What if we replaced politicians with randomly selected people? | Brett Hennig

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

I want to talk about one of the big questions,

Želim da govorim o jednom od velikih pitanja,

perhaps the biggest question:

možda i najvećem pitanju:

How should we live together?

kako da živimo zajedno?

How should a group of people, who perhaps live in a city

Kako bi grupa ljudi, koja možda živi u gradu,

or in the continent

ili na kontinentu,

or even the whole globe,

ili čak na čitavom svetu

share and manage common resources?

trebalo da deli i upravlja zajedničkim resursima?

How should we make the rules that govern us?

Kako bi trebalo da donosimo pravila kojima se povinujemo?

This has always been an important question.

Ovo je oduvek bilo važno pitanje.

And today, I think it's even more important than ever

A danas, mislim da je važnije nego ikad pre,

if we want to address rising inequality, climate change, the refugee crisis,

ako želimo da se bavimo rastućom nejednakošću,

klimatskim promenama, izbegličkom krizom;

just to name a few major issues.

samo da nabrojim nekoliko većih pitanja.

It's also a very old question.

Takođe se radi o veoma starom pitanju.

Humans have been asking themselves this question

Ljudi postavljaju sebi ovo pitanje

ever since we lived in organized societies.

još od nastanka organizovanih društava.

Like this guy, Plato.

Poput ovog tipa, Platona.

He thought we needed benevolent guardians

Smatrao je da su nam potrebni dobroćudni čuvari

who could make decisions for the greater good of everyone.

koji bi donosili odluke za opšte dobro svih.

Kings and queens thought they could be those guardians,

Kraljevi i kraljice su smatrali da bi oni mogli da budu ti čuvari,

but during various revolutions, they tended to lose their heads.

ali tokom raznih revolucija, imali su običaj da izgube glave.

And this guy, you probably know.

A ovog tipa verovatno znate.

Here in Hungary, you lived for many years

Ovde u Mađarskoj, živeli ste mnogo godina

under one attempt to implement his answer of how to live together.

pokušavajući da primenite njegov odgovor na pitanje o saživotu.

His answer was brutal, cruel and inhumane.

Njegov odgovor je bio brutalan, okrutan i neljudski.

But a different answer, a different kind of answer,

Međutim, drugačiji odgovor, drugačiji tip odgovora

which went more or less into hibernation for 2,000 years,

koji je bio više-manje u dvehiljadugodišnjoj hibernaciji

has had profound recent success.

je nedavno imao istinski uspeh.

That answer is, of course, democracy.

Taj odgovor, naravno, glasi: demokratija.

If we take a quick look at the modern history of democracy,

Ako se osvrnemo na kratko na savremenu istoriju demokratije,

it goes something like this.

ona glasi nekako ovako.

Along here, we're going to put the last 200 years.

Duž ove linije ćemo da stavimo poslednjih 200 godina.

Up here, we're going to put the number of democracies.

Uspravno ćemo da stavimo broj demokratija.

And the graph does this,

A grafikon se odvija ovako,

the important point of which,

pri čemu je njegova važna suština

is this extraordinary increase over time,

ovaj izvanredni uspon tokom vremena,

which is why the 20th century

zbog čega je XX vek

has been called the century of democracy's triumph,

nazvan vekom trijumfa demokratije

and why, as Francis Fukuyama said in 1989,

i zbog čega je Fransis Fukujama 1989. godine izjavio

some believe that we have reached the end of history,

kako neki veruju da smo dosegli kraj istorije,

that the question of how to live together has been answered,

da imamo odgovor na pitanje o zajedničkom životu,

and that answer is liberal democracy.

a da je taj odgovor liberalna demokratija.

Let's explore that assertion, though.

Istražimo tu tvrdnju, pak.

I want to find out what you think.

Želim da saznam šta vi mislite.

So I'm going to ask you two questions,

Stoga ću da vam postavim dva pitanja,

and I want you to put your hands up

i želim da podignete ruke

if you agree.

ako se slažete.

The first question is: Who thinks living in a democracy is a good thing?

Prvo pitanje glasi: ko smatra da je živeti u demokratiji nešto dobro?

Who likes democracy?

