This is your brain on communication | Uri Hasson

268,984 views ・ 2016-06-03

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Ju Hye Lim κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Imagine that you invented a device
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ–΄λ–€ μž₯치λ₯Ό 발λͺ…ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
00:14
that can record my memories,
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μ €μ˜ κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό
00:16
my dreams, my ideas,
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꿈, 생각을 κΈ°λ‘ν•΄μ„œ
00:18
and transmit them to your brain.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ 보낼 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  상상해 λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:20
That would be a game-changing technology, right?
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정말 획기적인 기술일 κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
00:23
But in fact, we already possess this device,
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그런데 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이미 이런 μž₯치λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
and it's called human communication system
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ 체계와 효과적인 μŠ€ν† λ¦¬ν…”λ§μ΄λΌκ³ 
00:29
and effective storytelling.
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λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
To understand how this device works,
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이 μž₯치의 μž‘λ™ 원리λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
00:34
we have to look into our brains.
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λ¨Όμ € λ‡Œ μ•ˆμ„ 봐야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
And we have to formulate the question in a slightly different manner.
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그리고 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 살짝 λ°”κΏ”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:40
Now we have to ask
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μΆ”μ–΅κ³Ό 아이디어와 μ—°κ΄€λœ
00:42
how these neuron patterns in my brain
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λ‡Œ μ†μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ° νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄
00:44
that are associated with my memories and ideas
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ‡Œλ‘œ μ „λ‹¬λ˜λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:48
are transmitted into your brains.
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00:51
And we think there are two factors that enable us to communicate.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ„ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 데 두 가지 μš”μ†Œκ°€ μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
First, your brain is now physically coupled to the sound wave
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첫째둜, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ‡ŒλŠ” μ§€κΈˆ μ œκ°€ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ”
00:59
that I'm transmitting to your brain.
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μŒνŒŒμ™€ 물리적으둜 κ²°ν•©λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
And second, we developed a common neural protocol
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λ‘˜μ§Έλ‘œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„œλ‘œ μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
01:05
that enabled us to communicate.
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κ³΅ν†΅μ˜ μ‹ κ²½ 쑰약을 λ§Ίμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:07
So how do we know that?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•„λƒκ³ μš”?
01:09
In my lab in Princeton,
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ν”„λ¦°μŠ€ν„΄μ— μžˆλŠ” 제 연ꡬ싀에선
01:11
we bring people to the fMRI scanner and we scan their brains
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MRI둜 μ‹€ν™”λ₯Ό λ“£κ±°λ‚˜ λ§ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆμ˜
01:14
while they are either telling or listening to real-life stories.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:18
And to give you a sense of the stimulus we are using,
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저희가 μ“°λŠ” μžκ·Ήμ œκ°€ μ–΄λ–€ 것인지 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
01:21
let me play 20 seconds from a story that we used,
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저희가 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 이야기인, 유λŠ₯ν•œ 동화 ꡬ연가 짐 μ˜€κ·Έλ ˆμ΄λ””κ°€
01:25
told by a very talented storyteller,
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κ΅¬μ—°ν•˜λŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό 20μ΄ˆκ°„ λ“€λ €λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:27
Jim O'Grady.
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01:30
(Audio) Jim O'Grady: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good,
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짐 μ˜€κ·Έλ ˆμ΄λ””: λ‚΄κ°€ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£Όκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ±°λ“ 
01:33
and then I start to make it better --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€κ°€ 살을 μ’€ 뢙이기 μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ–΄.
01:35
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:38
by adding an element of embellishment.
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μ’€ 더 κΎΈλ©°μ„œ 말이야.
01:41
Reporters call this "making shit up."
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κΈ°μžλ“€μ€ 이걸 "ν—›μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό 지어낸닀"κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌκ³ .
01:44
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:47
And they recommend against crossing that line.
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κ·Έ 선을 λ„˜μ§€ 말라고 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ 말이야.
01:52
But I had just seen the line crossed between a high-powered dean
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그런데 μ–Όλ§ˆ 전에 λ‚΄κ°€ κΆŒμœ„μžˆλŠ” ν•™μž₯이
01:56
and assault with a pastry.
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패슀트리둜 λ•Œλ¦¬λŠ” κ±Έ λ΄€μ–΄.
01:58
And I kinda liked it."
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그런데 κ½€ μž¬λ―Έμžˆλ”λΌκ³ .
