Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Tatjana Jevdjic Lektor: Ivana Korom

Now, extinction is a different kind of death.

Izumiranje je drugačiji način smrti.

It's bigger.

Veće je.

We didn't really realize that until 1914,

Ovo nismo stvarno shvatili do 1914. god.

when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,

kada je poslednji golub selac, ženka zvana Marta,

died at the Cincinnati zoo.

uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Sinsinatiju.

This had been the most abundant bird in the world

Ovo je bila najbrojnija ptica na svetu

that'd been in North America for six million years.

koja je šest miliona godina nastanjivala Severnu Ameriku.

Suddenly it wasn't here at all.

Iznenada, nije je više bilo.

Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long

Jata, široka 1,5 km i duga 650 km,

used to darken the sun.

su obično zaklanjala sunce.

Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,

Aldo Leopold ih je zvao biološka oluja,

a feathered tempest.

pernata nepogoda.

And indeed it was a keystone species

To je zaista bila ključna vrsta

that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,

koja je obogaćivala celokupnu listopadnu šumu

from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,

od Misisipija do Atlantika,

from Canada down to the Gulf.

od Kanade do Golfskog zaliva.

But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.

Ali je spala sa 5 milijardi ptica na nulu, za svega nekoliko decenija.

What happened?

Šta se dogodilo?

Well, commercial hunting happened.

Pa, desio se komercijalni lov.

These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,

Lovili su ove ptice zbog mesa koje se prodavalo u tonama,

and it was easy to do because when those big flocks

bilo je jednostavno, zato što kada su ova velika jata

came down to the ground, they were so dense

sletala na zemlju, bila su toliko gusta

that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up

da su stotine lovaca i lovaca sa mrežama mogli da dođu

and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.

i poubijaju na desetine hiljada.

It was the cheapest source of protein in America.

To je bio najjeftniji izvor proteina u Americi.

By the end of the century, there was nothing left

Do kraja veka, nije ostalo ništa

but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.

osim ovih divnih koža u muzejskim fiokama za uzorke.

There's an upside to the story.

Postoji i dobra strana ove priče.

This made people realize that the same thing

Učinila je da ljudi shvate da ista sudbina

was about to happen to the American bison,

čeka i američkog bizona,

and so these birds saved the buffalos.

te su ove ptice spasile bizone.

But a lot of other animals weren't saved.

Ali mnoge druge životinje nisu spasene.

The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.

Papagaj Karolina je ptica koja je uveseljavala svačije dvorište.

It was hunted to death for its feathers.

Lovili su ga do izumiranja zbog perja.

There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.

Postojala je vrsta divlje kokoške - kokoš pustare, koju su ljudi

It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.

na istočnoj obali voleli. Pokušali su da je zaštite. Svejedno je izumrla.

A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,

Lokalne novine su pisale: ”Nema preživelih,

there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."

nema budućnosti, nema živih koji bi obnovili ovu vrstu.”

There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,

Postoji osećaj duboke tragedije koji prati ovakve događaje

and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.

i desio se mnogim vrstama ptica koje su ljudi voleli.

It happened to lots of mammals.

To je zadesilo brojne sisare.

Another keystone species is a famous animal

Druga ključna vrsta je čuvena životinja

called the European aurochs.

zvana evropski urus.

There was sort of a movie made about it recently.

Nedavno je snimljen neki film o njemu.

And the aurochs was like the bison.

Urus je bio sličan bizonu.

This was an animal that basically kept the forest

Ova životinja je u osnovi održavala šumu

mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,

kombinovanu sa travnjacima u celoj Evro-Aziji

from Spain to Korea.

od Španije do Koreje.

The documentation of this animal goes back

Dokazi o ovoj životinji su stari

to the Lascaux cave paintings.

koliko i pećinske slike u Laskou.

The extinctions still go on.

Izumiranja se još uvek nastavljaju.

There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.

Postoji vrsta divokoze u Španiji zvana bukardo.

It went extinct in 2000.

Izumrla je 2000.

There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf

Postojala je divna životinja, torbarski vuk

called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,

nazvan tilacin na Tasmaniji u južnoj Australiji,

called the Tasmanian tiger.

zvani tasmanijski tigar.

It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.

Lovili su ga sve dok ih nije ostalo nekoliko koji su uginuli u zoo-vrtovima.

