How the Panama Papers journalists broke the biggest leak in history | Gerard Ryle

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

What do you do if you had to figure out the information

Šta da radite ako morate da izvučete informacije

koje se nalaze u 11,5 miliona dokumenata,

behind 11.5 million documents,

verify it and make sense of it?

da ih potvrdite i date im smisao?

To je bio izazov sa kojom je grupa novinara

That was a challenge

that a group of journalists had to face late last year.

morala da se suoči pred kraj prošle godine.

An anonymous person calling himself John Doe

Anonimna osoba koja se predstavila kao Džon Dou

had somehow managed to copy nearly 40 years of records

nekako je uspela da kopira podatke tokom skoro 40 godina

of the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca.

panamske advokatske kancelarije „Mosak Fonseka“.

This is one of many firms around the world

Ovo je jedna od mnogo firmi širom sveta koje su specijalizovane

that specialize in setting up accounts in offshore tax havens

za postavljenje računa u ofšor poreskim rajevima

like the British Virgin Islands,

kao što su Britanska Devičanska Ostrva,

for rich and powerful people who like to keep secrets.

za bogate i moćne ljude koji vole da čuvaju tajne.

John Doe had managed to copy every spreadsheet from this firm,

Džon Dou je uspeo da kopira svaku tabelu iz ove firme,

every client file,

fajl svakog klijenta,

every email,

svaki imejl,

from 1977 to the present day.

od 1977. godine do današnjeg dana.

It represented the biggest cache

To je predstavljalo najveće skrovište

of inside information into the tax haven system

unutrašnjih informacija iz sistema poreskog raja

that anyone had ever seen.

koje je iko ikada video.

But it also presented a gigantic challenge to investigative journalism.

Međutim, to je predstavljalo i ogroman izazov

za istraživačko novinarstvo.

Think about it: 11.5 million documents,

Razmislite o tome: 11,5 miliona dokumenata

containing the secrets of people from more than 200 different countries.

koji sadrže tajne ljudi iz više od 200 različitih zemalja.

Where do you start with such a vast resource?

Gde početi sa tako ogromnim izvorom?

Where do you even begin to tell a story

Gde uopšte da počnete da pričate priču

that can trail off into every corner of the globe,

koja može da seže u svaki kraj sveta

and that can affect almost any person in any language,

i koja može da utiče na gotovo svaku osobu na bilo kom jeziku,

sometimes in ways they don't even know yet.

ponekad na načine koji im još nisu poznati.

John Doe had given the information to two journalists

Džon Dou je dao informaciju dvojici novinara

nemačkih novina „Zidojče cajtung“.

at the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung.

He said he was motivated by -- and I quote --

Rekao je da ga je motivisala - citiram -

"The scale of the injustice that the documents would reveal."

„Količina nepravde koju će dokumenta otkriti.“

But one user alone can never make sense

Međutim, jedan jedini korisnik nikada ne može osmisliti

of such a vast amount of information.

tako ogromnu količinu informacija.

So the Süddeutsche Zeitung reached out

Stoga se Zidojče cajtung obratio

to my organization in Washington, DC,

mojoj organizaciji u Vašingtonu u Okrugu Kolumbija,

The International Consortium of Investigative Journalists.

Međunarodnom konzorcijumu istraživačkih novinara.

We decided to do something that was the very opposite

Odlučili smo da uradimo nešto sasvim suprotno

of everything we'd been taught to do as journalists:

svemu čemu su nas naučili da radimo kao novinari -

share.

da delimo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

By nature, investigative reporters are lone wolves.

Po prirodi, istraživački novinari su vukovi samotnjaci.

We fiercely guard our secrets,

Silno čuvamo svoje tajne,

at times even from our editors,

ponekad čak i od svojih urednika,

because we know that the moment we tell them what we have,

jer znamo da će, u trenutku kada im kažemo šta imamo,

they'll want that story right away.