01:59
Uri Hasson: OK, so now let's look into your brain
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우리 ν•œμŠ¨: 이제 이런 이야기λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ
02:02
and see what's happening when you listen to these kinds of stories.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:05
And let's start simple -- let's start with one listener and one brain area:
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청자 ν•œ λͺ…κ³Ό λ‘λ‡Œ ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ μ‹œμž‘ν•΄λ΄μš”.
02:09
the auditory cortex that processes the sounds that come from the ear.
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κ·€λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” 청각 ν”Όμ§ˆλΆ€ν„°μš”.
02:13
And as you can see, in this particular brain area,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό λ‡Œμ˜ 이 μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ
02:15
the responses are going up and down as the story is unfolding.
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이야기λ₯Ό λ“£λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μœ„μ•„λž˜λ‘œ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Now we can take these responses
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이 λ°˜μ‘μ„ 가지고
02:20
and compare them to the responses in other listeners
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 청자의 λ™μΌν•œ λ‡Œ λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”
02:23
in the same brain area.
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λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό 비ꡐ해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
And we can ask:
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그리고 μ²­μžλ“€ 간에
02:26
How similar are the responses across all listeners?
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λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μœ μ‚¬ν•œμ§€ 물을 수 있죠.
02:30
So here you can see five listeners.
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μ—¬κΈ° 5λͺ…μ˜ μ²­μžκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:32
And we start to scan their brains before the story starts,
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κΉœκΉœν•œ 곳에 λˆ„μ›Œ 이야기가 μ‹œμž‘λ˜κΈ°λ§Œμ„ 기닀리고 μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλΆ€ν„°
02:36
when they're simply lying in the dark and waiting for the story to begin.
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이미 λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
As you can see,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
02:41
the brain area is going up and down in each one of them,
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λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ λ‡Œ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μœ„μ•„λž˜λ‘œ μ›€μ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
but the responses are very different,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ°˜μ‘λ“€μ€ 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄κ³ 
02:45
and not in sync.
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μΌμΉ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
02:47
However, immediately as the story is starting,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이야기가 μ‹œμž‘λ˜μžλ§ˆμž
02:50
something amazing is happening.
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:52
(Audio) JO: So I'm banging out my story and I know it's good,
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짐: λ‚΄κ°€ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£Όκ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ±°λ“ 
02:55
and then I start to make it --
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹€κ°€ λ‚΄κ°€-
02:57
UH: Suddenly, you can see that the responses in all of the subjects
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우리: κ°‘μžκΈ° λͺ¨λ“  μ²­μžλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄
03:00
lock to the story,
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이야기에 κ½‚ν˜€μ„œ
03:01
and now they are going up and down in a very similar way
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λͺ¨λ“  μ²­μžλ“€μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ λͺ¨μ–‘μœΌλ‘œ μœ„μ•„λž˜λ‘œ μ›€μ§μ΄λŠ” κ±Έ
03:05
across all listeners.
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λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
And in fact, this is exactly what is happening now in your brains
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ±Έ 듀을 λ•Œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—λ„
03:09
when you listen to my sound speaking.
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λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:12
We call this effect "neural entrainment."
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우린 이걸 "μ‹ κ²½ 동쑰화"라 λΆ€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:16
And to explain to you what is neural entrainment,
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μ‹ κ²½ 동쑰화가 뭔지 μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
03:18
let me first explain what is physical entrainment.
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물리적 동쑰화에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ¨Όμ € μ„€λͺ…λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:22
So, we'll look and see five metronomes.
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μ—¬κΈ° λ©”νŠΈλ‘œλ†ˆμ΄ 5개 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:24
Think of these five metronomes as five brains.
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이 λ©”νŠΈλ‘œλ†ˆμ„ λ‡Œ 5개라고 μƒκ°ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
03:27
And similar to the listeners before the story starts,
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이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£ΌκΈ° μ „μ˜ μ²­μžλ“€μ²˜λŸΌ
03:30
these metronomes are going to click,
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λ©”νŠΈλ‘œλ†ˆμ€ λ˜‘λ”±κ±°λ¦΄ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
but they're going to click out of phase.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ˜‘λ”±κ±°λ¦΄ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
03:35
(Clicking)
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(λ˜‘λ”±λ˜‘λ”±)
03:39
Now see what will happen when I connect them together
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이제 두 개의 원톡 μœ„μ— λ©”νŠΈλ‘œλ†ˆμ„ μ˜¬λ €λ†“μ•˜μ„ λ•Œ
03:42
by placing them on these two cylinders.
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μ–΄λ–€ 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:45
(Clicking)
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(λ˜‘λ”±λ˜‘λ”±)
03:49
Now these two cylinders start to rotate.