Kome se sviđa demokratija?

If you can think of a better system, keep your hands down.

Ako na umu imate bolji sistem, ne podižite ruke.

Don't worry about those who didn't raise their hands,

Ne brinite za one koji nisu podigli ruke;

siguran sam da misle dobro.

I'm sure they mean very well.

The second question is:

Drugo pitanje glasi:

Who thinks our democracies are functioning well?

ko smatra da naše demokratije dobro funkcionišu?

Come on, there must be one politician in the audience somewhere.

Ma hajde, mora da ima bar jedan političar tu negde u publici.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

No.

Nema.

But my point is, if liberal democracy is the end of history,

Međutim, moja poenta je da, ako je liberalna demokratija kraj istorije,

then there's a massive paradox or contradiction here.

onda ovde imamo strašan paradoks ili kontradikciju.

Why is that?

Zašto je tako?

Well, the first question is about the ideal of democracy,

Pa, kod prvog pitanja se radi o idealu demokratije

and all these qualities are very appealing.

i svi njegovi kvaliteti su veoma privlačni.

But in practice, it's not working.

Međutim, u praksi to ne funkcioniše.

And that's the second question.

A to je drugo pitanje.

Our politics is broken, our politicians aren't trusted,

Naša politika je pokvarena, naši političari nisu od poverenja,

and the political system is distorted by powerful vested interests.

a politički sitem je iskrivljen interesima moćnika.

I think there's two ways to resolve this paradox.

Smatram da postoje dva načina da se razreši ovaj paradoks.

One is to give up on democracy; it doesn't work.

Jedan je da dignemo ruke od demokratije; ne deluje.

Let's elect a populist demagogue who will ignore democratic norms,

Izaberimo populističkog demagoga koji će da ignoriše demokratske norme,

trample on liberal freedoms

pregazi liberalne slobode

and just get things done.

i prosto obavi sve što treba.

The other option, I think, is to fix this broken system,

Druga mogućnost, verujem, jeste da popravimo sistem koji ne fukcioniše,

to bring the practice closer to the ideal

da uvedemo prakse koje su bliže idealu

and put the diverse voices of society in our parliaments

i da uvedemo raznolike glasove društva u naš parlament

and get them to make considered, evidence-based laws

i da ih navedemo da donose obazrive zakone zasnovane na dokazu

for the long-term good of everyone.

radi dugoročne dobrobiti svih nas.

Which brings me to my epiphany,

To me vraća na moje proviđenje,

my moment of enlightenment.

moj prosvetljujući trenutak.

And I want you to get critical.

Želim da budete kritički nastrojeni.

I want you to ask yourselves, "Why wouldn't this work?"

Želim da se zapitate: „Zašto ovo ne bi funkcionisalo?”

And then come and talk to me afterwards about it.

A kasnije mi priđite i razgovarajmo o tome.

Its technical name is "sortition."

Tehnički naziv ovoga je „žrebanje“.

But its common name is "random selection."

Međutim, uopšten naziv je „nasumičan izbor“.

And the idea is actually very simple:

A zamisao je zapravo krajnje prosta:

we randomly select people and put them in parliament.

nasumično biramo ljude i postavljamo ih u parlament.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Let's think about that for a few more minutes, shall we?

Razmislimo o tome na nekoliko minuta, hoćemo li?

Imagine we chose you and you and you and you and you down there

Zamislite da izaberemo vas, vas, vas, vas i vas tamo dole,

and a bunch of other random people,

kao i gomilu drugih nasumičnih ljudi,

and we put you in our parliament for the next couple of years.

i postavimo vas u naš parlament na narednih nekoliko godina.

Of course, we could stratify the selection to make sure that it matched

Naravno, možemo da raslojimo izbor kako bismo se postarali da odgovara

the socioeconomic and demographic profile of the country

društveno-ekonomskom i demografskom profilu države

and was a truly representative sample of people.

i da je uistinu reprezentativan uzorak ljudi.

Fifty percent of them would be women.

Pedeset posto bi bile žene.

