Fred Jansen: How to land on a comet

56,611 views ใƒป 2015-04-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
I'd like to take you on the epic quest of the Rosetta spacecraft.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืข ืืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
00:17
To escort and land the probe on a comet,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืช ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
00:21
this has been my passion for the past two years.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื•ื ืช.
00:25
In order to do that,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื–ื”,
00:26
I need to explain to you something about the origin of the solar system.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:30
When we go back four and a half billion years,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื,
00:32
there was a cloud of gas and dust.
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ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืŸ ื’ื– ื•ืื‘ืง.
00:33
In the center of this cloud, our sun formed and ignited.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ื•ืฆืชื”.
00:38
Along with that, what we now know as planets, comets and asteroids formed.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ื”, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•.
00:44
What then happened, according to theory,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื–, ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื”,
00:47
is that when the Earth had cooled down a bit after its formation,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืชืงืจืจ ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื•,
00:51
comets massively impacted the Earth and delivered water to Earth.
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคื’ืขื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืกื™ืคืงื• ืžื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:57
They probably also delivered complex organic material to Earth,
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ื”ื ื’ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืกื™ืคืงื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:01
and that may have bootstrapped the emergence of life.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:04
You can compare this to having to solve a 250-piece puzzle
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืœืคืชื•ืจ ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืœ 250 ื—ืœืงื™ื
01:08
and not a 2,000-piece puzzle.
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ื•ืœื ืคืื–ืœ ืฉืœ 2,000 ื—ืœืงื™ื.
01:11
Afterwards, the big planets like Jupiter and Saturn,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื“ืง ื•ืฉื‘ืชืื™,
01:15
they were not in their place where they are now,
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
01:17
and they interacted gravitationally,
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ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืคืขืœื• ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:20
and they swept the whole interior of the solar system clean,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:23
and what we now know as comets
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื
01:25
ended up in something called the Kuiper Belt,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืงืจื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืงื•ื™ืคืจ,
01:27
which is a belt of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ.
01:31
And sometimes these objects run into each other,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™,
01:34
and they gravitationally deflect,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช,
01:37
and then the gravity of Jupiter pulls them back into the solar system.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:42
And they then become the comets as we see them in the sky.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
01:46
The important thing here to note is that in the meantime,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืคื” ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ,
01:49
the four and a half billion years,
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:51
these comets have been sitting on the outside of the solar system,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
01:54
and haven't changed --
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ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• --
01:56
deep, frozen versions of our solar system.
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ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:59
In the sky, they look like this.
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ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืš.
02:01
We know them for their tails.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:03
There are actually two tails.
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืœื™ื.
02:04
One is a dust tail, which is blown away by the solar wind.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ืื‘ืง, ืฉืžื•ืขืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
02:08
The other one is an ion tail, which is charged particles,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื,
02:12
and they follow the magnetic field in the solar system.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
02:15
There's the coma,
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืžื”,
02:16
and then there is the nucleus, which here is too small to see,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืฉืคื” ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืชื•,
02:19
and you have to remember that in the case of Rosetta,
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ื•ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”,
02:21
the spacecraft is in that center pixel.
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ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืงืกืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
02:23
We are only 20, 30, 40 kilometers away from the comet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง 20,30,40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
02:27
So what's important to remember?
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ืื– ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ?
02:30
Comets contain the original material from which our solar system was formed,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื”,
02:35
so they're ideal to study the components
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:37
that were present at the time when Earth, and life, started.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื•.
02:41
Comets are also suspected
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ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื“ื™ื ื’ื
02:43
of having brought the elements which may have bootstrapped life.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:47
In 1983, ESA set up its long-term Horizon 2000 program,
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ื‘ 1983, ESA ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื–ื•ืŸ 2000 ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš,
02:52
which contained one cornerstone, which would be a mission to a comet.
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ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื” ืื‘ืŸ ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
02:56
In parallel, a small mission to a comet, what you see here, Giotto, was launched,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”, ื’'ื™ื•ื˜ื•, ืฉื•ื’ืจ,
03:01
and in 1986, flew by the comet of Halley with an armada of other spacecraft.
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ื•ื‘ 1986, ื˜ืก ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืืœื™ ืขื ืืจืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
03:07
From the results of that mission, it became immediately clear
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ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”, ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
03:10
that comets were ideal bodies to study to understand our solar system.
