and the parietal cortex,
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其中包括额叶皮层和顶叶皮层。
05:53
and make all of them respond very similarly.
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从而令所有人 都出现非常相似的反应。
05:56
And we believe that these responses in higher-order areas are induced
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我们认为,这些高阶区域内的反应 之所以能被诱发,
05:59
or become similar across listeners
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或能在不同受测听众之间变得相似,
06:01
because of the meaning conveyed by the speaker,
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是因为讲话者所传达的含义,
06:04
and not by words or sound.
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而不是文字或声音。
06:06
And if we are right, there's a strong prediction over here
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如果我们猜想正确, 那就有一种很可能出现的情况,
06:09
if I tell you the exact same ideas
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如果我使用两种 截然不同的语言组合
06:11
using two very different sets of words,
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告诉你同样的想法,
06:14
your brain responses will still be similar.
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你的大脑反应仍然是相似的。
06:17
And to test it, we did the following experiment in my lab.
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为了检验这种情况, 我们在我的实验室里做了以下实验。
06:21
We took the English story
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我们把这个英语故事
06:22
and translated it to Russian.
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翻译成俄语。
06:25
Now you have two different sounds and linguistic systems
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现在有了两种不同的 声音和语言系统,
06:29
that convey the exact same meaning.
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它们传达的意思则完全相同。
06:31
And you play the English story to the English listeners
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你向英语听众播放英语故事,
06:35
and the Russian story to the Russian listeners,
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向俄语听众播放俄语故事。
06:37
and we can compare their responses across the groups.
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我们比较这两组听众的反应。
06:40
And when we did that, we didn't see responses that are similar
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当这样做的时候, 我们没有在听觉皮层
06:44
in auditory cortices in language,
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看到相似的反应。
06:46
because the language and sound are very different.
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因为语言和声音差异很大。
06:49
However, you can see that the responses in high-order areas
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但是,两组的高阶区域 的反应仍然相似。
06:51
were still similar across these two groups.
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06:55
We believe this is because they understood the story in a very similar way,
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我们认为 ,这是因为 他们理解故事的方式非常相似
06:59
as we confirmed, using a test after the story ended.
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故事结束后的一个测试 验证了我们的想法。
07:04
And we think that this alignment is necessary for communication.
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我们认为, 这种校准对于沟通是必要的。
07:08
For example, as you can tell,
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举个例子,你们都听得出来
07:10
I am not a native English speaker.
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英语并不是我的母语。
07:12
I grew up with another language,
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我在另一种语言中成长
07:14
and the same might be for many of you in the audience.
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你们当中很多人可能也是如此。
07:17
And still, we can communicate.
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但我们依然可以沟通
07:19
How come?
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为什么?
07:20
We think we can communicate because we have this common code
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我们认为,我们之所以能沟通 是因为我们有这种
07:23
that presents meaning.
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呈现含义的通用代码。
07:25
So far, I've only talked about what's happening in the listener's brain,
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到目前为止,我只谈到听众大脑中 所发生的情形,
07:29
in your brain, when you're listening to talks.
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当你聆听的时候 你的大脑中所发生的情形。
07:31
But what's happening in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
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但演讲者的大脑中发生了什么?
07:34
when I'm speaking to you?
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当我对你们说话的时候 我的大脑中发生了什么?
07:36
To look in the speaker's brain,
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为了观察演讲者的大脑,
07:38
we asked the speaker to go into the scanner,
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我们让演讲者接受扫描,
07:41
we scan his brain
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我们扫描了他的大脑,
07:42
and then compare his brain responses to the brain responses of the listeners
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然后把他的大脑反应 和听众听故事时的大脑反应
07:46
listening to the story.
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进行比较。
07:48
You have to remember that producing speech and comprehending speech
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你们要记住,发表演讲和理解演讲
07:52
are very different processes.
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是截然不同的过程。
07:54
Here we're asking: How similar are they?