Many of them would be young, some would be old,

Mnogi od njih bi bili mladi, neki bi bili stari,

a few would be rich,

nekolicina bi bila bogata,

but most of them would be ordinary people like you and me.

ali bi većina njih bila obični ljudi kao vi i ja.

This would be a microcosm of society.

Bio bi to mikrokosmos društva.

And this microcosm would simulate how we would all think,

A taj mikrokosmos bi simulirao to kako mi razmišljamo,

if we had the time, the information

ako bismo imali vremena, informacije

and a good process to come to the moral crux of political decisions.

i dobar proces da zadremo u moralnu srž političkih odluka.

And although you may not be in that group,

Čak i ako možda ne biste bili u toj grupi,

someone of your age, someone of your gender,

neko iz vaše starosne grupe, neko vašeg roda,

someone from your location and someone with your background

neko iz vašeg mesta i neko s vašim iskustvom

would be in that room.

bi bio u toj prostoriji.

The decisions made by these people would build on the wisdom of crowds.

Odluke koje bi donosili ti ljudi bi se nadograđivale na mudrost gomile.

They would become more than the sum of their parts.

Postali bi više od zbira svojih delova.

They would become critical thinkers

Postali bi kritički mislioci

with access to experts,

sa pristupom stručnjacima,

who would be on tap but not on top.

koji bi bili u pripravnosti, ali ne na vlasti.

And they could prove that diversity can trump ability

A oni bi mogli da dokažu da različitost može da pobedi stručnost

when confronting the wide array of societal questions and problems.

kada smo suočeni sa širokom lepezom društvenih pitanja i problema.

It would not be government by public opinion poll.

Ne bi to bila vlada izabrana anketama javnog mnjenja.

It would not be government by referendum.

Ne bi to bila vlada izabrana referendumom.

These informed, deliberating people would move beyond public opinion

Ovi informisani, promišljeni ljudi bi se kretali mimo javnog mnjenja

to the making of public judgments.

ka izgradnji javnih sudova.

However, there would be one major side effect:

Međutim, imali bismo jednu veću nuspojavu:

if we replaced elections with sortition

ako zamenimo izbore žrebanjem

and made our parliament truly representative of society,

i učinimo parlament istinskim zastupnikom društva,

it would mean the end of politicians.

to bi značilo kraj za političare.

And I'm sure we'd all be pretty sad to see that.

I sigurno bismo svi bili izuzetno tužni zbog toga.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Very interestingly,

Veoma je interesantno,

random selection was a key part of how democracy was done

nasumičan izbor je bio ključni deo toga kako se demokratija praktikovala

in ancient Athens.

u antičkoj Atini.

This machine, this device, is called a kleroteria.

Ovaj mehanizam, ovaj uređaj se naziva kleroterija.

It's an ancient Athenian random-selection device.

Radi se o antičkom atinskom uređaju za nasumičan izbor.

The ancient Athenians randomly selected citizens

Antički Atinjani su nasumično birali građane

to fill the vast majority of their political posts.

da popune većinu političkih funkcija.

They knew that elections were aristocratic devices.

Znali su da su izbori sredstva aristokratije.

They knew that career politicians were a thing to be avoided.

Znali su da su karijerni političari nešto što bi valjalo izbegavati.

And I think we know these things as well.

A mislim da i mi to znamo.

But more interesting than the ancient use of random selection

Međutim, interesantnije od antičke upotrebe nasumičnog izbora

is its modern resurgence.

je njegov savremeni ponovni uspon.

The rediscovery of the legitimacy of random selection in politics

Ponovno otkriće legitimnosti nasumičnog izbora u politici

has become so common lately,

je od nedavno postalo toliko ustaljeno

that there's simply too many examples to talk about.

da prosto postoji previše primera da o njima govorimo.

Of course, I'm very aware that it's going to be difficult

Naravno, veoma sam svestan da će da bude teško

to institute this in our parliaments.

uvesti ovo u naš parlament.

Try this -- say to your friend,

Pokušajte ovo - recite prijatelju:

"I think we should populate our parliament with randomly selected people."

„Smatram da bi trebalo naseliti parlament nasumično odabranim ljudima.”

"Are you joking?

„Šališ li se?

What if my neighbor gets chosen?

Šta ako odaberu mog komšiju?