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이제 원톡이 돌기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:51
This rotation vibration is going through the wood
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νšŒμ „μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ 진동은 λ‚˜λ¬΄λ₯Ό 톡해 μ „ν•΄μ Έμ„œ
03:54
and is going to couple all the metronomes together.
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λͺ¨λ“  λ©”νŠΈλ‘œλ†ˆμ„ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ λ§Œλ“€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
And now listen to the click.
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이제 μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:59
(Synchronized clicking)
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(일치된 λ˜‘λ”±κ±°λ¦Ό)
04:09
This is what you call physical entrainment.
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이게 λ°”λ‘œ 물리적 λ™μ‘°ν™”μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
Now let's go back to the brain and ask:
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이제 λ‹€μ‹œ λ‡Œλ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
04:14
What's driving this neural entrainment?
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μ‹ κ²½ 동쑰화λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 건 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:16
Is it simply the sounds that the speaker is producing?
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ ν™”μžκ°€ λ‚΄λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬μΌκΉŒμš”?
04:19
Or maybe it's the words.
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단어듀 λ•Œλ¬ΈμΌ μˆ˜λ„ 있겠죠.
04:21
Or maybe it's the meaning that the speaker is trying to convey.
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ ν™”μžκ°€ μ „ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” 의미일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μš”.
04:24
So to test it, we did the following experiment.
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
First, we took the story and played it backwards.
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λ¨Όμ € 이야기λ₯Ό 거꾸둜 ν‹€μ–΄μ€¬μ–΄μš”.
04:30
And that preserved many of the original auditory features,
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ μ›λž˜μ˜ 청각적 νŠΉμ§•μ€ 많이 λ³΄μ‘΄λ˜μ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:33
but removed the meaning.
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μ˜λ―ΈλŠ” μ œκ±°λ˜μ—ˆμ£ .
04:35
And it sounds something like that.
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이런 μ‹μœΌλ‘œ λ“€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
(Audio) JO: (Unintelligible)
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짐: (μ•Œμ•„λ“€μ„ 수 μ—†μŒ)
04:43
And we flashed colors in the two brains
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 사이에 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œμ˜ 뢀뢄을 ν‘œμ‹œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:45
to indicate brain areas that respond very similarly across people.
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λ‡Œ 두 κ°œμ— 색을 μΉ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:49
And as you can see,
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λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
04:50
this incoming sound induced entrainment or alignment in all of the brains
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λ“€λ €μ£ΌλŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  청각 ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ
04:54
in auditory cortices that process the sounds,
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동쑰화λ₯Ό μœ λ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:57
but it didn't spread deeper into the brain.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‡Œ μ†μœΌλ‘œ 더 깊게 퍼지진 μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:00
Now we can take these sounds and build words out of it.
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μ΄λ²ˆμ—” μ†Œλ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€κ°€ 단어λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
05:03
So if we take Jim O'Grady and scramble the words,
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짐이 λ§ν•œ 단어듀을 λ’€μ£½λ°•μ£½μœΌλ‘œ μ„žμ–΄λ²„λ¦¬λ©΄
05:06
we'll get a list of words.
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단어λ₯Ό λ‚˜μ—΄ν•œ 것이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
(Audio) JO: ... an animal ... assorted facts ...
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짐: 동물... μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 사싀듀...
05:09
and right on ... pie man ... potentially ... my stories
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λ§žμ•„... 파이... λ‚¨μž... 잠재적으둜... λ‚΄ 이야기...
05:12
UH: And you can see that these words start to induce alignment
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우리: λ³΄μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 이 단어듀은
05:15
in early language areas, but not more than that.
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초기의 언어적 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ—λ§Œ κ΅­ν•œλœ 동쑰화λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
Now we can take the words and start to build sentences out of them.
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이제 단어λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€κ°€ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
05:23
(Audio) JO: And they recommend against crossing that line.
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짐: κ·Έ 선을 λ„˜μ§€ 말라더ꡰ.
05:28
He says: "Dear Jim, Good story. Nice details.
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κ·Έκ°€ λ§ν•˜κΈΈ, "짐, μž¬λ°ŒλŠ” 이야기야. 세뢀사항도 잘 μ‚΄λ Έκ³ .
05:32
Didn't she only know about him through me?"
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κ·Έλ…€κ°€ λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ§Œ κ·Έλ₯Ό μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” κ±° μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆλ‚˜?"
05:34
UH: Now you can see that the responses in all the language areas
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우리: λ“€μ–΄μ˜€λŠ” μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ”
05:37
that process the incoming language
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λͺ¨λ“  μ–Έμ–΄ μ˜μ—­μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄
05:39
become aligned or similar across all listeners.
