Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Ivana Korom

I'd like to take you on the epic quest of the Rosetta spacecraft.

Želeo bih da vas povedem u epsku avanturu svemirske letelice Rozeta.

To escort and land the probe on a comet,

Praćenje komete i spuštanje svemirske sonde na nju

this has been my passion for the past two years.

bila je moja strast u poslednje dve godine.

In order to do that,

Da bih to uradio,

I need to explain to you something about the origin of the solar system.

treba da vam objasnim nešto o postanku Sunčevog sistema.

When we go back four and a half billion years,

Ako se vratimo unazad 4,5 milijarde godina,

there was a cloud of gas and dust.

postojao je oblak gasa i prašine.

In the center of this cloud, our sun formed and ignited.

U središtu ovog oblaka, nastalo je i upalilo se naše sunce.

Along with that, what we now know as planets, comets and asteroids formed.

Uz to nastalo je i ono što znamo kao planete, komete i asteroide.

What then happened, according to theory,

Zatim, prema teoriji,

is that when the Earth had cooled down a bit after its formation,

pošto se Zemlja ohladila nedugo posle svog nastanka,

comets massively impacted the Earth and delivered water to Earth.

komete su je žestoko udarale i donele vodu na Zemlju.

They probably also delivered complex organic material to Earth,

One su verovatno donele i složeni organski materijal

and that may have bootstrapped the emergence of life.

i to je možda pokrenulo nastanak života.

You can compare this to having to solve a 250-piece puzzle

To možete uporediti sa rešavanjem slagalice od 250 delova,

and not a 2,000-piece puzzle.

a ne od 2.000 delova.

Afterwards, the big planets like Jupiter and Saturn,

Zatim, velike planete kao Jupiter i Saturn

they were not in their place where they are now,

nisu se nalazile tamo gde su sada

and they interacted gravitationally,

i u međusobnoj gravitacionoj interakciji

and they swept the whole interior of the solar system clean,

počistile su celu unutrašnjost Sunčevog sistema,

and what we now know as comets

a ono što sada znamo kao komete

ended up in something called the Kuiper Belt,

završilo je u nečemu što se zove Kajperov pojas,

which is a belt of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune.

što je naziv za pojas objekata iza Neptunove orbite.

And sometimes these objects run into each other,

Ponekad ovi objekti naleću jedni na druge

and they gravitationally deflect,

i gravitaciono se odbijaju,

and then the gravity of Jupiter pulls them back into the solar system.

a onda ih Jupiterova gravitacija privlači nazad u Sunčev sistem.

And they then become the comets as we see them in the sky.

I onda postaju one komete kakve vidimo na nebu.

The important thing here to note is that in the meantime,

Ovde je važno primetiti da su u međuvremenu,

the four and a half billion years,

tokom 4,5 milijarde godina,

these comets have been sitting on the outside of the solar system,

ove komete stajale na spoljnom rubu Sunčevog sistema

and haven't changed --

i nisu se promenile -

deep, frozen versions of our solar system.

daleke, smrznute verzije našeg sunčevog sistema.

In the sky, they look like this.

Na nebu, one izgledaju ovako.

We know them for their tails.

Prepoznajemo ih po repu.

There are actually two tails.

U stvari, postoje dva repa.

One is a dust tail, which is blown away by the solar wind.

Jedan je rep od prašine koju raznosi solarni vetar.

The other one is an ion tail, which is charged particles,

Drugi je rep od jona, naelektrisanih čestica,

and they follow the magnetic field in the solar system.

i oni prate magnetno polje u sunčevom sistemu.

There's the coma,

Tu je još koma

and then there is the nucleus, which here is too small to see,

i tu je nukleus, koji je ovde premali da be se video,

and you have to remember that in the case of Rosetta,

i morate imati na umu da je u slučaju Rozete

the spacecraft is in that center pixel.

svemirska letelica u tom središnjem pikselu.

We are only 20, 30, 40 kilometers away from the comet.

Udaljeni smo samo 20, 30, 40 km od komete.

So what's important to remember?

Dakle, šta je važno zapamtiti?

Comets contain the original material from which our solar system was formed,

Komete sadrže originalni materijal od koga je nastao naš sunčev sistem,

so they're ideal to study the components

tako da su one idealne za proučavanje komponenti

that were present at the time when Earth, and life, started.

koje su bile prisutne kada su Zemlja i život nastajali.