želeti tu priču odmah.

And to be frank,

A da budemo iskreni,

when you get a good story,

kada dođete do dobre priče,

you like to keep the glory to yourself.

voleli biste da zadržite slavu za sebe.

But there's no doubt that we live in a shrinking world,

Nema sumnje da živimo u sve manjem svetu

i da su mediji uglavnom sporo postajali svesni toga.

and that the media has largely been slow to wake up to this.

The issues we report on are more and more transnational.

Teme o kojima izveštavamo sve više prevazilaze nacionalni nivo.

Giant corporations operate on a global level.

Ogromne korporacije posluju na globalnom nivou.

Environmental and health crises are global.

Krize u oblasti zaštite životne sredine i zdravlja su globalne.

So, too, are financial flows and financial crises.

Isti je slučaj i sa finansijskim prilivima i finansijskim krizama.

So it seems staggering that journalism has been so late

Stoga izgleda zapanjujuće da novinarstvo toliko kasni

to cover stories in a truly global way.

da pokrije priče na zaista globalan način.

And it also seems staggering that journalism has been so slow

Takođe je zapanjujuće da je novinarstvo bilo tako sporo

to wake up to the possibilities that technology brings,

da postane svesno mogućnosti koje donosi tehnologija,

rather than being frightened of it.

umesto da je se plaši.

The reason journalists are scared of technology is this:

Razlog zbog kojeg se novinari plaše tehnologije je sledeći.

the profession's largest institutions are going through tough times

Najveće institucije ove profesije prolaze kroz teške trenutke

because of the changing way that people are consuming news.

zbog izmenjenog načina na koji ljudi pristupaju vestima.

The advertising business models that have sustained reporting are broken.

Srušeni su reklamni modeli poslovanja koji su održavali izveštavanje.

And this has plunged journalism into crisis,

To je gurnulo novinarstvo u krizu,

forcing those institutions to reexamine how they function.

primoravajući te institucije da preispitaju kako funkcionišu.

But where there is crisis,

Međutim, kada postoji kriza,

there is also opportunity.

takođe postoji prilika.

Prvi izazov koji je postavilo

The first challenge presented

by what would eventually become known as the Panama Papers

ono što će postati poznato kao „Panamski papiri“

je postići da se dokumenta mogu pretraživati i iščitavati.

was to make the documents searchable and readable.

There were nearly five million emails,

Bilo je približno pet miliona imejlova,

two million PDFs that needed to be scanned and indexed,

dva miliona fajlova pdf formata koje je trebalo skenirati i popisati,

and millions more files and other kinds of documents.

kao i milioni dodatnih fajlova i drugih vrsta dokumenata.

They all needed to be housed in a safe and secure location

Trebalo ih je sve smestiti na bezbednoj i sigurnoj lokaciji u oblaku.

in the cloud.

We next invited reporters to have a look at the documents.

Zatim smo pozvali novinare da pogledaju dokumenta.

In all, reporters from more than 100 media organizations

Sveukupno, reporteri iz više od 100 medijskih organizacija

in 76 countries --

u 76 zemalja -

from the BBC in Britain

od Bi-Bi-Sija u Britaniji

to Le Monde newspaper in France

i novina „Le Mond“ u Francuskoj

to the Asahi Shimbun in Japan.

do „Asahi Šimbuna“ u Japanu.

"Native eyes on native names," we called it, the idea being,

„Domaći pogled na domaća imena“, tako smo to nazvali, pri čemu je ideja -

who best to tell you who was important to Nigeria

ko će vam bolje reći ko je važan za Nigeriju

than a Nigerian journalist?

od nigerijskog novinara?

Who best in Canada than a Canadian?

Ko će to bolje uraditi za Kanadu od kanadskog novinara?

There were only two rules for everyone who was invited:

Postojala su samo dva pravila za svakog ko je pozvan.

we all agreed to share everything that we found with everybody else,

Svi smo se složili da podelimo sve što smo našli sa svima ostalima

and we all agreed to publish together on the same day.

i složili smo se da objavimo zajedno, istog dana.