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ืฉืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืœื—ืงืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:16
And thus, the Rosetta mission was approved in 1993,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืื•ืฉืจื” ื‘ 1993,
03:20
and originally it was supposed to be launched in 2003,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ 2003,
03:24
but a problem arose with an Ariane rocket.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœื• ืขื ื˜ื™ืœ ื”ืืจื™ืืŸ.
03:26
However, our P.R. department, in its enthusiasm,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืœืงืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
03:29
had already made 1,000 Delft Blue plates
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืจื” 1,000 ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื“ืœืคื˜ ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช
03:32
with the name of the wrong comets.
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ืขื ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:34
So I've never had to buy any china since. That's the positive part.
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ืื– ืžืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
03:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:39
Once the whole problem was solved,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”,
03:41
we left Earth in 2004
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ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ 2004
03:44
to the newly selected comet, Churyumov-Gerasimenko.
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ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื ื—ืงืจ, ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ืžื•ื‘-ื’ืจืกื™ืžื ืงื•.
03:47
This comet had to be specially selected
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
03:50
because A, you have to be able to get to it,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื•.
03:53
and B, it shouldn't have been in the solar system too long.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
03:56
This particular comet has been in the solar system since 1959.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื– 1959,
04:00
That's the first time when it was deflected by Jupiter,
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ืง,
04:03
and it got close enough to the sun to start changing.
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ื•ื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
04:06
So it's a very fresh comet.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ืจื™.
04:08
Rosetta made a few historic firsts.
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ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืขืฉืชื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:11
It's the first satellite to orbit a comet,
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ื–ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
04:14
and to escort it throughout its whole tour through the solar system --
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ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืกืœืœื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ --
04:17
closest approach to the sun, as we will see in August,
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜,
04:20
and then away again to the exterior.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืจื—ืง ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
04:23
It's the first ever landing on a comet.
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ื–ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
04:25
We actually orbit the comet using something which is not
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœื
04:29
normally done with spacecraft.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ืขื ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
04:31
Normally, you look at the sky and you know where you point and where you are.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืืŸ ืืชื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื.
04:34
In this case, that's not enough.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
04:36
We navigated by looking at landmarks on the comet.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
04:40
We recognized features -- boulders, craters --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— -- ืกืœืขื™ื, ืžื›ืชืฉื™ื --
04:42
and that's how we know where we are respective to the comet.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
04:46
And, of course, it's the first satellite to go beyond the orbit of Jupiter
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง
04:51
on solar cells.
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ืขืœ ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
04:52
Now, this sounds more heroic than it actually is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื•ืื™ ืžืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช,
04:54
because the technology to use radio isotope thermal generators
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื“ื™ื• ืื™ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื
04:59
wasn't available in Europe at that time, so there was no choice.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื”.
05:03
But these solar arrays are big.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
05:04
This is one wing, and these are not specially selected small people.
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ื–ื• ื›ื ืฃ ืื—ืช, ื•ืืœื” ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
05:07
They're just like you and me.
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ื”ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื›ืžื•ื›ื.
05:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:12
We have two of these wings, 65 square meters.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืชื™ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, 65 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื.
05:16
Now later on, of course, when we got to the comet,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
05:19
you find out that 65 square meters of sail
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ืืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉ 65 ืžื˜ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื
05:22
close to a body which is outgassing is not always a very handy choice.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ ื–ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”.
05:28
Now, how did we get to the comet?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื–ื”?
05:30
Because we had to go there for the Rosetta scientific objectives
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”
05:34
very far away -- four times the distance of the Earth to the sun --
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ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง -- ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ --
05:38
and also at a much higher velocity than we could achieve with fuel,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื ื“ืœืง,
05:42
because we'd have to take six times as much fuel as the whole spacecraft weighed.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ื“ืœืง ืžืžืฉืงืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช.
05:46
So what do you do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืขืฉื™ื ื•?
05:47
You use gravitational flybys, slingshots,
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื•ืคื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™ื™ื, ืงืœืข,
05:51
where you pass by a planet at very low altitude,
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ื‘ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ืœื™ื“ ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ืš,
05:54
a few thousand kilometers,
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ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
05:56
and then you get the velocity of that planet around the sun for free.
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ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:01
We did that a few times.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
06:03
We did Earth, we did Mars, we did twice Earth again,
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืช ืžืื“ื™ื, ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
06:05
and we also flew by two asteroids, Lutetia and Steins.
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ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืคื ื• ืœื™ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื” ื•ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืก.