Comets are also suspected

Za komete se takođe sumnja

of having brought the elements which may have bootstrapped life.

da su donele elemente koji su možda pokrenuli život.

In 1983, ESA set up its long-term Horizon 2000 program,

Godine 1983, ESA je pokrenula dugoročni program "Horajzon 2000",

which contained one cornerstone, which would be a mission to a comet.

čiji je ključni element bila misija na kometu.

In parallel, a small mission to a comet, what you see here, Giotto, was launched,

Paralelno je pokrenuta manja misija na kometu letelicom Đoto koju vidite ovde

and in 1986, flew by the comet of Halley with an armada of other spacecraft.

i koja je 1986. proletela pored Halejeve komete sa grupom letelica.

From the results of that mission, it became immediately clear

Iz rezultata te misije postalo je odmah jasno

that comets were ideal bodies to study to understand our solar system.

da su komete idealna tela za proučavanje da bi se razumeo naš sunčev sistem.

And thus, the Rosetta mission was approved in 1993,

Tako da je misija Rozeta odobrena 1993.

and originally it was supposed to be launched in 2003,

i prvobitno je trebalo da krene 2003,

but a problem arose with an Ariane rocket.

ali iskrsao je problem sa raketom Arijana.

However, our P.R. department, in its enthusiasm,

Ipak, naše odeljenje za odnose s javnošću je u svom entuzijazmu

had already made 1,000 Delft Blue plates

već napravilo 1.000 Delft tanjira

with the name of the wrong comets.

sa imenom pogrešne komete.

So I've never had to buy any china since. That's the positive part.

Od tad više nisam morao da kupujem porcelan. To je dobra strana.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Once the whole problem was solved,

Čim je problem rešen,

we left Earth in 2004

poleteli smo sa Zemlje 2004. godine

to the newly selected comet, Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

na novoizabranu kometu Čurjumov-Gerasimenko.

This comet had to be specially selected

Ova kometa je specijalno izabrana jer:

because A, you have to be able to get to it,

pod A, treba da budete u stanju da stignete do nje,

and B, it shouldn't have been in the solar system too long.

a pod B, ne treba da se zadržava predugo u Sunčevom sistemu.

This particular comet has been in the solar system since 1959.

Ova kometa se nalazi u Sunčevom sistemu od 1959.

That's the first time when it was deflected by Jupiter,

Tada ju je prvi put skrenuo Jupiter

and it got close enough to the sun to start changing.

i došla je dovoljno blizu Sunca da bi počela da se menja.

So it's a very fresh comet.

Tako da je to vrlo sveža kometa.

Rosetta made a few historic firsts.

Rozeta je prva u istoriji u nekoliko stvari.

It's the first satellite to orbit a comet,

To je prvi satelit koji je orbitirao oko komete

and to escort it throughout its whole tour through the solar system --

i pratio je na celom putu kroz Sunčev sistem -

closest approach to the sun, as we will see in August,

najbliži prilazak Suncu, kao što ćemo videti u avgustu,

and then away again to the exterior.

i onda nazad ka spoljašnjosti.

It's the first ever landing on a comet.

To je prvo sletanje na kometu ikada.

We actually orbit the comet using something which is not

Mi u stvari orbitiramo oko komete pomoću nečega

normally done with spacecraft.

što se obično ne radi letelicom.

Normally, you look at the sky and you know where you point and where you are.

Obično pogledate na nebo i znate gde ciljate i gde se nalazite.

In this case, that's not enough.

U ovom slučaju, to nije dovoljno.

We navigated by looking at landmarks on the comet.

Upravljali smo gledajući obeležja na kometi.

We recognized features -- boulders, craters --

Prepoznali smo fizionomiju - stene, kratere -

and that's how we know where we are respective to the comet.

i tako smo znali gde smo u odnosu na kometu.

And, of course, it's the first satellite to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter

I naravno, to je prvi satelit koji je stigao izvan Jupiterove orbite

on solar cells.

pomoću solarnog pogona.

Now, this sounds more heroic than it actually is,

Ovo zvuči herojskije nego što zaista jeste,

because the technology to use radio isotope thermal generators

jer tehnologija koja koristi radioizotopne termoelektrične generatore

wasn't available in Europe at that time, so there was no choice.

tada nije bila dostupna u Evropi, tako da nije bilo izbora.