A little bit of film was shot.

Snimljen je mali film.

Sorrow, anger, mourning.

Žalost, bes, tuga.

Don't mourn. Organize.

Nemojte da žalite. Organizujte se.

What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,

Šta ako biste otkrili da DNK muzejskih uzoraka,

fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old

fosila možda starih i do 200 000 godina,

could be used to bring species back,

mogu da se koriste za obnovu vrsta,

what would you do? Where would you start?

šta biste uradili? Gde biste počeli?

Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.

Pa, počeli biste otkrivajući da li biotehnologija zaista postoji.

I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,

Započeo sam sa svojom suprugom, Rajen Felan,

who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,

koja vodi biotehnološku kompaniju "DNA Direct"

and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,

i preko nje i jednog njenog saradnika, Džordža Čerča,

one of the leading genetic engineers

jednog od vodećih inženjera genetike,

who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons

koji je, ispostavilo se, takođe opsednut golubovima selcima

and a lot of confidence

i sa mnogo samopouzdanja

that methodologies he was working on

da bi metode na kojima je radio

might actually do the deed.

zaista mogle biti uspešne.

So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting

On i Rajen su, na Wyss institutu na Harvardu,

at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together

bili organizatori okupljanja

specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,

specijalista o golubovima selcima, konzervacionih ornitologa, bioetičara,

and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced

a srećom, DNK goluba selca je već sekvencionirala

by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.

molekularni biolog Bet Šapiro.

All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian

Jedino što joj je bilo potrebno od ovih uzoraka u Smitsonijanu

was a little bit of toe pad tissue,

je delić tkiva jastučeta nožnog prsta

because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.

jer se tu nalazi takozvana drevna DNK.

It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,

Ta DNK je prilično oštećena,

but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.

ali sadašnjim dobrim tehnikama, u osnovi možete obnoviti ceo genom.

Then the question is, can you reassemble,

Pitanje je možete li

with that genome, the whole bird?

tim genomom obnoviti celu pticu?

George Church thinks you can.

Džordž Čerč misli da možete.

So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,

U njegovoj knjizi, “Obnavljanje” koju preporučujem,

he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,

postoji poglavlje o nauci obnavljanja izumrlih vrsta

and he has a machine called

i on ima aparat koji se zove

the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.

multipla automatizovana mašina genomskog inženjeringa.

It's kind of like an evolution machine.

To je kao vrsta evolucionog aparta.

You try combinations of genes that you write

Pokušate kombinaciju gena koju napišete

at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,

na čipu, prvo na ćelijskom, pa na tkivnom nivou

and the ones that win, that you can then put

i pobeđuje ona koju možete staviti

into a living organism. It'll work.

u živi organizam. Ona će funkcionisati.

The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,

Jedan od čuvenih Džordžovih nečitkih slajdova,

nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here

ipak pokazuje da ovde postoji preciznost

right down to the individual base pair.

do individualnog para baza.

The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.

Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde baznih parova u genomu.

So what you're getting is the capability now

Dakle, ono što sad dobijate je sposobnost da

of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.

zamenite jedan gen drugom varijacijom istog gena.

It's called an allele.

Zove se alel.

Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.

Uostalom, to se ionako dešava u prirodnoj hibridizaciji.

So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome

Ovo je oblik veštačke hibridizacije genoma

of an extinct species

izumrle vrste

with the genome of its closest living relative.

sa genomom njegovog najbližeg živog srodnika.

Now along the way, George points out that

Na ovom putu, Džordž ukazuje da se

his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,

njegova tehnologija, tehnologija veštačke biologije,

is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.

trenutno ubrzava četvorostrukom brzinom Murovog zakona.

It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.

On ovo radi od 2005. i verovatno će nastaviti.

Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon

U redu, najbliži živi srodnik goluba selca

is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.

je golub pećinar. Ima ih mnogo. Neki su i ovde.

Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is

Genetski, golub pećinar već jeste

mostly living passenger pigeon.

uglavnom živi golub selac.

There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.

Postoje samo neki delići koji su golub pećinar.

If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,

Ukoliko te deliće zamenite delićima goluba selca,

you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.

ponovo ćete dobiti izmrlu vrstu ptice, koja vam guče.

Now, there's work to do.

Treba raditi.

You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.

Treba da odredite gene koji su zaista značajni.