06:10
Then in 2011, we got so far from the sun that if the spacecraft got into trouble,
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ืื– ื‘ 2011, ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืื ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช,
06:14
we couldn't actually save the spacecraft anymore,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช,
06:18
so we went into hibernation.
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืจื“ืžืช.
06:20
Everything was switched off except for one clock.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืขื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
06:24
Here you see in white the trajectory, and the way this works.
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ืคื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:27
You see that from the circle where we started,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืžื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•,
06:30
the white line, actually you get more and more and more elliptical,
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ื”ืงื• ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ืคืกื”,
06:33
and then finally we approached the comet
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ื•ืื– ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜
06:36
in May 2014, and we had to start doing the rendezvous maneuvers.
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ื‘ืžืื™ 2014, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช.
06:41
On the way there, we flew by Earth and we took a few pictures to test our cameras.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื, ื—ืœืคื ื• ืœื™ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ื›ืžื” ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:45
This is the moon rising over Earth,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ืจื— ืขื•ืœื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
06:47
and this is what we now call a selfie,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกืœืคื™,
06:49
which at that time, by the way, that word didn't exist. (Laughter)
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:53
It's at Mars. It was taken by the CIVA camera.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื, ื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืœืžืช CIVA.
06:56
That's one of the cameras on the lander,
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช,
06:58
and it just looks under the solar arrays,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
07:01
and you see the planet Mars and the solar array in the distance.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืžืื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืจืš ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง.
07:05
Now, when we got out of hibernation in January 2014,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžืชืจื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2014,
07:11
we started arriving at a distance
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืžืจื—ืง
07:12
of two million kilometers from the comet in May.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืื™.
07:15
However, the velocity the spacecraft had was much too fast.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžื“ื™.
07:19
We were going 2,800 kilometers an hour faster than the comet, so we had to brake.
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ื˜ืกื ื• 2,800 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื.
07:25
We had to do eight maneuvers,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชืžืจื•ื ื™ื,
07:27
and you see here, some of them were really big.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื”, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
07:30
We had to brake the first one by a few hundred kilometers per hour,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ื ืืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื”,
07:36
and actually, the duration of that was seven hours,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช,
07:40
and it used 218 kilos of fuel,
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ 218 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง,
07:43
and those were seven nerve-wracking hours, because in 2007,
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ 2007,
07:47
there was a leak in the system of the propulsion of Rosetta,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”,
07:50
and we had to close off a branch,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืขื ืฃ,
07:52
so the system was actually operating at a pressure
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ
07:55
which it was never designed or qualified for.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ืื• ืื•ืฉืจื” ืืœื™ื•.
07:59
Then we got in the vicinity of the comet, and these were the first pictures we saw.
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ืื– ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื•.
08:04
The true comet rotation period is 12 and a half hours,
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ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื 12 ืฉืขื•ืช,
08:07
so this is accelerated,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื•ืืฅ,
08:09
but you will understand that our flight dynamics engineers thought,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•,
08:12
this is not going to be an easy thing to land on.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืœ ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
08:16
We had hoped for some kind of spud-like thing
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ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื— ืื“ืžื”
08:21
where you could easily land.
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ืขืœื™ื• ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
08:23
But we had one hope: maybe it was smooth.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื” ืื—ืช: ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง.
08:26
No. That didn't work either. (Laughter)
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ืœื, ื’ื ื–ื” ืœื ืขื‘ื“.(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:30
So at that point in time, it was clearly unavoidable:
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ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข:
08:33
we had to map this body in all the detail you could get,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’,
08:36
because we had to find an area which is 500 meters in diameter and flat.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืงื•ื˜ืจ 500 ืžื˜ืจ.
08:41
Why 500 meters? That's the error we have on landing the probe.
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ืœืžื” 500 ืžื˜ืจ? ื–ื• ื”ืฉื’ื™ืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื—ืชืช ื”ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:46
So we went through this process, and we mapped the comet.
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ืื– ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื•ืžื™ืคื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
08:49
We used a technique called photoclinometry.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื•ื˜ื• ืงืœื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”.
08:51
You use shadows thrown by the sun.
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ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
08:54
What you see here is a rock sitting on the surface of the comet,
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ื–ื” ืกืœืข ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜,
08:57
and the sun shines from above.
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ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืื™ืจื” ืžืœืžืขืœื”.
09:00
From the shadow, we, with our brain,
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ืžื”ืฆืœ, ืื ื—ื ื•, ืขื ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
09:02
can immediately determine roughly what the shape of that rock is.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื’ืกื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืœืข.