But these solar arrays are big.

Ali ovi solarni paneli su veliki.

This is one wing, and these are not specially selected small people.

Ovo je jedno krilo, a ovo nisu specijalno odabrani mali ljudi.

They're just like you and me.

Oni su isti kao vi i ja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We have two of these wings, 65 square meters.

Imamo dva ovakva krila od 65 kvadratnih metara.

Now later on, of course, when we got to the comet,

Kasnije, naravno, kad smo stigli do komete,

you find out that 65 square meters of sail

shvatili smo da 65 kvadratnih metara jedra

close to a body which is outgassing is not always a very handy choice.

blizu trupa koji emituje gas nije uvek baš zgodan izbor.

Now, how did we get to the comet?

Kako smo stigli do komete?

Because we had to go there for the Rosetta scientific objectives

Zato što je trebalo da odemo tamo zbog Rosetinih naučnih ciljeva

very far away -- four times the distance of the Earth to the sun --

vrlo daleko - kao četiri razdaljine od Zemlje do Sunca -

and also at a much higher velocity than we could achieve with fuel,

i takođe, mnogo većom brzinom nego što smo mogli postići s gorivom,

because we'd have to take six times as much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.

jer bi nam trebalo goriva šest puta više od težine letelice.

So what do you do?

I šta radite onda?

You use gravitational flybys, slingshots,

Koristite gravitacione manevre

where you pass by a planet at very low altitude,

u kojima prolazite pored planete veoma nisko,

a few thousand kilometers,

nekoliko stotina kilometara,

and then you get the velocity of that planet around the sun for free.

i onda dobijate besplatno ubrzanje oko Sunca od te planete.

We did that a few times.

Nekoliko puta smo to uradili:

We did Earth, we did Mars, we did twice Earth again,

Sa Zemljom, sa Marsom, pa opet dvaput sa Zemljom

and we also flew by two asteroids, Lutetia and Steins.

i proleteli smo i pored dva asteroida, Lutecije i Stajnsa.

Then in 2011, we got so far from the sun that if the spacecraft got into trouble,

Zatim, 2011, otišli smo toliko daleko od Sunca, da se letelica našla u nevolji

we couldn't actually save the spacecraft anymore,

i nismo više mogli da je spasemo,

so we went into hibernation.

pa smo je stavili u hibernaciju.

Everything was switched off except for one clock.

Sve smo isključili, osim jednog sata.

Here you see in white the trajectory, and the way this works.

Ovde vidite njenu putanju i kako to funkcioniše.

You see that from the circle where we started,

Vidite da je od početnog kruga

the white line, actually you get more and more and more elliptical,

bela linija postajala sve više eliptična

and then finally we approached the comet

i onda smo konačno došli do komete

in May 2014, and we had to start doing the rendezvous maneuvers.

u maju 2014. i morali smo da počnemo sa manevrima za susret.

On the way there, we flew by Earth and we took a few pictures to test our cameras.

Usput smo prošli pored Zemlje i napravili nekoliko slika

da bismo testirali kamere.

This is the moon rising over Earth,

Ovo je izlazak Meseca iza Zemlje,

and this is what we now call a selfie,

a ovo je ono što sada zovemo "selfi",

which at that time, by the way, that word didn't exist. (Laughter)

reč koja tada nije postojala. (Smeh)

It's at Mars. It was taken by the CIVA camera.

To je na Marsu. Snimljeno je kamerom CIVA.

That's one of the cameras on the lander,

To je jedna od kamera na lenderu

and it just looks under the solar arrays,

i nalazi se ispod solarnih ploča

and you see the planet Mars and the solar array in the distance.

i na slici vidite planetu Mars i solarnu ploču.

Now, when we got out of hibernation in January 2014,

Kad smo izašli iz hibernacije, u januaru 2014,

we started arriving at a distance

približavali smo se udaljenosti

of two million kilometers from the comet in May.

od 2 miliona kilometara od komete u maju.

However, the velocity the spacecraft had was much too fast.

Ali, brzina letelice je bila prevelika.

We were going 2,800 kilometers an hour faster than the comet, so we had to brake.

Išli smo 2.800 km na sat brže od komete, pa smo morali da kočimo.

We had to do eight maneuvers,

Morali smo da napravimo 8 manevara

and you see here, some of them were really big.

i vidite ovde da su neki od njih bili zaista veliki.

