Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

262,035 views ใƒป 2013-03-13

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeongseok Son ๊ฒ€ํ† : Gemma Lee
00:16
Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
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์ž, ๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃฝ์Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
It's bigger.
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๋” ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜์ฃ .
00:23
We didn't really realize that until 1914,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ 1914๋…„
00:26
when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ผ๋Š” ์•”์ปท์ด
00:30
died at the Cincinnati zoo.
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์‹ ์‹œ๋‚ดํ‹ฐ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:33
This had been the most abundant bird in the world
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ”ํ•œ ์ƒˆ์˜€๊ณ 
00:36
that'd been in North America for six million years.
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๋ถ๋ฏธ์—์„œ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
Suddenly it wasn't here at all.
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long
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๋„ˆ๋น„๊ฐ€ 1.6 km, ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ 640 km์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋–ผ๋Š”
00:47
used to darken the sun.
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ํƒœ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:50
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,
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์•Œ๋„ ๋ ˆ์˜คํด๋“œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํญํ’,
00:53
a feathered tempest.
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๊นƒํ„ธ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ํญํ’์šฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:56
And indeed it was a keystone species
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ข…์€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ข…์œผ๋กœ์„œ
00:58
that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,
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๋ฏธ์‹œ์‹œํ”ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€์„œ์–‘ ์—ฐ์•ˆ,
01:02
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,
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์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์—์„œ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ” ๋งŒ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ
01:05
from Canada down to the Gulf.
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๋™๋ถ€ ๋‚™์—ฝ์ˆ˜๋ฆผ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋น„์˜ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:08
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 50์–ต ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ช‡์‹ญ ๋…„๋ฐ–์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
What happened?
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:12
Well, commercial hunting happened.
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์Œ, ์ƒ์—…์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:14
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ์‹์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ†ค ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ํŒ”๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
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์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:21
came down to the ground, they were so dense
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์ƒˆ๋–ผ๊ฐ€ ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋นฝ๋นฝํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:23
that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๊พผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์„ ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜
01:25
and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ ๋„์‚ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
It was the cheapest source of protein in America.
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๊ทธ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹ผ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
By the end of the century, there was nothing left
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚  ๋ฌด๋ ต์—๋Š”
01:33
but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ€์ฃฝ๋งŒ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•จ์— ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
There's an upside to the story.
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์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
This made people realize that the same thing
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋“ค์†Œํ•œํ…Œ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด
01:42
was about to happen to the American bison,
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๋ฒŒ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:45
and so these birds saved the buffalos.
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ๋“ค์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ•œ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
01:48
But a lot of other animals weren't saved.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ตฌ์›๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.
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์บ๋กค๋ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž‰๊ผฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋’ท๋งˆ๋‹น์„ ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
It was hunted to death for its feathers.
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์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๊นƒํ„ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:57
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.
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๋™๋ถ€ ์—ฐ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฉง๋‹ญ์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.
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๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,
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ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด ์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑด ์—†๊ณ 
02:06
there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋„ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚  ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋„ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."
02:11
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ๋น„๊ทน์ด์ฃ .
02:14
and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„๊ทน์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
It happened to lots of mammals.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ๋งŽ์€ ํฌ์œ  ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Another keystone species is a famous animal
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๋˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ข…์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์˜ค๋ก์Šค๋ผ๋Š”
02:21
called the European aurochs.
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์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
There was sort of a movie made about it recently.
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์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋„ ๋‚˜์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:25
And the aurochs was like the bison.
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์˜ค๋ก์Šค๋Š” ๋“ค์†Œ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:28
This was an animal that basically kept the forest
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”
02:31
mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์ „์ฒด์˜
02:36
from Spain to Korea.
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๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ž์ธ ์ˆฒ์„ ์ง€์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
The documentation of this animal goes back
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€
02:41
to the Lascaux cave paintings.
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๋ผ์Šค์ฝ” ๋™๊ตด ๋ฒฝํ™”๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
The extinctions still go on.