So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,

Tako da postoje geni za kratak rep goluba pećinara,

genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,

geni za dugačak rep goluba selca,

and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.

i tako dalje, za crvene oči, grudi boje breskve, skupljanje u jata itd.

Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.

Kad ih sve saberete, rezultat neće biti savršen.

But it should be be perfect enough,

Ali bi trebalo da bude dovoljno dobar

because nature doesn't do perfect either.

jer ni priroda nije savršena.

So this meeting in Boston led to three things.

Dakle, ovaj skup u Bostonu je doveo do tri stvari.

First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit

Prvo, Rajen i ja smo odlučili da stvorimo neprofitnu organizaciju

called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally

zvanu "Oživi i obnovi" koja bi promovisala oživljavanje uopšte

and try to have it go in a responsible way,

i pokušali da je pokrenemo na odgovoran način

and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

i promovisaćemo goluba selca.

Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,

Drugi direktan rezultat je rad mladog studenta diplomca Bena Novaka

who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14

koji je bio opsednut golubom selcem od 14. godine,

and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,

takođe je naučio da radi sa drevnom DNK

himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,

i sam je sekvencionirao goluba selca,

using money from his family and friends.

uz pomoć sredstava porodice i prijatelja.

We hired him full-time.

Zaposlili smo ga za puno radno vreme.

Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,

Ovo je njegova fotografija koju sam napravio prošle godine u Smitsonijanu,

he's looking down at Martha,

gleda u Martu,

the last passenger pigeon alive.

poslednjeg živog goluba selca.

So if he's successful, she won't be the last.

Ako bude uspešan, neće biti i poslednji.

The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization

Treći ishod bostonskog sastanka je shvatanje

that there are scientists all over the world

da postoje naučnici širom sveta

working on various forms of de-extinction,

koji rade na različitim oblicima oživljavanja,

but they'd never met each other.

ali se nikad nisu sreli.

And National Geographic got interested

Zainteresovala se i Nacionalna geografija

because National Geographic has the theory that

jer Nacionalna geografija ima teoriju da je u prethodnom veku

the last century, discovery was basically finding things,

otkriće bilo uglavnom pronaći nešto,

and in this century, discovery is basically making things.

a u ovom veku, otkriće je uglavnom napraviti nešto.

De-extinction falls in that category.

Oživljavanje pripada toj kategoriji.

So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,

Oni su bili domaćini i sponzori sastanka. 35 naučnika,

they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,

konzervacionih biologa i molekularnih biologa,

basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.

se sastalo da bi videli mogu li da urade nešto zajedno.

Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.

Neki od ovih konzervacionih biologa su prilično radikalni.

There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,

Trojica njih ne samo da obnavljaju ranije vrste,

they're recreating extinct ecosystems

oni obnavljaju izumrle eko-sisteme

in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.

u severnom Sibiru, Holandiji i na Havajima.

Henri, from the Netherlands,

Henri iz Holandije,

with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,

sa holandskim prezimenom koje neću ni pokušati da izgovorim,

is working on the aurochs.

radi na urusu.

The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,

Urus je predak svih domaćih goveda

and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.

tako da je njegov genom živ, samo je nejednako rasprostranjen.

So what they're doing is working with seven breeds

Oni rade sa sedam različitih vrsta

of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there

primitivnih, izdržljivih goveda kao što je ova "Maremmana primitivo" gore

to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,

da bi vremenom, selektivnim uzgojem unazad,

the aurochs.

obnovili urusa.

Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea

Obnavljanje divljih vrsta je brže u Koreji

than it is in America,

nego u Americi,

and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,

a plan je, da će sa ovim obnovljenim divljim oblastima u Evropi,

they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,

ponovo uvesti uruse u njihov stari posao,

its old ecological role,

njihovu staru ekološku ulogu,

of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest

a to je čišćenje donekle ogoljenih, ograničenih šuma

so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.

da bi se postigao visok stepen biodiverziteta travnjaka.

Another amazing story

Druga neobična priča

came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.

dolazi od Alberta Fernandez-Arajasa.

Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.

Alberto je radio sa bukardom u Španiji.