We chose our media partners based on trust

Odabrali smo naše medijske partnere

that had been built up through previous smaller collaborations

na osnovu poverenja koje je izgrađeno kroz prethodne manje saradnje,

and also from leads that jumped out from the documents.

kao i na osnovu tragova koji su proizašli iz dokumenata.

Over the next few months,

Tokom narednih nekoliko meseci,

my small nonprofit organization of less than 20 people

mojoj maloj neprofitnoj organizaciji od manje od 20 ljudi

was joined by more than 350 other reporters from 25 language groups.

priključilo se više od 350 drugih novinara iz 25 grupa jezika.

The biggest information leak in history

Najveće curenje informacija u istoriji

had now spawned the biggest journalism collaboration in history:

sada je iznedrilo najveću novinarsku saradnju u istoriji,

376 sets of native eyes doing what journalists normally never do,

sa 376 pari domaćih očiju koje rade ono što novinari obično nikada ne rade,

working shoulder to shoulder,

sarađuju rame uz rame,

sharing information,

dele informacije,

but telling no one.

ali nikome ne govore.

Jer je postalo jasno u tom trenutku da,

For it became clear at this point

that in order to make the biggest kind of noise,

da bismo podigli najveću galamu,

we first needed the biggest kind of silence.

najpre nam je potrebna najveća tišina.

To manage the project over the many months it would take,

Da bismo upravljali projektom tokom mnogo meseci potrebnih za to,

we built a secure virtual newsroom.

izgradili smo sigurnu virtuelnu redakciju.

We used encrypted communication systems,

Koristili smo šifrovane sisteme komunikacije

and we built a specially designed search engine.

i izgradili posebno osmišljen pretraživač.

Inside the virtual newsroom,

Unutar virtuelne redakcije,

the reporters could gather around the themes

novinari bi se okupili oko tema

that were emerging from the documents.

koje su se pojavljivale iz dokumenata.

Those interested in blood diamonds or exotic art, for instance,

Oni koje su interesovali krvavi dijamanti ili egzotična umetnost, na primer,

could share information about how the offshore world was being used

mogli su da dele informaciju o tome kako se ofšor svet koristio

da se sakrije trgovina ovih roba.

to hide the trade in both of those commodities.

Those interested in sport could share information

Oni koje je zanimao sport mogli su da podele informaciju

about how famous sports stars were putting their image rights

o tome kako poznate sportske zvezde postavljaju prava imidža

into offshore companies,

u ofšor kompanije,

thereby likely avoiding taxes

time verovatno izbegavajući poreze

in the countries where they plied their trade.

u zemljama gde se bave svojim poslom.

But perhaps most exciting of all

Možda je najuzbudljiviji od svega

were the number of world leaders and elect politicians

bio broj svetskih vođa i izabranih političara

that were emerging from the documents --

koji je proizašao iz dokumenata -

figures like Petro Poroshenko in Ukraine,

likovi poput Petra Porošenka iz Ukrajine,

close associates of Vladimir Putin in Russia

bliskih saradnika Vladimira Putina u Rusiji

and the British Prime Minister, David Cameron, who is linked

i britanskog premijera, Dejvida Kamerona,

povezanog preko pokojnog oca, Ijana Kamerona.

through his late father, Ian Cameron.

Buried in the documents were secret offshore entities,

U tim dokumentima bila su zakopana ofšor prava lica,

such as Wintris Inc.,

kao što je „Vintris a.d“,

a company in the British Virgin Islands

kompanija na Britanskim Devičanskim Ostrvima

that had actually belonged to the sitting Icelandic prime minister.

koja je zapravo pripadala aktuelnom islandskom premijeru.