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๋ฉธ์ข…์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:46
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์— ๋ถ€์นด๋ฅด๋„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ ์—ผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
It went extinct in 2000.
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2000๋…„์— ๋ฉธ์ข…๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:52
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf
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์‹ ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,
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์˜ค์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚จ์ชฝ ํƒœ์ฆˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์‹œ์•ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋˜
02:58
called the Tasmanian tiger.
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ํƒœ์ฆˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ ๋Š‘๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.
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๋™๋ฌผ์›์—์„œ ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ช‡ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์„ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
A little bit of film was shot.
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์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
Sorrow, anger, mourning.
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์Šฌํ””, ๋ถ„๋…ธ, ์• ๋„.
03:24
Don't mourn. Organize.
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์• ๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค. ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šฐ์„ธ์š”.
03:27
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,
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๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ๊ณผ
03:30
fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old
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20๋งŒ๋…„ ๋œ ํ™”์„์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
03:33
could be used to bring species back,
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๋ฉธ์ข…๋œ ์ข…์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
03:36
what would you do? Where would you start?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? ์–ด๋””์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:37
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๊ทธ ์ •๋„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:40
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์•„๋‚ด, ๋ผ์ด์–ธ ํŽ ๋ž€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,
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๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” DNA ๋‹ค์ด๋ ‰ํŠธ๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช… ๊ณตํ•™ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์šด์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ธ ์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
one of the leading genetic engineers
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€,
03:52
who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons
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๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ž์˜€๊ณ 
03:55
and a lot of confidence
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
03:57
that methodologies he was working on
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ
03:59
might actually do the deed.
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ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:01
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์€ ํ•˜๋ฒ„๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ์œ„์Šค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ
04:05
at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together
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ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ตœํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๊ณผ
04:07
specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,
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์กฐ๋ฅ˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•™์ž, ์ƒ๋ช… ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆด๊ณ 
04:11
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced
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๋‹คํ–‰ํžˆ๋„ ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์ธ ๋ฒ ์Šค ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ
04:16
by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ DNA์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžŒ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:19
All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์Šค๋ฏธ์†Œ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ‘œ๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:22
was a little bit of toe pad tissue,
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์กฐ์ง์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:24
because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.
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๊ทธ ์•ˆ์— ๊ณ ๋Œ€ DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ง์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด๋œ DNA์ด์ง€๋งŒ
04:31
but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ข‹์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ „์ฒด ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:36
Then the question is, can you reassemble,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์œผ๋กœ
04:38
with that genome, the whole bird?
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์ƒˆ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:40
George Church thinks you can.
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์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ฑ… "์žฌ์ƒ"์—
04:46
he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,
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๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ข…์„ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•œ ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
and he has a machine called
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'๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ž๋™ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ ๊ณตํ•™๊ธฐ'๋ผ๋Š”
04:51
the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:54
It's kind of like an evolution machine.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
You try combinations of genes that you write
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ,
04:59
at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ 
05:02
and the ones that win, that you can then put
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐํ•ฉ์„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—
05:04
into a living organism. It'll work.
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์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,
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์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ์กฐ์ง€์˜ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์Šฌ๋ผ์ด๋“œ์—์„œ
05:10
nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here
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์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊นŒ์ง€์˜
05:15
right down to the individual base pair.
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์ •๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:17
The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์—๋Š” 13์–ต ๊ฐœ์˜ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์Œ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:21
So what you're getting is the capability now
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด๋กœ
05:24
of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.
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์น˜ํ™˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
It's called an allele.
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๊ทธ ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:30
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.
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์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ต๋ฐฐ์—์„œ๋„ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„
05:36
of an extinct species
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™ ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ๊ณผ
05:38
with the genome of its closest living relative.
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ต๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
Now along the way, George points out that
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋˜ ์ค‘์— ์กฐ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ,
05:44
his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฌด์–ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜
05:48
is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.