The last bucardo was a female named Celia

Poslednji bukardo je bila ženka Silija

who was still alive, but then they captured her,

koja je još uvek bila živa, a onda su je uhvatili

they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,

uzeli su malo tkiva iz njenog uva,

they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,

sačuvali su ga zamrzavanjem u tečnom azotu

released her back into the wild,

i ponovo je pustili na slobodu,

but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.

ali nekoliko meseci kasnije pronašli su je mrtvu ispod oborenog drveta.

They took the DNA from that ear,

Uzeli su DNK iz njenog uva,

they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,

stavili su ga kao kloniranu jajnu ćeliju u kozu,

the pregnancy came to term,

trudnoća je iznesena do termina

and a live baby bucardo was born.

i živa beba bukardo je rođena.

It was the first de-extinction in history.

To je bilo prvo oživljavanje u istoriji.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

It was short-lived.

Kratko je živela.

Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.

Ponekad klonovi između vrsta imaju disajne probleme.

This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,

Ovaj je imao malformisana pluća i umro je nakon 10 minuta,

but Alberto was confident that

ali Alberto je bio uveren

cloning has moved along well since then,

da je kloniranje od tada bitno napredovalo,

and this will move ahead, and eventually

ovo će se usavršavati i konačno

there will be a population of bucardos

će postojati populacija bukarda

back in the mountains in northern Spain.

koja će se vratiti na planine severne Španije.

Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.

Pionir krioprezervacije u velikim dubinama je Oliver Rajder.

At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo

U njegovom zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu u San Dijegu,

has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species

sakupio je tkiva preko 1000 vrsta

over the last 35 years.

tokom poslednjih 35 godina.

Now, when it's frozen that deep,

Kada je to duboko zamrznuo,

minus 196 degrees Celsius,

na minus 196 stepeni Celzijusa,

the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.

ćelije su sačuvane i sačuvana je DNK.

They're basically viable cells,

To su vijabilne ćelije,

so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology

tako da je neko kao Bob Lanza iz "Napredne ćelijske tehnologije"

took some of that tissue from an endangered animal

uzeo nešto od tog tkiva ugrožene vrste

called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,

zvane javanski banteng, stavio ga u kravu,

the cow went to term, and what was born

krava je iznela trudnoću i rođena je živa,

was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,

zdrava beba javanskog bantenga

who thrived and is still alive.

koja je nastavila da napreduje i još uvek živi.

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza

Najuzbudljivije za Boba Lanzu

is the ability now to take any kind of cell

je sposobnost da sada može da uzme bilo koju vrstu ćelija

with induced pluripotent stem cells

sa indukovanim pluripotnentnim matičnim ćelijama

and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

i pretvori ih u germinativne ćelije, kao što su spermatozoidi i jajne ćelije.

So now we go to Mike McGrew

Sada idemo do Majka Mekgrua

who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,

koji je naučnik u Roslin insitutu u Škotskoj.

and Mike's doing miracles with birds.

Majk čini čuda sa pticama.

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,

On će uzeti, na primer kožne ćelije sokola, fibroblaste

turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

i pretvoriti ih u indukovane pluripotentne matične ćelije.

Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.

S obzirom da su toliko pluripotentne, mogu postati germinativna plazma.

He then has a way to put the germ plasm

On zatim ima način da stavi germinativnu plazmu

into the embryo of a chicken egg

u embrion kokošijeg jajeta,

so that that chicken will have, basically,

tako da će kokoška u osnovi imati

the gonads of a falcon.

polne žlezde sokola.

You get a male and a female each of those,

Dobijete po jednog mužjaka i ženku

and out of them comes falcons.

i od njih postaju sokolovi.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.

Pravi sokolovi iz blago krivotvorenih pilića.

Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.

Ben Novak je bio najmlađi naučnik na skupu.

He showed how all of this can be put together.

Pokazao je kako sve ovo može da se organizuje.

The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes

Redosled događaja: on će sastaviti genome

of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,

golubova pećinara i golubova selaca,

he'll take the techniques of George Church

odneće ovu tehniku Džordžu Čerču

and get passenger pigeon DNA,

i dobiti DNK goluba selca,

the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,

tehnike Roberta Lanze i Majkla MekGreja

get that DNA into chicken gonads,

će odneti taj DNK u pileće polne žlezde

and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,

i iz pilećih gonada će nastati jaja goluba selca, ptići

and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.

i sada dobijate populaciju golubova selaca.