We had to brake the first one by a few hundred kilometers per hour,

Prvo smo morali da usporimo za nekoliko stotina kilometara na čas

and actually, the duration of that was seven hours,

i to je trajalo sedam sati

and it used 218 kilos of fuel,

i potrošilo je 218 kilograma goriva

and those were seven nerve-wracking hours, because in 2007,

i to je bilo sedam stresnih sati, jer 2007. godine

there was a leak in the system of the propulsion of Rosetta,

desilo se curenje u pogonskom sistemu Rozete

and we had to close off a branch,

i morali smo da zatvorimo granu,

so the system was actually operating at a pressure

tako da je sistem radio pod pritiskom

which it was never designed or qualified for.

za koji nije bio napravljen ni spreman.

Then we got in the vicinity of the comet, and these were the first pictures we saw.

Onda smo stigli u blizinu komete i ovo su bile prve slike koje smo videli.

The true comet rotation period is 12 and a half hours,

Realno vreme rotacije komete je 12 i po sati,

so this is accelerated,

tako da je ovo ubrzano,

but you will understand that our flight dynamics engineers thought,

ali razumećete da su naši inženjeri dinamike leta pomislili

this is not going to be an easy thing to land on.

da ovde neće biti lako sleteti.

We had hoped for some kind of spud-like thing

Nadali smo se nekom krompirastom obliku

where you could easily land.

gde bi moglo lako da se sleti.

But we had one hope: maybe it was smooth.

Ali ostala nam je jedna nada: možda je glatko.

No. That didn't work either. (Laughter)

Ne, nije bilo. (Smeh)

So at that point in time, it was clearly unavoidable:

U tom momentu bilo je očigledno da moramo

we had to map this body in all the detail you could get,

da napravimo najdetaljniju moguću mapu ovog tela,

because we had to find an area which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.

jer smo morali da nađemo ravnu površinu od 500m u prečniku.

Why 500 meters? That's the error we have on landing the probe.

Zašto 500 metara? To je greška koju možemo da napravimo pri sletanju sonde.

So we went through this process, and we mapped the comet.

Prošli smo kroz ovaj proces i napravili mapu komete.

We used a technique called photoclinometry.

Koristili smo tehniku zvanu fotoklinometrija.

You use shadows thrown by the sun.

Tu se koriste senke koje pravi sunce.

What you see here is a rock sitting on the surface of the comet,

Ovde vidite kamen na površini komete,

and the sun shines from above.

koji obasjava sunce odozgo.

From the shadow, we, with our brain,

Po senci možemo, pomoću našeg uma,

can immediately determine roughly what the shape of that rock is.

odmah utvrditi otprilike kog je oblika taj kamen.

You can program that in a computer,

Možete uneti to u kompjuterski program,

you then cover the whole comet, and you can map the comet.

zatim pokriti celu kometu i napraviti mapu komete.

For that, we flew special trajectories starting in August.

Za to smo leteli posebnim putanjama, počevši od avgusta.

First, a triangle of 100 kilometers on a side

Prvo, trougaonom putanjom od 100km sa strane,

at 100 kilometers' distance,

na razdaljini od 100km,

and we repeated the whole thing at 50 kilometers.

a onda smo ponovili celu stvar na 50km.

At that time, we had seen the comet at all kinds of angles,

Tada smo imali snimke komete iz svih uglova

and we could use this technique to map the whole thing.

i mogli smo da upotrebimo ovu tehniku da napravimo celu mapu.

Now, this led to a selection of landing sites.

Usledilo je biranje mesta za sletanje.

This whole process we had to do, to go from the mapping of the comet

Ovaj ceo proces, od pravljenja mape komete

to actually finding the final landing site, was 60 days.

do nalaženja konačnog mesta za sletanje, trajao je 60 dana.

We didn't have more.

Nismo imali više vremena.

To give you an idea, the average Mars mission

Za poređenje, za prosečnu misiju na Mars

takes hundreds of scientists for years to meet

potrebne su godine da se stotine naučnika složi

about where shall we go?

oko toga gde ćemo ići.

We had 60 days, and that was it.

Mi smo imali 60 dana i to je bilo to.

We finally selected the final landing site

Na kraju smo odabrali konačno mesto za sletanje

and the commands were prepared for Rosetta to launch Philae.

i komande su bile spremne za Rozetu da lansira File.