I like to refer to Johannes Kristjansson,

Volim da govorim o Johanesu Kristjansonu,

the Icelandic reporter we invited to join the project,

islandskom reporteru koga smo pozvali da se priključi projektu,

as the loneliest man in the world.

kao o najusamljenijem čoveku na svetu.

For nine months, he refused paid work

Tokom devet meseci, odbio je plaćeni posao

and lived off the earnings of his wife.

i živeo od zarade svoje žene.

He pasted tarps over the windows of his home

Nalepio je ceradu preko prozora svoje kuće

to prevent prying eyes during the long Icelandic winter.

da bi se zaštitio od radoznalih pogleda tokom duge islandske zime.

And he soon ran out of excuses to explain his many absences,

Uskoro mu je ponestalo izgovora da objasni toliko odsustvo

as he worked red-eyed,

dok je radio do premora,

night after night,

iz noći u noć,

month after month.

iz meseca u mesec.

In all that time, he sat on information

Sve to vreme je posedovao informaciju

that would eventually bring down the leader of his country.

koja će na kraju oboriti vođu njegove zemlje.

Now, when you're an investigative reporter and you make an amazing discovery,

Kada ste istraživački novinar i dođete do neverovatnog otkrića,

such as your prime minster can be linked to a secret offshore company,

kao, na primer, da se vaš premijer može povezati sa tajnom ofšor kompanijom,

that that company has a financial interest in Icelandic banks --

da ta kompanija ima finansijski interes vezan za islandske banke -

the very issue he's been elected on --

što je upravo problem zbog koga je on izabran -

well, your instinct is to scream out very loud.

pa, instinktivno vam dođe da vrištite veoma glasno.

Umesto toga, kao jedan od malo ljudi sa kojima je mogao da govori,

Instead, as one of the few people that he could speak to,

Johannes and I shared a kind of gallows humor.

Johanes i ja smo razmenjivali neku vrstu crnog humora.

"Wintris is coming," he used to say.

„Vintris se približava“, imao je običaj da kaže.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

We were big fans of "Game of Thrones."

Bili smo veliki obožavaoci „Igre prestola“.

When reporters like Johannes wanted to scream,

Kada su novinari poput Johanesa hteli da zavrište,

they did so inside the virtual newsroom,

to su činili unutar virtuelne redakcije

and then they turned those screams into stories

i pretvarali su te vriske u priče

by going outside the documents to court records,

tako što su iz tih dokumenata krenuli ka sudskim zapisima,

official company registers,

zvaničnim registrima kompanija,

and by eventually putting questions to those that we intended to name.

i tako što su na kraju postavili pitanja onima koje smo planirali da imenujemo.

Panama Papers actually allowed the reporters to look at the world

„Panamski papiri“ su zapravo omogućili reporterima da sagledaju svet

through a different lens from everybody else.

iz različite perspektive u odnosu na sve ostale.

As we were researching the story,

Dok smo istraživali priču,

unconnected to us,

nevezano za nas,

a major political bribery scandal happened in Brazil.

u Brazilu se dogodio veliki politički skandal podmićivanja.

A new leader was elected in Argentina.

Novi predvodnik je izabran u Argentini.

The FBI began to indict officials at FIFA,

Ef-Bi-Aj je počeo da podnosi tužbe prema zvaničnicima saveza FIFA,

the organization that controls the world of professional soccer.

organizacije koja kontroliše svet profesionalnog fudbala.

„Panamski papiri“ su zapravo imali jedinstveni uvid

The Panama Papers actually had unique insights

into each one of these unfolding events.

u svaki od tih događaja koji su se odvijali.

So you can imagine the pressure and the ego dramas

Dakle, možete zamisliti taj pritisak i drame ega

koji su mogli uništiti ono što smo pokušavali da uradimo.

that could have ruined what we were trying to do.

Any of one of these journalists,

Bilo koji od ovih novinara

they could have broken the pact.

mogao je da prekrši sporazum,

But they didn't.

ali nisu.