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λͺ¨λ“  μ²­μžλ“€ 사이에 λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄μ§€λŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:42
However, only when we use the full, engaging, coherent story
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 재미있고 일관성 μžˆλŠ” 이야기 전체λ₯Ό λ‹€ 듀렀쀄 λ•Œλ§Œ
05:46
do the responses spread deeper into the brain
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λ°˜μ‘μ€ λ‡Œμ˜ 더 κΉŠμ€ 곳으둜 νΌμ Έμ„œ
05:49
into higher-order areas,
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더 고차원적인 λΆ€λΆ„κΉŒμ§€ κ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:50
which include the frontal cortex and the parietal cortex,
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전두엽과 두정엽을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜λŠ” 뢀뢄에
05:53
and make all of them respond very similarly.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이도둝 λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
And we believe that these responses in higher-order areas are induced
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 고차원적인 μ˜μ–΅μ— 이런 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜κ±°λ‚˜
05:59
or become similar across listeners
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μ²­μžλ“€ κ°„μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λΉ„μŠ·ν•΄μ§€λŠ” μ΄μœ κ°€
06:01
because of the meaning conveyed by the speaker,
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ν™”μžκ°€ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” μ˜λ―Έλ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
and not by words or sound.
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λ‹¨μ–΄λ‚˜ μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌμš”.
06:06
And if we are right, there's a strong prediction over here
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§žλ‹€λ©΄ μ œκ°€ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜
06:09
if I tell you the exact same ideas
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 단어λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μ„œ 듀렀주어도
06:11
using two very different sets of words,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ€ λ˜‘κ°™μ„ κ±°λΌλŠ”
06:14
your brain responses will still be similar.
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κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ˜ˆμΈ‘μ„ ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:17
And to test it, we did the following experiment in my lab.
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κ·Έκ±Έ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€μŒμ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
We took the English story
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μ˜μ–΄λ‘œ 된 이야기λ₯Ό κ°€μ Έλ‹€κ°€
06:22
and translated it to Russian.
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ–΄λ‘œ λ²ˆμ—­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:25
Now you have two different sounds and linguistic systems
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그럼 μ™„λ²½νžˆ λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 의미λ₯Ό μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 두 개의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œλ¦¬μ™€
06:29
that convey the exact same meaning.
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μ–Έμ–΄ 체계가 λ‚˜μ˜΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:31
And you play the English story to the English listeners
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μ˜μ–΄ 이야기λ₯Ό μ˜μ–΄ μ‚¬μš©μžμ—κ²Œ λ“€λ €μ£Όκ³ 
06:35
and the Russian story to the Russian listeners,
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λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μ–΄ 이야기λ₯Ό λŸ¬μ‹œμ•„μΈμ—κ²Œ λ“€λ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:37
and we can compare their responses across the groups.
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그리고 각 μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
And when we did that, we didn't see responses that are similar
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이 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, 언어적 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 청각 ν”Όμ§ˆμ—μ„œ
06:44
in auditory cortices in language,
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μœ μ‚¬ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ±Έ 보지 λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
because the language and sound are very different.
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언어와 μ†Œλ¦¬κ°€ 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
06:49
However, you can see that the responses in high-order areas
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 더 고차원적인 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ 두 집단이
06:51
were still similar across these two groups.
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λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
We believe this is because they understood the story in a very similar way,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” κ·Έ μ΄μœ κ°€ 그듀이 이야기λ₯Ό 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ
06:59
as we confirmed, using a test after the story ended.
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μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆκ³  ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 거쳐 증λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
And we think that this alignment is necessary for communication.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 동쑰화가 μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅μ— ν•„μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:08
For example, as you can tell,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ„ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ§€λ§Œ
07:10
I am not a native English speaker.
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μ €λŠ” μ˜μ–΄κ°€ λͺ¨κ΅­μ–΄κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
I grew up with another language,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ–Έμ–΄λ₯Ό μ“°λ©΄μ„œ 자랐죠.
07:14
and the same might be for many of you in the audience.
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μ—¬κΈ° 계신 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ 쀑에도 그런 뢄이 많이 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ˜ˆμš”.
07:17
And still, we can communicate.
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κ·ΈλŸ°λ°λ„ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 있죠.
07:19
How come?
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μ–΄μ§Έμ„œμ£ ?
07:20
We think we can communicate because we have this common code
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 의미λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λŠ” κ³΅ν†΅λœ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
07:23
that presents meaning.