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๋„ค ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์†๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง€์ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
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2005๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ ์™”๊ณ  ๊ณ„์†๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon
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์ž, ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์นœ์ฒ™์€
05:58
is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.
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๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ฃ . ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์œ„์—๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜
06:06
mostly living passenger pigeon.
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๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.
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์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
06:11
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉด
06:13
you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
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๊ตฌ๊ตฌ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
Now, there's work to do.
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์ž, ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์งง์€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
06:25
genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ธด ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.
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๋นจ๊ฐ„ ๋ˆˆ, ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„์ƒ‰์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šด, ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง“๋Š” ์Šต์„ฑ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
06:34
But it should be be perfect enough,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
because nature doesn't do perfect either.
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
06:39
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณด์Šคํ„ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit
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์šฐ์„  ๋ผ์ด์–ธ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ณต์›์ด๋ผ๋Š”
06:46
called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally
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๋น„์˜๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ๋ฉธ์ ˆ๋œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์›์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ 
06:50
and try to have it go in a responsible way,
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์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด
06:53
and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฒค ๋…ธ๋ฐ•์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:01
who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14
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๊ทธ๋Š” 14์‚ด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋๊ณ 
07:04
and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,
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๊ณ ๋Œ€ DNA๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ค„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:07
himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,
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๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žฌ์ •์  ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
07:10
using money from his family and friends.
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
We hired him full-time.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ •๊ทœ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,
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์ž, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘๋…„์— ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์†Œ๋‹ˆ์–ธ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ฐ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ธ๋ฐ
07:19
he's looking down at Martha,
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๋งˆ๋ฅดํƒ€๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋‹ค๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:21
the last passenger pigeon alive.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์€ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
07:24
So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
07:26
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization
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๋ณด์Šคํ„ด ํšŒ์˜์˜ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
07:29
that there are scientists all over the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฉธ์ ˆ๋œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์›์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
07:31
working on various forms of de-extinction,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
07:33
but they'd never met each other.
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์„œ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
And National Geographic got interested
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ง€์˜ค๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
because National Geographic has the theory that
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๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ง€์˜ค๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์ด
07:39
the last century, discovery was basically finding things,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:43
and in this century, discovery is basically making things.
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์ด๋ฒˆ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
07:47
De-extinction falls in that category.
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๋ฉธ์ ˆ๋œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์›์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ์ฃผ์ตœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›„์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  35๋ช…์˜
07:52
they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,
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๋ณด์กด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž์™€ ๋ถ„์ž ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
07:56
basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
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๋ณด์กด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธ‰์ง„์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์„ธ๋ช…์€ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ์ข…์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:05
they're recreating extinct ecosystems
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์‹œ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ถ๋ถ€, ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ, ํ•˜์™€์ด์—์„œ
08:08
in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
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๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:12
Henri, from the Netherlands,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์šด
08:14
with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,
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๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ—จ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
08:17
is working on the aurochs.
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์˜ค๋ก์Šค๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,
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์˜ค๋ก์Šค๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€์ถ• ์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ
08:24
and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋‰˜์–ด ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”, ํž˜์„ธ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
08:32
of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there
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๋งˆ๋ ˜๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์›์‹œ์ข…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ 7์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์›์‹œ์ข…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•ด์„œ
08:36
to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
08:40
the aurochs.
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์˜ค๋ก์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:42
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea
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์ง€๊ธˆ ์žฌ์•ผ์ƒํ™”๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:45
than it is in America,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—์„œ ์•ผ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋˜์ฐพ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์—
08:50
they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,
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์˜ค๋ก์Šค๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์— ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ์ธ
08:54
its old ecological role,
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์˜ˆ์ „ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest
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์ฒ™๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆฒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ
08:59
so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ดˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:03
Another amazing story
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
09:04
came from Alberto Fernรกndez-Arias.
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์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ†  ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋‚œ๋ฐ์Šค ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.