And on April 3 this year,

Tako smo 3. aprila ove godine,

at exactly 8pm German time,

u tačno 8 sati po vremenu u Nemačkoj,

we published simultaneously in 76 countries.

ovo istovremeno objavili u 76 zemalja.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

The Panama Papers quickly became one of the biggest stories of the year.

„Panamski papiri“ su ubrzo postali jedna od najvećih priča godine.

This is the scene in Iceland the day after we published.

Ovo je prizor u Islandu dan nakon što smo objavili.

It was the first of many protests.

Bio je to prvi od mnogo protesta.

The Icelandic prime minister had to resign.

Islandski primer je morao da dȃ ostavku.

It was a first of many resignations.

Bila je to prva od mnogo ostavki.

We spotlighted many famous people such as Lionel Messi,

Usmerili smo pažnju na mnoge poznate ljude kao što je Lajonel Mesi,

the most famous soccer player in the world.

najpoznatiji fudbaler na svetu.

And there were some unintended consequences.

Bilo je i nekih nepredviđenih posledica.

These alleged members of a Mexican drug cartel were arrested

Ovi navodni članovi meksičkog narko-kartela uhapšeni su

after we published details about their hideout.

nakon što smo objavili detalje o njihovom skrovištu.

They'd been using the address

Koristili su tu adresu

to register their offshore company.

da bi registrovali svoju ofšor kompaniju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

There's a kind of irony in what we've been able to do.

Ima neke ironije u tome šta smo mogli da uradimo.

The technology -- the Internet -- that has broken the business model

Tehnologija, internet, koja je srušila model poslovanja,

is allowing us to reinvent journalism itself.

omogućila nam je da preosmislimo samo novinarstvo.

And this dynamic is producing

Ova dinamika proizvodi

unprecedented levels of transparency and impact.

jedinstvene nivoe trasparentnosti i uticaja.

We showed how a group of journalists can effect change across the world

Pokazali smo kako grupa novinara može uticati na promenu širom sveta

by applying new methods and old-fashioned journalism techniques

primenom novih metoda i staromodnih tehnika novinarstva

to vast amounts of leaked information.

na veliku količinu procurelih informacija.

We put all-important context around what was given to us by John Doe.

Stavili smo u suštinski važan kontekst ono što nam je dao Džon Dou.

And by sharing resources,

Razmenom sredstava

we were able to dig deep --

bili smo u mogućnosti da kopamo dublje,

much deeper and longer than most media organizations allow these days,

mnogo dublje i duže

nego što većina medijskih organizacija ovih dana dozvoljava,

because of financial concerns.

iz finansijskih razloga.

Now, it was a big risk,

Bio je to veliki rizik

and it wouldn't work for every story,

i ne bi funkcionisalo kod svake priče,

but we showed with the Panama Papers

ali sa „Panamskim papirima“ smo pokazali

that you can write about any country from just about anywhere,

da možete pisati o bilo kojoj zemlji sa gotovo bilo sa kog mesta,

and then choose your preferred battleground to defend your work.

a zatim odabrati bojno polje koje želite da biste odbranili svoj rad.

Try obtaining a court injunction

Pokušajte da dobijete sudsku zabranu

that would prevent the telling of a story in 76 different countries.

koja bi sprečila objavljivanje priče u 76 različitih zemalja.

Try stopping the inevitable.

Pokušajte da zaustavite neizbežno.

Shortly after we published, I got a three-word text from Johannes:

Ubrzo nakon što smo objavili, dobio sam poruku od tri reči od Johanesa:

"Wintris has arrived."

„Vintris je stigao.“

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

It had arrived and so, too, perhaps has a new era for journalism.

Stigao je, a možda je stigla i nova era novinarstva.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Bruno Giussani: Gerard, thank you.

Bruno Đusani: Džerarde, hvala ti.

I guess you're going to send that applause to the 350 journalists

Pretpostavljam da ćeš uputiti taj aplauz 350 novinara

koji su radili sa tobom, zar ne?

who worked with you, right?