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μ†Œν†΅ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
So far, I've only talked about what's happening in the listener's brain,
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μ—¬νƒœκΉŒμ§€ μ €λŠ” 청자의 λ‡Œμ—μ„œ 무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€λ§Œ λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:29
in your brain, when you're listening to talks.
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이야기λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ§Œμš”.
07:31
But what's happening in the speaker's brain, in my brain,
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그런데 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ»˜ 말을 ν•  λ•Œ ν™”μžμΈ μ €μ˜ λ‡Œμ—λŠ”
07:34
when I'm speaking to you?
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무슨 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:36
To look in the speaker's brain,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” ν™”μžμ˜ λ‡Œ 속을 보기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
07:38
we asked the speaker to go into the scanner,
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ν™”μžλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ— λ„£μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:41
we scan his brain
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그리고 ν™”μžμ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν•΄μ„œ
07:42
and then compare his brain responses to the brain responses of the listeners
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이야기λ₯Ό λ“£λŠ” 청자의 λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘κ³Ό 그의 λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
listening to the story.
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07:48
You have to remember that producing speech and comprehending speech
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말을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 것과 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것은 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ κ³Όμ •μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•„μ…”μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
are very different processes.
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07:54
Here we're asking: How similar are they?
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έμ§€μ— μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:58
To our surprise,
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„
07:59
we saw that all these complex patterns within the listeners
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μ²­μžμ—κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄ 사싀은 ν™”μžμ˜ λ‡Œμ—μ„œ
08:04
actually came from the speaker brain.
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λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž„μ„ 보게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:07
So production and comprehension rely on very similar processes.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ μž‘ν™”μ™€ μ΄ν•΄λŠ” μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 과정에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
08:10
And we also found
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 사싀은
08:12
the stronger the similarity between the listener's brain
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ν™”μžμ™€ 청자의 λ‡Œ 사이에 μœ μ‚¬ν•œ 정도가 λ†’μ„μˆ˜λ‘
08:16
and the speaker's brain,
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08:17
the better the communication.
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μ†Œν†΅μ΄ 더 잘 λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:19
So I know that if you are completely confused now,
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그렇기에 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ§€κΈˆ μ™„μ „νžˆ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μƒνƒœλΌλ©΄
08:23
and I do hope that this is not the case,
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그런 μƒνƒœκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆκΈΈ λ°”λΌμ§€λ§Œ
08:25
your brain responses are very different than mine.
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘μ€ 저와 μ™„μ „νžˆ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:28
But I also know that if you really understand me now,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ§€κΈˆ 제 말을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³  κ³„μ‹œλ‹€λ©΄
08:31
then your brain ... and your brain ... and your brain
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λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€, λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€, λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ λ‡ŒλŠ”
08:34
are really similar to mine.
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제 λ‡Œμ™€ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
Now, let's take all this information together and ask:
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이 정보듀을 ν•œλ° λͺ¨μ•„λ‹€κ°€ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:40
How can we use it to transmit a memory that I have
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제 λ‡Œμ— μžˆλŠ” 기얡을 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” 데
08:44
from my brain to your brains?
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이걸 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
08:47
So we did the following experiment.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λ‹€μŒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:49
We let people watch, for the first time in their life,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ BBCμ—μ„œ λ°©μ˜ν•˜λŠ” λ“œλΌλ§ˆ "μ…œλ‘"을
08:52
a TV episode from the BBC series "Sherlock," while we scanned their brains.
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λ‚œμƒ 처음으둜 보게 λ§Œλ“€κ³ λŠ” λ‡Œλ₯Ό μŠ€μΊ”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:56
And then we asked them to go back to the scanner
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ— λ‹€μ‹œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ„œ ν•œ λ²ˆλ„ λ“œλΌλ§ˆλ₯Ό λ³Έ 적 μ—†λŠ”
08:59
and tell the story to another person that never watched the movie.
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νƒ€μΈμ—κ²Œ 이야기λ₯Ό 듀렀주라고 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:03
So let's be specific.
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μžμ„Έν•˜κ²Œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
09:04
Think about this exact scene,
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이 μž₯면을 μ •ν™•νžˆ λ– μ˜¬λ €λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
09:06
when Sherlock is entering the cab in London
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μ…œλ‘μ΄ λŸ°λ˜μ—μ„œ μžμ‹ μ΄ μ°ΎλŠ” μ‚΄μΈμžκ°€ μš΄μ „ν•˜λŠ” νƒμ‹œμ—
09:09
driven by the murderer he is looking for.