It does raise the question of,

To postavlja pitanje

they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents

da oni neće imati roditelje golubova selaca

to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.

koji bi ih naučili kako da budu golobovi selci.

So what do you do about that?

Šta uraditi povodom toga?

Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,

Pa, ptice su prilično instiktivne,

so most of that is already in their DNA,

tako da je većina toga već u njihovoj DNK,

but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea

ali da bi to dopunio, deo Benove ideje je

is to use homing pigeons

da koristi domaće golubove

to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock

da pomognu da nauče mlade golubove selce kako da prave jata

and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds

i kako da nađu put do svojih starih mesta gnežđenja

and feeding grounds.

i hranjenja.

There were some conservationists,

Postoje neki konzervatori,

really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,

zaista poznati konzervatori, kao što je Stenli Templ

who is one of the founders of conservation biology,

koji je jedan od osnivača konzervacione biologije

and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.

i Kejt Džons sa IUCN koja pravi Crvenu listu.

They're excited about all this,

Oni su zaintrigirani svim ovim,

but they're also concerned that it might be competitive

ali se takođe boje da to može biti u suprotnosti

with the extremely important efforts to protect

sa veoma značajnim naporima da se zaštite

endangered species that are still alive,

ugrožene vrste koje su još uvek žive,

that haven't gone extinct yet.

koje još nisu izumrle.

You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.

Vidite, želite da radite na zaštiti životinja,

You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down

želite da radite na smanjenju tržišta slonovače u Aziji

so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.

tako da ne gubite 25 000 slonova godišnje.

But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing

Ali istovremeno, konzervacioni biolozi su svesni

that bad news bums people out.

da nove loše vesti rastužuju ljude.

And so the Red List is really important, keep track of

Tako da je Crvena lista zaista značajna

what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.

jer prati šta je ugroženo i kritično i slično.

But they're about to create what they call a Green List,

Ali na putu su da naprave takozvanu Zelenu listu

and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,

koja će sadržati vrste koje su dobro, hvala na pitanju,

species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,

vrste koje su bile ugrožene, kao što je ćelavi orao,

but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,

ali su sada mnogo bolje, zahvaljujući dobrom radu svih,

and protected areas around the world

i zaštićene zone svuda u svetu

that are very, very well managed.

koje su veoma dobro organizovane.

So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.

Tako oni uče kako da grade na dobrim vestima.

And they see reviving extinct species

Oni vide obnavljanje izumrlih vrsta

as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.

kao vrstu dobrih vesti na kojima možete da gradite.

Here's a couple related examples.

Ovde je nekoliko sličnih primera.

Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.

Razmnožavanje u zatvorenom će biti glavni deo obnavljanja ovih vrsta.

The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.

Kalifornijski kondor je sveden na 22 ptice 1987.

Everybody thought is was finished.

Svi su mislili da je gotov.

Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,

Zahvaljujući razmnožavanju u zoološkom vrtu San Dijega

there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.

sada ih ima 405, a 226 živi u divljini.

That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.

Ta tehnologija će biti korišćena za oživljavanje životinja.

Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.

Druga priča o uspehu je planinska gorila u Centralnoj Africi.

In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.

1981. Dajen Fosi je bila sigurna da će izumreti.

There were just 254 left.

Bilo ih je svega 254.

Now there are 880. They're increasing in population

Sada ih ima 880. Broj im raste

by three percent a year.

za oko 3 procenta godišnje.

The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,

Tajna je da oni imaju program eko-turizma

which is absolutely brilliant.

koji je asplutno sjajan.

So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan

Ovo je fotografija koju je Rajen snimila prošlog meseca

with an iPhone.

ajfonom.

That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.

Toliko su ove divlje gorile mirne u okolini posetilaca.

Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,

Drugi zanimljiv projekat, mada će mu trebati nešto pomoći,

is the northern white rhinoceros.

je severni beli nosorog.

There's no breeding pairs left.

Nema više parova koji mogu da se razmnožavaju.

But this is the kind of thing that

Ali postoji veliki broj različitih varijacija DNK

a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.

za ovu životinju koje su dostupne u zamrznutom zoološkom vrtu.

A bit of cloning, you can get them back.

Sa malo kloniranja, možete ih dobiti nazad.

So where do we go from here?

Dakle, u kom pravcu sada idemo?

These have been private meetings so far.

Do sada su postojala privatna okupljanja.