09:05
You can program that in a computer,
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘,
09:07
you then cover the whole comet, and you can map the comet.
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
09:12
For that, we flew special trajectories starting in August.
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ืœื–ื”, ื˜ืกื ื• ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜.
09:15
First, a triangle of 100 kilometers on a side
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆืœืข ืฉืœ 100 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
09:18
at 100 kilometers' distance,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 100 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ,
09:20
and we repeated the whole thing at 50 kilometers.
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ื•ืื– ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 50 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ.
09:23
At that time, we had seen the comet at all kinds of angles,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช,
09:27
and we could use this technique to map the whole thing.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
09:31
Now, this led to a selection of landing sites.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืชืจื™ ื ื—ื™ืชื”.
09:35
This whole process we had to do, to go from the mapping of the comet
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืคื•ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜
09:39
to actually finding the final landing site, was 60 days.
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ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืืชืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™, ื”ื™ื” 60 ื™ื•ื.
09:42
We didn't have more.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:44
To give you an idea, the average Mars mission
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’, ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžืื“ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช
09:46
takes hundreds of scientists for years to meet
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ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™
09:50
about where shall we go?
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ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื ื—ืช?
09:52
We had 60 days, and that was it.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 60 ื™ื•ื, ื•ื–ื”ื•.
09:54
We finally selected the final landing site
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ืจื ื• ืืช ืืชืจ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™
09:57
and the commands were prepared for Rosetta to launch Philae.
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ื•ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืœืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ืคื™ืœืื”.
10:02
The way this works is that Rosetta has to be at the right point in space,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
10:06
and aiming towards the comet, because the lander is passive.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ืชืช ื”ื™ื ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
10:09
The lander is then pushed out and moves towards the comet.
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ื”ื ื—ืชืช ื ื“ื—ืคืช ืื– ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื•ื ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
10:13
Rosetta had to turn around
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ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘
10:15
to get its cameras to actually look at Philae while it was departing
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžืฆืœืžื” ืฉืœื” ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืœืื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช
10:19
and to be able to communicate with it.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื”.
10:22
Now, the landing duration of the whole trajectory was seven hours.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช.
10:26
Now do a simple calculation:
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืขืฉื• ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืคืฉื•ื˜:
10:29
if the velocity of Rosetta is off by one centimeter per second,
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ืื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
10:33
seven hours is 25,000 seconds.
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ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื–ื” 25,000 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
10:37
That means 252 meters wrong on the comet.
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ 252 ืžื˜ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
10:42
So we had to know the velocity of Rosetta
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”
10:45
much better than one centimeter per second,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ื”,
10:48
and its location in space better than 100 meters
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 100 ืžื˜ืจ
10:52
at 500 million kilometers from Earth.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:55
That's no mean feat.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
10:57
Let me quickly take you through some of the science and the instruments.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื“ืข ื•ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
11:02
I won't bore you with all the details of all the instruments,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืฉืขืžื ืืชื›ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื,
11:05
but it's got everything.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื›ืœ.
11:07
We can sniff gas, we can measure dust particles,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื’ื–, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื’ื–,
11:10
the shape of them, the composition,
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘,
11:12
there are magnetometers, everything.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื›ืœ,
11:15
This is one of the results from an instrument which measures gas density
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื’ื–
11:18
at the position of Rosetta,
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ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”,
11:20
so it's gas which has left the comet.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื’ื– ืฉืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
11:22
The bottom graph is September of last year.
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ื”ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืชื—ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
11:25
There is a long-term variation, which in itself is not surprising,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข,
11:28
but you see the sharp peaks.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื.
11:30
This is a comet day.
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ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
11:32
You can see the effect of the sun on the evaporation of gas
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ืื™ื“ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื–
11:36
and the fact that the comet is rotating.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘.
11:39
So there is one spot, apparently,
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ,
11:41
where there is a lot of stuff coming from,
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ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื,
11:43
it gets heated in the Sun, and then cools down on the back side.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžื ื‘ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืื– ืžืชืงืจืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™.
11:46
And we can see the density variations of this.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
11:50
These are the gases and the organic compounds
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ืืœื” ื’ื–ื™ื ื•ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
11:54
that we already have measured.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื“ื ื•.
11:56
You will see it's an impressive list,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื–ื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื”,
11:57
and there is much, much, much more to come,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข.
12:00
because there are more measurements.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช.
12:02
Actually, there is a conference going on in Houston at the moment
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ
12:05
where many of these results are presented.