The fool can't even separate his recycling."

Budala ne zna ni da rasporedi smeće za reciklažu.”

But the perhaps surprising but overwhelming and compelling evidence

Međutim, možda je iznenađujuće, ali ogromni i neoborivi dokazi

from all these modern examples

iz svih ovih savremenih primera

is that it does work.

kažu da to deluje.

If you give people responsibility, they act responsibly.

Ako date ljudima odgovornost, ponašaju se odgovorno.

Don't get me wrong -- it's not a panacea.

Ne shvatajte me pogrešno - ne radi se o panakeji.

The question is not: Would this be perfect?

Pitanje nije: da li bi ovo bilo savršeno?

Of course not.

Naravno da ne bi.

People are fallibly human,

Ljudi su falična bića

and distorting influences will continue to exist.

i naopaki uticaji bi i dalje postojali.

The question is: Would it be better?

Pitanje glasi: da li bi bilo bolje?

And the answer to that question, to me at least, is obviously yes.

A odgovor na to pitanje, bar meni, je očigledno da.

Which gets us back to our original question:

A to nas vraća na naše prvobitno pitanje:

How should we live together?

kako da živimo zajedno?

And now we have an answer:

A sada imamo odgovor:

with a parliament that uses sortition.

sa parlamentom koji koristi žrebanje.

But how would we get from here to there?

Međutim, kako da stignemo odavde do tamo?

How could we fix our broken system

Kako da popravimo naš pokvareni sistem

and remake democracy for the 21st century?

i da obnovimo demokratiju za XXI vek?

Well, there are several things that we can do,

Pa, postoji nekoliko stvari koje možemo da učinimo,

and that are, in fact, happening right now.

a one su upravo u toku, zapravo.

We can experiment with sortition.

Možemo da eksperimentišemo sa žrebanjem.

We can introduce it to schools and workplaces and other institutions,

Možemo da ga uvedemo u škole i radna mesta i druge institucije,

like Democracy In Practice is doing in Bolivia.

kao što u Bolivij radi Demokratija u praksi.

We can hold policy juries and citizens' assemblies,

Možemo da imamo zakonodavna sudska i građanska zasedanja,

like the newDemocracy Foundation is doing in Australia,

kao što u Australiji radi Nova demokratska fondacija,

like the Jefferson Center is doing in the US

kao što radi Centar Džeferson u SAD-u

and like the Irish government is doing right now.

i kao što trenutno radi irska vlada.

We could build a social movement demanding change,

Mogli bismo da izgradimo društveni pokret koji zahteva promenu,

which is what the Sortition Foundation is doing in the UK.

a upravo to u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu radi Fondacija žrebanja.

And at some point, we should institute it.

A u nekoj tački bi trebalo to da ozakonimo.

Perhaps the first step would be a second chamber in our parliament,

Možda bi prvi korak bio drugi dom u našim parlamentima,

full of randomly selected people --

ispunjen nasumično odabranim ljudima -

a citizens' senate, if you will.

građanski senat, ako hoćete.

There's a campaign for a citizens' senate in France

Postoji kampanja za građanski senat u Francuskoj

and another campaign in Scotland,

i još jedna kampanja u Škotskoj,

and it could, of course, be done right here in Hungary.

i mogla bi, naravno, da se izvede i ovde u Mađarskoj.

That would be kind of like a Trojan horse right into the heart of government.

To bi bio nekakav trojanski konj u samom srcu vlade.

And then, when it becomes impossible

A onda, kad postane nemoguće

to patch over the cracks in the current system,

da se krpe pukotine u trenutnom sistemu,

we must step up and replace elections with sortition.

moramo da iskoračimo i zamenimo izbore žrebanjem.

I have hope.

Gajim nadu.

Here in Hungary, systems have been created,

Ovde u Mađarskoj stvarali su se sistemi

and systems have been torn down and replaced

i sistemi su svrgavani i menjani

in the past.

u prošlosti.

Change can and does happen.

Promena može da se desi i dešava se.

It's just a matter of when and how.

Samo je pitanje kada i kako.

Thank you. (Hungarian) Thank you.

Hvala vam. (Na mađarskom) Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)