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我们问的是:它们有多相似?
07:58
To our surprise,
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令我们惊讶的是,
07:59
we saw that all these complex patterns within the listeners
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我们看到,受测听众之间 产生的所有这些复杂模式,
08:04
actually came from the speaker brain.
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实际上都源自演讲者的大脑。
08:07
So production and comprehension rely on very similar processes.
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所以,产出和理解 所倚赖的过程非常相似。
08:10
And we also found
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我们还发现
08:12
the stronger the similarity between the listener's brain
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受测者大脑和讲者大脑之间的
08:16
and the speaker's brain,
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相似度越高,
08:17
the better the communication.
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沟通效果越佳。
08:19
So I know that if you are completely confused now,
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所以我知道,如果你们 现在完全听不懂我的话,
08:23
and I do hope that this is not the case,
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——我希望不会出现这种情况
08:25
your brain responses are very different than mine.
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你们的大脑反应 就会与我的非常不同。
08:28
But I also know that if you really understand me now,
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但我也知道, 如果你们现在真的理解我的话,
08:31
then your brain ... and your brain ... and your brain
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你的大脑…你的大脑… 还有你的大脑
08:34
are really similar to mine.
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就会与我的非常相似。
08:37
Now, let's take all this information together and ask:
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现在,我们把所有信息 结合起来,问一个问题:
08:40
How can we use it to transmit a memory that I have
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我们该如何利用它
08:44
from my brain to your brains?
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把我大脑中的记忆 传递到你们的大脑中?
08:47
So we did the following experiment.
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于是我们做了以下实验,
08:49
We let people watch, for the first time in their life,
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我们让人们首次观看BBC 连续剧 《神探夏洛克》中的一个片段,
08:52
a TV episode from the BBC series "Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
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同时扫描他们的大脑。
08:56
And then we asked them to go back to the scanner
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然后我们让他们回到扫描仪前
08:59
and tell the story to another person that never watched the movie.
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把故事讲给另一个 从没看过这部电影的人听。
09:03
So let's be specific.
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具体来说,
09:04
Think about this exact scene,
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想象这个特定的场景,
09:06
when Sherlock is entering the cab in London
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夏洛克进入伦敦的一辆出租车,
09:09
driven by the murderer he is looking for.
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司机是他正在寻找的杀人凶手。
09:12
With me, as a viewer,
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对我而言,作为一名观看者,
09:14
there is a specific brain pattern in my brain when I watch it.
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当我看的时候, 我的大脑中有一个特定的大脑模式。
09:19
Now, the exact same pattern, I can reactivate in my brain again
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现在,通过讲述以下几个词语 我可以再次在大脑中重新激活
09:22
by telling the word: Sherlock, London, murderer.
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这个完全相同的模式: 夏洛克、伦敦、杀人凶手。
09:27
And when I'm transmitting these words to your brains now,
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当我现在把这些词语传达到你的大脑时,
09:30
you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
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你得在自己的思维中进行重建。
09:33
In fact, we see that pattern emerging now in your brains.
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实际上,我们能看到你们的大脑中 现在出现的模式。
09:37
And we were really surprised to see
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我们非常惊讶地看到,
09:40
that the pattern you have now in your brains
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当我向你描述这些场景的时候,
09:42
when I'm describing to you these scenes
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你的大脑中现在呈现的模式
09:44
would be very similar to the pattern I had when I watched this movie
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与我几个月前看这部电影时
09:48
a few months ago in the scanner.
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扫描仪中显现的我的大脑模式 非常相似。
09:50
This starts to tell you about the mechanism
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这开始告诉你们, 我们讲故事和传递信息
09:52
by which we can tell stories and transmit information.
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所倚赖的机制。
09:55
Because, for example,
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因为,举个例子来说,
09:57
now you're listening really hard and trying to understand what I'm saying.
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现在你们听得非常努力, 尝试理解我所说的话。
10:01
And I know that it's not easy.