The way this works is that Rosetta has to be at the right point in space,

To funkcioniše tako što Rozeta treba da bude na određenom mestu u svemiru

and aiming towards the comet, because the lander is passive.

i da nacilja kometu, jer je lender pasivan.

The lander is then pushed out and moves towards the comet.

Onda se lender ispali i krene prema kometi.

Rosetta had to turn around

Rozeta mora da se okrene,

to get its cameras to actually look at Philae while it was departing

da bi kamere gledale File kako odlazi

and to be able to communicate with it.

i da bi mogla da komunicira s njim.

Now, the landing duration of the whole trajectory was seven hours.

Celo sletanje je trajalo sedam sati.

Now do a simple calculation:

Sada izračunajte jednostavno:

if the velocity of Rosetta is off by one centimeter per second,

ako brzina Rozete odstupi za jedan centimetar u sekundi,

seven hours is 25,000 seconds.

sedam sati je 25.000 sekundi.

That means 252 meters wrong on the comet.

To znači da će promašiti cilj za 252 metra.

So we had to know the velocity of Rosetta

Tako da smo morali znati brzinu Rozete

much better than one centimeter per second,

bez odstupanja većeg od 1cm u sekundi

and its location in space better than 100 meters

i njen položaj u svemiru s odstupanjem manjim od 100m

at 500 million kilometers from Earth.

na razdaljini od 500 miliona km od Zemlje.

That's no mean feat.

To je veliki podvig.

Let me quickly take you through some of the science and the instruments.

Da vam opišem ukratko neke od instrumenata.

I won't bore you with all the details of all the instruments,

Neću vas gnjaviti s detaljima o svim instrumentima,

but it's got everything.

ali imamo sve.

We can sniff gas, we can measure dust particles,

Možemo da pomirišemo gas, da izmerimo čestice prašine,

the shape of them, the composition,

njihov oblik, sastav,

there are magnetometers, everything.

postoje magnetometri, sve.

This is one of the results from an instrument which measures gas density

Ovo je jedan od rezultata sa instrumenta koji meri gustinu gasa

at the position of Rosetta,

na poziciji Rozete.

so it's gas which has left the comet.

To je, znači, gas koji je došao s komete.

The bottom graph is September of last year.

Donji grafikon je iz septembra prošle godine.

There is a long-term variation, which in itself is not surprising,

Postoje varijacije u toku dugog perioda, što samo po sebi nije iznenađujuće,

but you see the sharp peaks.

ali vidite oštre vrhove.

This is a comet day.

To je dan na kometi.

You can see the effect of the sun on the evaporation of gas

Možete videti uticaj Sunca na isparavanje gasa

and the fact that the comet is rotating.

i na činjenicu da se kometa okreće.

So there is one spot, apparently,

Postoji jedno mesto

where there is a lot of stuff coming from,

odakle dolazi mnogo toga,

it gets heated in the Sun, and then cools down on the back side.

ono se zagreva na suncu, a onda se hladi sa druge strane.

And we can see the density variations of this.

I možemo videti varijacije u gustini.

These are the gases and the organic compounds

Ovo su gasovi i organska jedinjenja

that we already have measured.

koja smo već izmerili.

You will see it's an impressive list,

Videćete da je lista impresivna

and there is much, much, much more to come,

i biće još mnogo, mnogo toga,

because there are more measurements.

jer ima još merenja.

Actually, there is a conference going on in Houston at the moment

Trenutno je u toku konferencija u Hjustonu,

where many of these results are presented.

gde se predstavljaju mnogi od ovih rezultata.

Also, we measured dust particles.

Izmerili smo i čestice prašine.

Now, for you, this will not look very impressive,

Ovo vam neće izgledati naročito impresivno,

but the scientists were thrilled when they saw this.

ali naučnici su bili oduševljeni kad su to videli.

Two dust particles:

Dve čestice prašine:

the right one they call Boris, and they shot it with tantalum

desnu su nazvali Boris i ubrizgali joj tantal

in order to be able to analyze it.

da bi mogli da je analiziraju.

Now, we found sodium and magnesium.

Pronašli smo natrijum i magnezijum.

What this tells you is this is the concentration of these two materials

To vam govori da je to koncentracija ta dva materijala

at the time the solar system was formed,

u vreme kada je nastao Sunčev sistem,

so we learned things about which materials were there

i tako smo saznali koji materijali su bili tu

when the planet was made.

kad je nastala planeta.