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μ˜¬λΌνƒ€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
With me, as a viewer,
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μ‹œμ²­μžλ‘œμ„œ μ €λŠ”
09:14
there is a specific brain pattern in my brain when I watch it.
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이 μž₯면을 λ³Ό λ•Œ νŠΉμ •ν•œ λ‡Œμ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
Now, the exact same pattern, I can reactivate in my brain again
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μ €λŠ” μ…œλ‘, 런던, μ‚΄μΈμž 단어λ₯Ό λ§ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
09:22
by telling the word: Sherlock, London, murderer.
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μ •ν™•νžˆ λ™μΌν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ λ‡Œμ— μž¬μƒμ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:27
And when I'm transmitting these words to your brains now,
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μ œκ°€ 이 단어듀을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ 전달할 λ•Œ
09:30
you have to reconstruct it in your mind.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λ¨Έλ¦Ώμ†μ—μ„œ μž¬κ΅¬μ„±ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
In fact, we see that pattern emerging now in your brains.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ 이제 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ—λ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ±Έ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
And we were really surprised to see
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이런 μž₯면듀을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ»˜ λ¬˜μ‚¬ν•  λ•Œ
09:40
that the pattern you have now in your brains
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ— λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” νŒ¨ν„΄λ“€μ΄
09:42
when I'm describing to you these scenes
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μ œκ°€ λͺ‡ 달 μ „ μŠ€μΊλ„ˆ μ•ˆμ—μ„œ
09:44
would be very similar to the pattern I had when I watched this movie
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λ“œλΌλ§ˆλ₯Ό 봀을 λ•Œ λ³΄μ˜€λ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄κ³Ό 맀우 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을
09:48
a few months ago in the scanner.
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μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ–΄ μ €ν¬λŠ” 맀우 λ†€λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:50
This starts to tell you about the mechanism
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이 사싀은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€λ €μ£Όκ³ 
09:52
by which we can tell stories and transmit information.
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정보λ₯Ό μ „μ†‘ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ œμ— κ΄€ν•œ κ±Έ μ•Œλ €μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
Because, for example,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
09:57
now you're listening really hard and trying to understand what I'm saying.
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μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 말에 κ·€λ₯Ό 기울이고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:01
And I know that it's not easy.
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μ‰¬μš΄ 일이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œμ•„μš”.
10:02
But I hope that at one point in the talk we clicked, and you got me.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ–΄λŠ ν•œ μˆœκ°„μ— μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ €λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν–ˆκΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λž˜μš”.
10:06
And I think that in a few hours, a few days, a few months,
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„, λ©°μΉ , λͺ‡ 달 뒀에
10:10
you're going to meet someone at a party,
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νŒŒν‹°μ—μ„œ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λ₯Ό λ§Œλ‚˜μ„œ
10:12
and you're going to tell him about this lecture,
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κ·Έμ—κ²Œ 이 강연에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜κ² μ£ .
10:16
and suddenly it will be as if he is standing now here with us.
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그럼 κ·Έκ°€ 이 μžλ¦¬μ— μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ μžˆλŠ” λ“―ν•œ λŠλ‚Œμ΄ λ“€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
Now you can see how we can take this mechanism
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이제 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이 기제λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
10:23
and try to transmit memories and knowledge across people,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€ 사이에 κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 지식을 전솑할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹œκ² μ£ ?
10:26
which is wonderful, right?
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맀우 멋진 일 μ•„λ‹Œκ°€μš”?
10:29
But our ability to communicate relies on our ability
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 우리의 μ†Œν†΅ λŠ₯λ ₯은 곡톡점을 κ°–λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯에 λ‹¬λ €μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
to have common ground.
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10:34
Because, for example,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄
10:36
if I'm going to use the British synonym
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μ œκ°€ 영ꡭ μ˜μ–΄ "ν•΄ν¬λ‹ˆ 마차"λ₯Ό
10:39
"hackney carriage" instead of "cab,"
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"νƒμ‹œ" λŒ€μ‹ μ— μ“΄λ‹€λ©΄
10:42
I know that I'm going to be misaligned with most of you in the audience.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ΄ 저와 μ–΄κΈ‹λ‚  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
This alignment depends not only on our ability
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λ™μ‘°ν™”λŠ” κΈ°λ³Έ κ°œλ…μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯μ—λ§Œ 달린 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
10:48
to understand the basic concept;
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10:50
it also depends on our ability to develop common ground and understanding
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곡톡점과 κ³΅ν†΅λœ 이해, 그리고 κ³΅ν†΅λœ 신념체계λ₯Ό λ°œλ‹¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
10:55
and shared belief systems.