I think it's time for the subject to go public.

Mislim da je vreme da ova tema postane javna.

What do people think about it?

Šta ljudi misle o tome?

You know, do you want extinct species back?

Da li želite izumrle vrste nazad?

Do you want extinct species back?

Da li vi želite izumrle vrste nazad?

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.

Zvončica će sići mašući krilima.

It is a Tinker Bell moment,

Ovo je Zvončicin trenutak,

because what are people excited about with this?

jer čime su ljudi ovde zaintrigirani?

What are they concerned about?

Šta ih brine?

We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

I dalje ćemo napredovati sa golubom selcem.

So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group

Dok ovo govorim, Ben Novak se pridružuje grupi

that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.

Bet Šapiro sa Univerziteta u Kaliforniji u Santa Kruzu.

They're going to work on the genomes

Oni će raditi na genomu

of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.

goluba selca i goluba pećinara.

As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,

Kako njihovi rezultati sazrevaju, poslaće ih Džordžu Čerču

who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.

koji će iz toga svojom magijom dobiti DNK goluba selca.

We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew

Imaće pomoć Boba Lanze i Majka Mekgroa

to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens

da to dovede u germinativnu plazmu koja može da ide u piliće,

that can produce passenger pigeon squabs

koji mogu da proizvedu ptiće goluba selca,

that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,

koje mogu da podižu roditelji goluba pećinara,

and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,

a od toga nadalje, sopstvene golubove selce

maybe for the next six million years.

možda narednih šest miliona godina.

You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,

Možete da uradite isto, kako se budu smanjivali troškovi,

for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,

i za papagaja Karolinu, veliku njorku,

for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,

kokošku iz pustara, za detlića sa kljunom kao slonovača,

for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,

za eskimsku škurak pticu, karipsku monah-foku

for the woolly mammoth.

runastog mamuta.

Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole

Činjenica je da je čovek napravio veliku šupljinu

in nature in the last 10,000 years.

u prirodi u poslednih 10 000 godina.

We have the ability now,

Sada imamo sposobnost

and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.

i možda moralnu obavezu da popravimo nešto od štete.

Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,

Veći deo zaštite divljine, ćemo uraditi

by expanding and protecting

širenjem i zaštitom

the populations of endangered species.

populacije ugroženih vrsta.

But some species

Ali neke vrste

that we killed off totally

koje smo potpuno uništili

we could consider bringing back

možda možemo da vratimo

to a world that misses them.

svetu kome nedostaju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Chris Anderson: Thank you.

Kris Anderson: Hvala vam.

I've got a question.

Imam pitanje.

So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.

Ovo je emotivna tema. Neki ljudi su ustali.

I suspect there are some people out there sitting,

Pretpostavljam da ima ljudi koji sede

kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,

i postavljaju sebi mučno pitanje, skoro kao

well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,

čekajte, čekajte, čekajte trenutak

there's something wrong with mankind

nešto je pogrešno sa ljudskom vrstom

interfering in nature in this way.

koja se meša u prirodu na ovaj način.

There's going to be unintended consequences.

Postojaće i nenamerne posledice.

You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box

Otvorićete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije

of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?

ko zna čega. Da li su u pravu?

Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is

Stjuart Brend: Ranija činjenica je

we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,

da smo se mnogo umešali i istrebili ove vrste,

and many of them were keystone species,

a mnoge od njih su bile ključne vrste

and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in

i promenili smo ceo ekosistem u kom su bile,

by letting them go.

uništavajući ih.

Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,

Postoji problem pomeranja osnove,

so when these things come back,

a to je da kada se ove vrste vrate,

they might replace some birds that are there

one mogu da zamene neke ptice koje postoje

that people really know and love.

koje ljudi zaista poznaju i vole.

I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.

Mislim da će ovo delimično biti uspešno.

This is a long, slow process --

Ovo je dug, spor proces -

One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.

Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa je multi-generacijska osobina.

We will get woolly mammoths back.

Dobićemo nazad runastog mamuta.

CA: Well it feels like both the conversation

KA: Izgleda da su i razgovor

and the potential here are pretty thrilling.

i potencijal prilično uzbudljivi.

Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.

Hvala Vam mnogo za ovu prezentaciju. SB: Hvala vam.

CA: Thank you. (Applause)

KA: Hvala vam. (Aplauz)