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ื‘ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช.
12:08
Also, we measured dust particles.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื“ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืื‘ืง.
12:10
Now, for you, this will not look very impressive,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืจืื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื,
12:13
but the scientists were thrilled when they saw this.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื• ื›ืฉื”ื ืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”.
12:16
Two dust particles:
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ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืื‘ืง:
12:17
the right one they call Boris, and they shot it with tantalum
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ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื•ืจื™ืก, ื•ื”ื ื™ืจื• ื‘ื• ืขื ื˜ื ื˜ืœื•ื
12:20
in order to be able to analyze it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืื•ืชื•.
12:23
Now, we found sodium and magnesium.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื.
12:25
What this tells you is this is the concentration of these two materials
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:29
at the time the solar system was formed,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
12:32
so we learned things about which materials were there
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ืื– ืœืžื“ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื
12:35
when the planet was made.
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื”.
12:38
Of course, one of the important elements is the imaging.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช.
12:41
This is one of the cameras of Rosetta, the OSIRIS camera,
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”, ืžืฆืœืžืช OSIRIS,
12:44
and this actually was the cover of Science magazine
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืก
12:47
on January 23 of this year.
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ื‘ 23 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”.
12:50
Nobody had expected this body to look like this.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฆื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืจืื” ื›ืš.
12:54
Boulders, rocks -- if anything, it looks more like the Half Dome in Yosemite
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ื‘ื•ืœื“ืจื™ื, ืกืœืขื™ื -- ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืกืžื™ื˜ื™
12:57
than anything else.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
13:00
We also saw things like this:
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื’ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื–ื”:
13:02
dunes, and what look to be, on the righthand side, wind-blown shadows.
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ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื•, ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืื• ื‘ืจื•ื—.
13:07
Now we know these from Mars, but this comet doesn't have an atmosphere,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืืœื” ืžืžืื“ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
13:11
so it's a bit difficult to create a wind-blown shadow.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—.
13:14
It may be local outgassing,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื–ื™ื ื ืคืœื˜ื™ื,
13:16
stuff which goes up and comes back.
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืžื˜ื”.
13:18
We don't know, so there is a lot to investigate.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื– ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
13:21
Here, you see the same image twice.
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ืคื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
13:23
On the left-hand side, you see in the middle a pit.
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื‘ื•ืจ.
13:26
On the right-hand side, if you carefully look,
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ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื”,
13:28
there are three jets coming out of the bottom of that pit.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจ.
13:31
So this is the activity of the comet.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
13:34
Apparently, at the bottom of these pits is where the active regions are,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื,
13:38
and where the material evaporates into space.
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืชืื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ืœืœ.
13:40
There is a very intriguing crack in the neck of the comet.
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ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืง ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
13:44
You see it on the right-hand side.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ.
13:46
It's a kilometer long, and it's two and a half meters wide.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื˜ืจ.
13:50
Some people suggest that actually,
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
13:52
when we get close to the sun,
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ,
13:54
the comet may split in two,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืคืฆืœ ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื,
13:56
and then we'll have to choose,
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ื•ืื– ื ื”ื™ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ,
13:58
which comet do we go for?
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื?
14:00
The lander -- again, lots of instruments,
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ื”ื ื—ืชืช -- ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ืฉื•ืจ,
14:03
mostly comparable except for the things which hammer in the ground and drill, etc.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืคืงื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ื•.
14:08
But much the same as Rosetta, and that is because you want to compare
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืจื•ื–ื˜ื”, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช
14:12
what you find in space with what you find on the comet.
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
14:16
These are called ground truth measurements.
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ืืœื” ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืข.
14:18
These are the landing descent images
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ืืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงืจืงืข
14:22
that were taken by the OSIRIS camera.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฆืœืžืช OSIRIS .
14:24
You see the lander getting further and further away from Rosetta.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
14:28
On the top right, you see an image taken at 60 meters by the lander,
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ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžืขืœื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืžืจื—ืง 60 ืžื˜ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืชืช,
14:32
60 meters above the surface of the comet.
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60 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
14:35
The boulder there is some 10 meters.
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ื”ืกืœืข ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 10 ืžื˜ืจ.
14:37
So this is one of the last images we took before we landed on the comet.