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λŠ₯λ ₯에도 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:57
Because we know that in many cases,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μš°λ¦¬λ„ μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό
10:59
people understand the exact same story in very different ways.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ§Žμ€ κ²½μš°μ— λ˜‘κ°™μ€ 이야기λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
11:04
So to test it in the lab, we did the following experiment.
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이걸 μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ‹€μŒ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
We took a story by J.D. Salinger,
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J.D 샐린저가 μ“΄ μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°λ‘œμš”.
11:11
in which a husband lost track of his wife in the middle of a party,
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μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μ—μ„œ λ‚¨νŽΈμ€ νŒŒν‹° 쀑간에 μ•„λ‚΄λ₯Ό λ†“μΉ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
and he's calling his best friend, asking, "Did you see my wife?"
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μΉœν•œ 친ꡬλ₯Ό λΆˆλŸ¬μ„œ 자기 μ•„λ‚΄λ₯Ό λ΄€λŠ”μ§€ 묻죠.
11:19
For half of the subjects,
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μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμž μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
11:21
we said that the wife was having an affair with the best friend.
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μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ κ·Έ μΉœν•œ μΉœκ΅¬μ™€ 뢈λ₯œμ„ 저지λ₯΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ§ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
For the other half,
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ ˆλ°˜μ—κ²ŒλŠ”
11:26
we said that the wife is loyal and the husband is very jealous.
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μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ λ‚¨νŽΈμ—κ²Œ μΆ©μ‹€ν•˜κ³ , λ‚¨νŽΈμ΄ μ§ˆνˆ¬μ‹¬μ΄ κ°•ν•˜λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμ£ .
11:32
This one sentence before the story started
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이야기 μ‹œμž‘ 전에 λ“€λ €μ€€ 이 ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯λ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλ„
11:34
was enough to make the brain responses
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μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ 뢈λ₯œμ„ 저지λ₯΄κ³  μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
11:37
of all the people that believed the wife was having an affair
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고차원적인 λ‡Œμ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 맀우 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ‡Œ λ°˜μ‘μ„ 보이고
11:40
be very similar in these high-order areas
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그렇지 μ•Šμ€ μ§‘λ‹¨κ³ΌλŠ”
11:42
and different than the other group.
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맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
And if one sentence is enough to make your brain similar
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ₯Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
11:48
to people that think like you
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό
11:50
and very different than people that think differently than you,
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λ‡Œλ₯Ό 맀우 λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 게 λ¬Έμž₯ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œλ„ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜λ‹€λ©΄
11:53
think how this effect is going to be amplified in real life,
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μ‹€μƒν™œμ—μ„œλŠ” 이 영ν–₯이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ ν™•λŒ€λ  지 μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
11:56
when we are all listening to the exact same news item
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ν˜„μ‹€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 맀우 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°μ„ κ°–κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
11:59
after being exposed day after day after day
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폭슀 λ‰΄μŠ€λ‚˜ λ‰΄μš• νƒ€μž„μŠ€κ°™μ€
12:03
to different media channels, like Fox News or The New York Times,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 언둠사에 맀일맀일 λ…ΈμΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ˜ μ±„λ‘œ
12:07
that give us very different perspectives on reality.
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘ λ™μΌν•œ λ‰΄μŠ€λ₯Ό 듀을 λ•Œ λ§μ΄μ—μš”.
12:11
So let me summarize.
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μš”μ•½ν•˜μžλ©΄
12:13
If everything worked as planned tonight,
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였늘 λͺ¨λ“  게 κ³„νšν–ˆλ˜ λŒ€λ‘œ 됐닀면
12:15
I used my ability to vocalize sound to be coupled to your brains.
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μ €λŠ” 제 λ°œμ„±ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œμ™€ κ²°ν•©μ‹œν‚¨ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
And I used this coupling
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μ €λŠ” 이 결합을 μ΄μš©ν•΄
12:21
to transmit my brain patterns associated with my memories and ideas
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제 κΈ°μ–΅κ³Ό 아이디어에 μ—°κ΄€λœ λ‡Œμ˜ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ˜ λ‡Œλ‘œ
12:25
into your brains.
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μ „μ†‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
In this, I start to reveal the hidden neural mechanism
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이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ €λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ†Œν†΅μ— μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” μˆ¨κ²¨μ§„ μ‹ κ²½ 기제λ₯Ό 밝히기 μ‹œμž‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
by which we communicate.
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12:32
And we know that in the future it will enable us to improve
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이 κΈ°μ œκ°€ λ―Έλž˜μ— μ†Œν†΅μ„ μš©μ΄ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³  κ°œμ„ μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ±Έ
12:35
and facilitate communication.