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์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ† ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋ถ€์นด๋ฅด๋„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
The last bucardo was a female named Celia
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋ถ€์นด๋ฅด๋„๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š”
09:14
who was still alive, but then they captured her,
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์•„์ง ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์•”์ปท์ธ๋ฐ ์ด ์•”์ปท ์–‘์„ ์žก์•„
09:19
they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,
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๊ท€์—์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
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์กฐ์ง์„ ์•ก์ฒด ์งˆ์†Œ์— ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:24
released her back into the wild,
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์•”์ปท ์–‘์„ ์•ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:26
but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜ ์•”์ปท ์–‘์€ ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ฌด ์•„๋ž˜ ์ฃฝ์€ ์ฑ„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:30
They took the DNA from that ear,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•”์ปท ์–‘์˜ ๊ท€์—์„œ DNA๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด
09:32
they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,
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๋ณต์ œ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ž€์„ ์—ผ์†Œ์— ์ฐฉ์ƒ์‹œ์ผœ
09:36
the pregnancy came to term,
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์ž„์‹ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:38
and a live baby bucardo was born.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋ถ€์นด๋ฅด๋„๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
It was the first de-extinction in history.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฉธ์ ˆ๋œ ์ข…์˜ ๋ณต์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:43
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:46
It was short-lived.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:48
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.
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๊ฐ€๋” ์ข…๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์ œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ ํ˜ธํก์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ˜• ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  10๋ถ„ ๋งŒ์— ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:54
but Alberto was confident that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํ† ๋Š”
09:57
cloning has moved along well since then,
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๋ณต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด์™”๊ณ 
10:00
and this will move ahead, and eventually
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋” ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด
10:01
there will be a population of bucardos
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€์นด๋ฅด๋„๊ฐ€
10:03
back in the mountains in northern Spain.
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์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ถ๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฐ์•…์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:07
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.
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์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„ ๋ผ์ด๋”๋Š” ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋ณด์กด์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹๊ฒฌ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:10
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo
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์ƒŒ๋””์—๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์›, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์€
10:13
has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species
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์ง€๋‚œ 35๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ 1,000๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ๋„˜๋Š” ์ข…์˜
10:17
over the last 35 years.
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์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ชจ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:20
Now, when it's frozen that deep,
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๊ทธํ† ๋ก ๋‚ฎ์€ ์„ญ์”จ ์˜ํ•˜ 196๋„์˜
10:22
minus 196 degrees Celsius,
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์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉด
10:25
the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.
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์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  DNA๋„ ์˜จ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
They're basically viable cells,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology
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'์–ด๋“œ๋ฐด์Šค๋“œ ์…€ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€'์˜ ๋ฐฅ ๋ž€์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:33
took some of that tissue from an endangered animal
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๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋“ค์†Œ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด
10:36
called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,
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์•”์†Œ์— ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:38
the cow went to term, and what was born
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์•”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž„์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ
10:41
was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๋“ค์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
who thrived and is still alive.
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์ƒˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ž๋ž๊ณ  ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza
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๋ฐฅ ๋ž€์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์›Œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:53
is the ability now to take any kind of cell
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์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ๋„
10:55
with induced pluripotent stem cells
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์œ ๋„ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
10:58
and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
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์ •์ž์™€ ๋‚œ์ž ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ์‹ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:02
So now we go to Mike McGrew
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์ด์ œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ๋งฅ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
11:04
who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šค์ฝ”ํ‹€๋žœ๋“œ ๋กœ์Šฌ๋ฆฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ๋ฐ
11:07
and Mike's doing miracles with birds.
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์ƒˆํ•œํ…Œ ๊ธฐ์ ์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์„ธํฌ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„ฌ์œ  ์•„์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด
11:13
turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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์œ ๋„ ๋งŒ๋Šฅ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์ƒ์‹์งˆ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:19
He then has a way to put the germ plasm
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ƒ์‹์งˆ์„
11:22
into the embryo of a chicken egg
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๋‹ฌ๊ฑ€์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„์— ๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
11:25
so that that chicken will have, basically,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋‹ญ์€ ๋งค์˜ ์ƒ์‹์„ ์„
11:29
the gonads of a falcon.