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ื ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืฆื™ืœืžื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื—ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
14:42
Here, you see the whole sequence again, but from a different perspective,
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ืคื”, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื”,
14:45
and you see three blown-ups from the bottom-left to the middle
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืจื›ื–
14:49
of the lander traveling over the surface of the comet.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืฉื ืขื” ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
14:54
Then, at the top, there is a before and an after image of the landing.
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ืื–, ืœืžืขืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”.
14:58
The only problem with the after image is, there is no lander.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืชืช.
15:02
But if you carefully look at the right-hand side of this image,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”,
15:05
we saw the lander still there, but it had bounced.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงืคืฆื”.
15:09
It had departed again.
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ื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืฉื•ื‘.
15:11
Now, on a bit of a comical note here
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ืžื™ืช ืคื”
15:14
is that originally Rosetta was designed to have a lander which would bounce.
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ืจื•ื–ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืœื” ื ื—ืชืช ืฉืชืงืคืฅ.
15:18
That was discarded because it was way too expensive.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™.
15:21
Now, we forgot, but the lander knew.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื›ื—ื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช ื™ื“ืขื”.
15:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:25
During the first bounce, in the magnetometers,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืžื’ื ื˜ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
15:27
you see here the data from them, from the three axes, x, y and z.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืคื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื”ื, ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฆื™ืจื™ื, x, y ื• z.
15:31
Halfway through, you see a red line.
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ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื• ืื“ื•ื.
15:33
At that red line, there is a change.
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ื•ื‘ืงื• ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
15:35
What happened, apparently, is during the first bounce,
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื”,
15:39
somewhere, we hit the edge of a crater with one of the legs of the lander,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ืคื’ืขื ื• ื‘ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืชืฉ ืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช,
15:44
and the rotation velocity of the lander changed.
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ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืชืช ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”.
15:47
So we've been rather lucky
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื–ืœ
15:49
that we are where we are.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
15:51
This is one of the iconic images of Rosetta.
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืงื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื–ื˜ื”.
15:55
It's a man-made object, a leg of the lander,
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ื–ื” ืขืฆื ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื, ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืชืช,
15:59
standing on a comet.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜.
16:01
This, for me, is one of the very best images of space science I have ever seen.
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ื–ื•, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ืื™ ืคืขื.
16:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:11
One of the things we still have to do is to actually find the lander.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื ื—ืชืช.
16:15
The blue area here is where we know it must be.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
16:18
We haven't been able to find it yet, but the search is continuing,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืžืฉื™ืš,
16:22
as are our efforts to start getting the lander to work again.
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื ื—ืชืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื•ื‘.
16:26
We listen every day,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื,
16:28
and we hope that between now and somewhere in April,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืžืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ,
16:30
the lander will wake up again.
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ื”ื ื—ืชืช ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื•ื‘.
16:32
The findings of what we found on the comet:
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ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜:
16:35
This thing would float in water.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฆื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืžื™ื.
16:38
It's half the density of water.
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ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื.
16:40
So it looks like a very big rock, but it's not.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืœืข ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื.
16:43
The activity increase we saw in June, July, August last year
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ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, ื™ื•ืœื™ ื•ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
16:47
was a four-fold activity increase.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
16:49
By the time we will be at the sun,
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ืขื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืžืฉ,
16:51
there will be 100 kilos a second leaving this comet:
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ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ 100 ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”:
16:56
gas, dust, whatever.
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ื’ื–, ืื‘ืง, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
16:57
That's 100 million kilos a day.
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ื–ื” 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื.
17:01
Then, finally, the landing day.
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ืื–, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื”.
17:03
I will never forget -- absolute madness, 250 TV crews in Germany.
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— -- ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ 250 ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
17:09
The BBC was interviewing me,
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ื” BBC ืจืื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™,
17:11
and another TV crew who was following me all day
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ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืฉืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
17:14
were filming me being interviewed,
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ืฆื™ืœื ืื•ืชื™ ืžืจื•ืื™ื™ืŸ,
17:16
and it went on like that for the whole day.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:18
The Discovery Channel crew
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ื“ื™ืกืงื‘ืจื™
17:20
actually caught me when leaving the control room,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืคืก ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจื”,
17:23
and they asked the right question,
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ื•ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
17:25
and man, I got into tears, and I still feel this.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™, ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื–ื”.
17:28
For a month and a half,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™,
17:30
I couldn't think about landing day without crying,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช,
17:33
and I still have the emotion in me.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช.
17:36
With this image of the comet, I would like to leave you.
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ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ื˜, ื”ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื™ืชื›ื.
17:38
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
17:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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