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κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
But these studies also reveal
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이 연ꡬ가 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ 사싀은
12:40
that communication relies on a common ground.
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μ†Œν†΅μ΄ 곡톡점에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
And we have to be really worried as a society
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 곡톡점과, μš°λ¦¬μ™€λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 타인과
12:46
if we lose this common ground and our ability to speak with people
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λŒ€ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μžƒμ–΄λ²„λ¦°λ‹€λ©΄
12:50
that are slightly different than us
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μ‚¬νšŒ 전체가 μš°λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:52
because we let a few very strong media channels
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μ†Œμˆ˜μ˜ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μ–Έλ‘  채널이
12:55
take control of the mic,
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마이크λ₯Ό μž₯μ•…ν•΄μ„œ
12:57
and manipulate and control the way we all think.
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우리의 사고방식을 μ‘°μž‘ν•˜κ³  ν†΅μ œν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ μ£Όλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:01
And I'm not sure how to fix it because I'm only a scientist.
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μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™μžμ΄κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이걸 κ³ μΉ˜λŠ” 방법은 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
But maybe one way to do it
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ ν•œ 가지 λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ
13:06
is to go back to the more natural way of communication,
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더 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ˜μ‚¬μ†Œν†΅ 방법인
13:09
which is a dialogue,
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λŒ€ν™”λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€λŠ” 게 μžˆμ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
in which it's not only me speaking to you now,
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λŒ€ν™”λŠ” μ € 혼자 λ§ν•˜λŠ” 게 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
13:13
but a more natural way of talking,
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더 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
in which I am speaking and I am listening,
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μ œκ°€ λ§ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ 또 λ“£λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:19
and together we are trying to come to a common ground and new ideas.
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그리고 ν•¨κ»˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 아이디어와 곡톡점에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:24
Because after all,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ²°κ΅­
13:25
the people we are coupled to define who we are.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈμ§€ μ •μ˜ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
13:29
And our desire to be coupled to another brain
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‡Œμ™€ μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ” μš•κ΅¬λŠ” 맀우 κΈ°λ³Έμ μ΄μ–΄μ„œ
13:31
is something very basic that starts at a very early age.
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μ•„μ£Ό 어릴 λ•ŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œμž‘λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
So let me finish with an example from my own private life
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제 개인적인 κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œ λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ λλ§Ίκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
that I think is a good example of how coupling to other people
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” 것이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 우리λ₯Ό μ •μ˜λ‚΄λ¦¬λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ
13:45
is really going to define who we are.
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쒋은 예라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:48
This my son Jonathan at a very early age.
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제 μ•„λ“€ μ‘°λ‚˜λ‹¨μ΄ 어릴 λ•Œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
See how he developed a vocal game together with my wife,
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제 아내와 μ†Œλ¦¬λ‚΄λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
13:55
only from the desire and pure joy of being coupled to another human being.
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μš•κ΅¬μ™€, λ‹€λ₯Έ 인간과 μ—°κ²°λ˜λŠ” μˆœμˆ˜ν•œ μ¦κ±°μ›€μ—μ„œ μš°λŸ¬λ‚˜μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
(Both vocalizing)
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(같이 μ†Œλ¦¬λ‚΄λŠ” 쀑)
14:14
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:17
Now, think how the ability of my son
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제 아듀이 저희 뢀뢀와
14:21
to be coupled to us and other people in his life
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μ•„λ“€ 인생에 μžˆλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 연결을 λ§ΊλŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
14:23
is going to shape the man he is going to become.
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λ―Έλž˜μ— κ·Έλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–€ μ‚¬λžŒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ€„ 지λ₯Ό μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:26
And think how you change on a daily basis
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μΈμƒμ—μ„œ 맀일 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό
14:29
from the interaction and coupling to other people in your life.
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μ—°κ²°λ˜κ³  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν•  수 μžˆμ„μ§€ μƒκ°ν•΄λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
14:34
So keep being coupled to other people.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό 자꾸 μ—°κ²°ν•˜μ„Έμš”.
14:37
Keep spreading your ideas,
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자꾸 아이디어λ₯Ό νΌλœ¨λ¦¬μ„Έμš”.
14:38
because the sum of all of us together, coupled,
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μ—°κ²°λœ 우리 λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ 합이 우리의 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 합보닀
14:41
is greater than our parts.
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훨씬 더 ν¬λ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
14:43
Thank you.
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14:44
(Applause)
296
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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