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我知道这并不容易。
10:02
But I hope that at one point in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
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但我希望,到了对话中的某个时刻, 我们能豁然开朗,你们能明白我的意思。
10:06
And I think that in a few hours, a few days, a few months,
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我觉得,在几个小时后,几天后,几个月后,
10:10
you're going to meet someone at a party,
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当你们在派对上遇到某个人,
10:12
and you're going to tell him about this lecture,
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你会告诉他这次演讲的内容,
10:16
and suddenly it will be as if he is standing now here with us.
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突然间,他好像就站在这里, 和我们在一起。
10:20
Now you can see how we can take this mechanism
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现在你们可以看到, 我们如何利用这个机制
10:23
and try to transmit memories and knowledge across people,
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尝试在人与人之间传递记忆和知识,
10:26
which is wonderful, right?
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这很不错,对吧?
10:29
But our ability to communicate relies on our ability
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但我们的沟通能力
10:32
to have common ground.
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依赖于我们拥有共同点的能力。
10:34
Because, for example,
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因为,举例来说,
10:36
if I'm going to use the British synonym
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如果我使用英式同义词
10:39
"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"
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"出租马车" 取代 "出租汽车"
10:42
I know that I'm going to be misaligned with most of you in the audience.
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我知道,大多数听众就无法 与我达成同步的沟通。
10:46
This alignment depends not only on our ability
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沟通的同步不仅取决于
10:48
to understand the basic concept;
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我们对基本概念的理解能力,
10:50
it also depends on our ability to develop common ground and understanding
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也取决于我们形成共性、理解彼此
10:55
and shared belief systems.
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和共享信仰体系的能力。
10:57
Because we know that in many cases,
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因为我们知道,在许多情况下,
10:59
people understand the exact same story in very different ways.
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即使是完全相同的故事, 人们的理解方式也可能十分不同。
11:04
So to test it in the lab, we did the following experiment.
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为了在实验室中验证, 我们做了以下实验。
11:08
We took a story by J.D. Salinger,
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我们采用了 J.D. Salinger 的一个故事,
11:11
in which a husband lost track of his wife in the middle of a party,
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在这个故事中 , 一位丈夫在派对中与妻子失去了联络,
11:15
and he's calling his best friend, asking, "Did you see my wife?"
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他打电话给最好的朋友,问他: “你看见我妻子了吗?“
11:19
For half of the subjects,
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半数的受测者被告知:
11:21
we said that the wife was having an affair with the best friend.
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妻子和最好的朋友有一段私情。
11:25
For the other half,
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而另外一半则被告知:
11:26
we said that the wife is loyal and the husband is very jealous.
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妻子是忠诚的,是丈夫的忌妒心太重。
11:32
This one sentence before the story started
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故事开始前的一句话
11:34
was enough to make the brain responses
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就足以决定大脑的反应,
11:37
of all the people that believed the wife was having an affair
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所有相信妻子不忠的人,
11:40
be very similar in these high-order areas
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在大脑高阶区域 出现非常相似的反应,
11:42
and different than the other group.
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但与另一组人不同。
11:44
And if one sentence is enough to make your brain similar
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如果一个句子足以让你的大脑
11:48
to people that think like you
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与持相同看法的人相似,
11:50
and very different than people that think differently than you,
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与持不同看法的人相异,
11:53
think how this effect is going to be amplified in real life,
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那么想想看,在现实生活中 这种效应会被放大到什么样的程度?
11:56
when we are all listening to the exact same news item
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当我们日复一日听着由不同媒体
11:59
after being exposed day after day after day
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所报导的相同新闻,
12:03
to different media channels, like Fox News or The New York Times,
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例如《福克斯新闻》或《纽约时报》
12:07
that give us very different perspectives on reality.
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造成我们对事实的观点 有截然不同的看法。
12:11
So let me summarize.