Of course, one of the important elements is the imaging.

Naravno, jedan od važnih elemenata je slikanje.

This is one of the cameras of Rosetta, the OSIRIS camera,

Ovo je OZIRIS, jedna od kamera sa Rozete,

and this actually was the cover of Science magazine

i to je naslovna strana časopisa Sajens

on January 23 of this year.

od 23. januara ove godine.

Nobody had expected this body to look like this.

Niko nije očekivao da će ovo telo izgledati ovako.

Boulders, rocks -- if anything, it looks more like the Half Dome in Yosemite

Stene i kamenje najviše liče na granitnu kupolu

than anything else.

u nacionalnom parku Josemiti.

We also saw things like this:

Takođe smo videli i ovako nešto:

dunes, and what look to be, on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.

dine i, sa desne strane, nešto što liči na senke vetra.

Now we know these from Mars, but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,

To nam je poznato s Marsa, ali ova kometa nema atmosferu,

so it's a bit difficult to create a wind-blown shadow.

pa je malo teže da se napravi senka od vetra.

It may be local outgassing,

Možda je to lokalno izbacivanje gasa,

stuff which goes up and comes back.

koji ide nagore i vraća se.

We don't know, so there is a lot to investigate.

Ne znamo to, tako da ima puno toga za istraživanje.

Here, you see the same image twice.

Ovde vidite istu sliku dvaput.

On the left-hand side, you see in the middle a pit.

S leve strane, vidite u sredini jamu.

On the right-hand side, if you carefully look,

S desne strane, ako pažljivo pogledate,

there are three jets coming out of the bottom of that pit.

vide se tri mlaza koji izlaze s dna jame.

So this is the activity of the comet.

To je aktivnost komete.

Apparently, at the bottom of these pits is where the active regions are,

Očigledno, na dnu ovih jama se nalaze aktivne oblasti,

and where the material evaporates into space.

i tu materija isparava u svemir.

There is a very intriguing crack in the neck of the comet.

Jedna vrlo intrigantna pukotina se nalazi na vratu komete.

You see it on the right-hand side.

Vidite je s desne strane.

It's a kilometer long, and it's two and a half meters wide.

Dugačka je kilometar i široka dva i po metra.

Some people suggest that actually,

Neki kažu da će se u stvari,

when we get close to the sun,

kada se približimo Suncu,

the comet may split in two,

kometa možda rascepiti na dva dela,

and then we'll have to choose,

i onda ćemo morati da izaberemo

which comet do we go for?

koju ćemo kometu pratiti?

The lander -- again, lots of instruments,

Lender - ponovo, mnogo instrumenata,

mostly comparable except for the things which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.

uglavnom sličnih, osim onih koje udaraju u tlo, buše itd.

But much the same as Rosetta, and that is because you want to compare

Ali vrlo je slično Rozeti, zato što želite da uporedite

what you find in space with what you find on the comet.

ono što nađete u svemiru sa onim što nađete na kometi.

These are called ground truth measurements.

To se zovu apsolutno tačna merenja.

These are the landing descent images

Ovo su slike spuštanja

that were taken by the OSIRIS camera.

koje je snimila kamera OZIRIS.

You see the lander getting further and further away from Rosetta.

Vidite lender koji se udaljava od Rozete.

On the top right, you see an image taken at 60 meters by the lander,

U gornjem desnom uglu, vidite sliku koju je napravio lender na 60m ,

60 meters above the surface of the comet.

60 metara iznad površine komete.

The boulder there is some 10 meters.

Onaj kamen ima oko 10 metara.

So this is one of the last images we took before we landed on the comet.

Ovo je jedna od poslednjih slika pre nego što smo sleteli na kometu.

Here, you see the whole sequence again, but from a different perspective,

Ovde vidite ponovo celu sekvencu, ali iz druge perspektive

and you see three blown-ups from the bottom-left to the middle

i vidite tri uvećane slike od donjeg desnog ugla ka sredini lendera

of the lander traveling over the surface of the comet.

koji putuje po površini komete.

Then, at the top, there is a before and an after image of the landing.

A na vrhu su slike pre i posle spuštanja.

The only problem with the after image is, there is no lander.

Jedini problem sa slikom posle spuštanja je taj što nema lendera.