Now, a couple of questions I would like to ask.

E, sad, hteo bih da ti postavim par pitanja.

The first one is,

Prvo je -

you'd been working in secrecy for over a year

radio si u tajnosti tokom više od godinu dana

with 350-something colleagues from all over the world --

sa 350 i nešto kolega sa svih strana sveta -

was there ever a moment when you thought

da li se ikada pojavio trenutak kada si pomislio

that the leak may be leaked,

da bi curenje moglo procureti,

that the collaboration may just be broken

da bi se saradnja mogla srušiti

by somebody publishing a story?

time što bi neko objavio priču,

Or somebody not in the group releasing some information

ili time što bi neko ko nije u grupi pustio neku informaciju

that they got to know?

za koju bi saznao?

Gerard Ryle: We had a series of crises along the way,

Džerard Rajl: Usput smo imali niz kriza,

including when something major was happening in the world,

uključujući to da, kada se nešto veliko dešava u svetu,

the journalists from that country wanted to publish right away.

novinari iz te zemlje hoće odmah da objave priču.

We had to calm them down.

Morali smo da ih smirujemo.

Probably the biggest crisis we had was a week before publication.

Verovatno najveća kriza koju smo imali desila se nedelju dana pre objavljivanja.

We'd sent a series of questions to the associates of Vladimir Putin,

Postavili smo niz pitanja saradnicima Vladimira Putina,

but instead of responding,

ali umesto da odgovori,

the Kremlin actually held a press conference and denounced us,

Kremlj je zapravo održao konferenciju za štampu,

and denounced the whole thing as being, I guess, a plot from the West.

osudio nas i osudio celu tu stvar kao, pretpostavljam, zaveru sa Zapada.

At that point, Putin thought it was just about him.

U tom trenutku, Putin je mislio da se radi samo o njemu,

And, of course, a lot of editors around the world

Naravno, mnogi urednici širom sveta

were very nervous about this.

bili su veoma nervozni zbog ovoga.

They thought the story was going to get out.

Mislili su da će priča isplivati.

Možete da zamislite količinu vremena koju su proveli,

You can imagine the amount of time they'd spent,

the amount of resources, money spent on this.

količinu sredstava, novac koji je potrošen na ovo.

So I had to basically spend the last week calming everyone down,

Tako sam u suštini morao da provedem poslednju nedelju smirujući sve ostale,

a bit like a general, where you're holding your troops back:

pomalo kao general, dok zadržava svoje čete:

"Calm, remain calm."

„Mirno, ostanite mirni.“

And then eventually, of course, they all did.

Zatim su se na kraju, naravno, svi smirili.

BG: And then a couple weeks ago or so,

BĐ: Zatim ste pre par nedelja ili tako nešto

you released a lot of the documents as an open database

objavili mnogo dokumenata kao otvorenu bazu podataka

for everybody to search via keyword, essentially.

koju svako može da pretražuje pomoću ključnih reči, u suštini.

GR: We very much believe

DžR: Mi snažno verujemo

that the basic information about the offshore world

da osnovne informacije o ofšor svetu

should be made public.

treba da se obelodane.

Now, we didn't publish the underlying documents

Nismo objavili dokumenta u osnovi toga

of the journalists we're working with.

koja pripadaju novinarima sa kojima radimo.

But the basic information such as the name of a person,

Međutim, osnovne informacije kao što su ime osobe,

what their offshore company was and the name of that company,

kakva je bila njena ofšor kompanija i ime te kompanije

sada su dostupne na internetu.

is now all available online.

In fact, the biggest resource of its kind basically is out there now

U stvari, najveći resurs svoje vrste je u suštini dostupan tamo.

BG: Gerard, thank you for the work you do.

BĐ: Džerarde, hvala ti na tvom radu.

GR: Thank you.

DžR: Hvala tebi.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)