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我来总结一下,
12:13
If everything worked as planned tonight,
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如果一切事情都像今晚 计划的那样进行,
12:15
I used my ability to vocalize sound to be coupled to your brains.
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我可以用我的声音 与你的大脑产生共鸣。
12:19
And I used this coupling
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然后利用这种共鸣,
12:21
to transmit my brain patterns associated with my memories and ideas
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把我的大脑模式、记忆和想法
12:25
into your brains.
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传输到你的大脑。
12:27
In this, I start to reveal the hidden neural mechanism
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由此,我开始揭示沟通所依赖的
12:31
by which we communicate.
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隐藏神经机制。
12:32
And we know that in the future it will enable us to improve
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我们知道,在未来, 它会使我们改进
12:35
and facilitate communication.
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和加速沟通。
12:38
But these studies also reveal
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但这些研究也表明,
12:40
that communication relies on a common ground.
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沟通依赖于共同基础。
12:43
And we have to be really worried as a society
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我们必须得担心,作为一个社会
12:46
if we lose this common ground and our ability to speak with people
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我们是否失去了这种共同基础,
12:50
that are slightly different than us
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是否失去了与那些 与自己稍有不同的人沟通的能力,
12:52
because we let a few very strong media channels
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因为我们放任少数的强势媒体
12:55
take control of the mic,
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控制了麦克风,
12:57
and manipulate and control the way we all think.
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操纵了我们的想法。
13:01
And I'm not sure how to fix it because I'm only a scientist.
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我只是个科学家, 不知如何解决这个问题。
13:04
But maybe one way to do it
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但或许有一种可能方式,
13:06
is to go back to the more natural way of communication,
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就是回到更自然的沟通方式,
13:09
which is a dialogue,
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也就是人与人之间的对话,
13:11
in which it's not only me speaking to you now,
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不只是像现在这样我对着你说,
13:13
but a more natural way of talking,
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而是更自然的谈话方式,
13:16
in which I am speaking and I am listening,
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我一边说也一边听,
13:19
and together we are trying to come to a common ground and new ideas.
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我们一起努力,获得共同点和新想法。
13:24
Because after all,
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因为,毕竟,
13:25
the people we are coupled to define who we are.
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能与我们产生共鸣的人 定义了我们是什麽样的人。
13:29
And our desire to be coupled to another brain
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我们对另一个大脑 产生共鸣的基本渴望
13:31
is something very basic that starts at a very early age.
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在年龄很小的时候就已经开始了。
13:36
So let me finish with an example from my own private life
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最后,我用自己生活中的 一个例子作为结束。
13:41
that I think is a good example of how coupling to other people
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我觉得这是一个很好的例子,
说明了「共鸣」定义了我们是谁。
13:45
is really going to define who we are.
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13:48
This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
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这是我儿子 Jonathan, 在他很小的时候。
13:51
See how he developed a vocal game together with my wife,
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看看他如何和我妻子 一起开发出一种声音游戏,
13:55
only from the desire and pure joy of being coupled to another human being.
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仅仅源自渴望与他人 产生共鸣的单纯喜悦。
14:01
(Both vocalizing)
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(都在发声)
14:14
(Laughter)
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(笑)
14:17
Now, think how the ability of my son
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现在来想一想 , 我儿子与我们,
14:21
to be coupled to us and other people in his life
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以及他生命中其他人产生共鸣的能力,
14:23
is going to shape the man he is going to become.
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将如何把他塑造成他将成为的那个人。
14:26
And think how you change on a daily basis
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想一想,你每天如何
14:29
from the interaction and coupling to other people in your life.
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从与他人的交往和联系中改变。
14:34
So keep being coupled to other people.
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所以持续跟其他人产生共鸣。
14:37
Keep spreading your ideas,
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持续分享你的想法,
14:38
because the sum of all of us together, coupled,
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因为我们共鸣起来的总力量,
14:41
is greater than our parts.
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远远胜过我们分开的个体力量。
14:43
Thank you.
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谢谢!
14:44
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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