But if you carefully look at the right-hand side of this image,

Ali ako pogledate pažljivo desnu stranu ove slike,

we saw the lander still there, but it had bounced.

videli smo da je lender još tu, ali je poskočio.

It had departed again.

Ponovo je uzleteo.

Now, on a bit of a comical note here

Komično je to što

is that originally Rosetta was designed to have a lander which would bounce.

je Rozeta prvobitno projektovana da ima lender koji bi se odbijao.

That was discarded because it was way too expensive.

To je odbačeno, jer je bilo preskupo.

Now, we forgot, but the lander knew.

Mi smo to zaboravili, ali lender nije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

During the first bounce, in the magnetometers,

U toku prvog odbijanja, na magnetometrima,

you see here the data from them, from the three axes, x, y and z.

vidite ovde podatke s njih s tri ose: x, y i z.

Halfway through, you see a red line.

Na polovini vidite crvenu liniju.

At that red line, there is a change.

Na toj crvenoj liniji je promena.

What happened, apparently, is during the first bounce,

Dogodilo se da smo prilikom prvog odbijanja

somewhere, we hit the edge of a crater with one of the legs of the lander,

nekako udarili u ivicu kratera sa jednom nogom lendera

and the rotation velocity of the lander changed.

i brzina rotacije lendera se promenila.

So we've been rather lucky

Imali smo prilično sreće

that we are where we are.

da smo tu gde smo.

This is one of the iconic images of Rosetta.

Ovo je jedan od antologijskih snimaka Rozete.

It's a man-made object, a leg of the lander,

Predmet koji su napravili ljudi, noga lendera,

standing on a comet.

stoji na kometi.

This, for me, is one of the very best images of space science I have ever seen.

Ovo je, za mene, jedna od najboljih slika svemirske nauke ikada.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

One of the things we still have to do is to actually find the lander.

Jedna od stvari koje još moramo da uradimo jeste da nađemo lender.

The blue area here is where we know it must be.

Plava površina je ono gde znamo da mora da bude.

We haven't been able to find it yet, but the search is continuing,

Nismo još uspeli da ga nađemo, ali traženje se nastavlja,

as are our efforts to start getting the lander to work again.

kao i naši pokušaji da ponovo osposobimo lender.

We listen every day,

Slušamo svakog dana

and we hope that between now and somewhere in April,

i nadamo se da će se negde do aprila

the lander will wake up again.

leder ponovo pokrenuti.

The findings of what we found on the comet:

Ono što smo otkrili na ovoj kometi je:

This thing would float in water.

ova kometa bi plutala u vodi.

It's half the density of water.

Ima upola manju gustinu od vode.

So it looks like a very big rock, but it's not.

Samo izgleda kao veoma veliki kamen, ali nije.

The activity increase we saw in June, July, August last year

Povećanje aktivnosti koje smo videli u junu, julu i avgustu prošle godine

was a four-fold activity increase.

bilo je četvorostruko.

By the time we will be at the sun,

Do trenutka kada budemo kod Sunca,

there will be 100 kilos a second leaving this comet:

100 kilograma u sekundi će odlaziti sa komete:

gas, dust, whatever.

gasa, prašine, čega god.

That's 100 million kilos a day.

To je 100 miliona kilograma dnevno.

Then, finally, the landing day.

Zatim, konačno, dan spuštanja.

I will never forget -- absolute madness, 250 TV crews in Germany.

Nikada to neću zaboraviti - apsolutno ludilo, 250 TV ekipa u Nemačkoj.

The BBC was interviewing me,

BBC me je intervjuisao,

and another TV crew who was following me all day

a druga TV ekipa, koja me je pratila celog dana,

were filming me being interviewed,

je snimala kako me intervjuišu

and it went on like that for the whole day.

i tako se nastavilo celog dana.

The Discovery Channel crew

Ekipa kanala Diskaveri

actually caught me when leaving the control room,

me je uhvatila kad sam napuštao kontrolnu sobu

and they asked the right question,

i postavili su mi pravo pitanje

and man, I got into tears, and I still feel this.

i zaplakao sam i još uvek to osećam.

For a month and a half,

Mesec i po dana

I couldn't think about landing day without crying,

nisam mogao da pomislim na spuštanje, a da ne zaplačem

and I still have the emotion in me.

i još uvek imam tu emociju.

With this image of the comet, I would like to leave you.

Završiću s ovom slikom komete.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)