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๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:30
You get a male and a female each of those,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์•”์ปท๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ปท์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ฉด
11:32
and out of them comes falcons.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ฃ .
11:35
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:37
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•œ ๋‹ญ์—์„œ ์ง„์งœ ๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:42
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.
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๋ฒค ๋…ธ๋ฐ•์€ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ Š์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
He showed how all of this can be put together.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:47
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes
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๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆœ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์™€
11:50
of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ํ•ฉ์น˜๊ณ 
11:52
he'll take the techniques of George Church
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์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
11:55
and get passenger pigeon DNA,
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์–ป์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,
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๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ๋ž€์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํด ๋งฅ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
12:00
get that DNA into chicken gonads,
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๊ทธ DNA๋ฅผ ๋‹ญ์˜ ์ƒ์‹์„ ์— ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
12:02
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,
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๋‹ญ์˜ ์ƒ์‹์„ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ ์•Œ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋–ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:10
It does raise the question of,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
12:12
they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ ์ค„
12:14
to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
So what do you do about that?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:19
Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๊ฝค ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:22
so most of that is already in their DNA,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ DNA ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒค์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:27
is to use homing pigeons
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์ „์„œ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
12:28
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
12:32
and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds
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์˜› ์„œ์‹์ง€์™€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„
12:34
and feeding grounds.
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ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:37
There were some conservationists,
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์ž์—ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜์ž๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์„œ
12:39
really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,
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๋ณด์กด ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์˜ ์ฐฝ์‹œ์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ธ
12:42
who is one of the founders of conservation biology,
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์Šคํƒ ๋ฆฌ ํƒฌํ”Œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ฃผ์˜์ž์™€
12:45
and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.
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๋ ˆ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” IUCN์˜ ์ผ€์ดํŠธ ์กด์Šค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
They're excited about all this,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:51
but they're also concerned that it might be competitive
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์•„์ง ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
12:54
with the extremely important efforts to protect
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์„
12:57
endangered species that are still alive,
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๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ๋„
12:59
that haven't gone extinct yet.
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์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ๊นŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down
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์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์•„ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์—†์• 
13:08
so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
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ํ•œ ํ•ด์— 2๋งŒ 5์ฒœ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฝ”๋ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
13:11
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์œ ์†Œ์‹๋“ค์ด
13:14
that bad news bums people out.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋‚™๋‹ด์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…์ธ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ„์† ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”
13:20
what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.
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'๊ฒฝ๊ณ  ๋ชฉ๋ก'์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
But they're about to create what they call a Green List,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ '์•ˆ์ „ ๋ชฉ๋ก'์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:26
and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ '์•ˆ์ „ ๋ชฉ๋ก'์—๋Š” ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…,
13:30
species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,
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๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ก ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:33
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,
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๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”
13:36
and protected areas around the world
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ์—ญ ๋•๋ถ„์—
13:39
that are very, very well managed.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:40
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
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๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋”ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
And they see reviving extinct species
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฉธ์ ˆํ•œ ์ข…์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์„
13:48
as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
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์ข‹์€ ์†Œ์‹์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:50
Here's a couple related examples.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.
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ํฌํš ๋ฒˆ์‹์€ ์ด ์ข…๋“ค์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋…์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1987๋…„์— 22 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
Everybody thought is was finished.
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:02
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,
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์ƒŒ๋””์—์ด๊ณ  ๋™๋ฌผ์›์˜ ํฌํš ๋ฒˆ์‹ ๋•๋ถ„์—
14:05
there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ 405 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  226 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•ผ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:09
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.
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๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฉธ์ ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณต์›๋œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:13
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋งˆ์šดํ‹ด ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:17
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.
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1981๋…„ ๋‹ค์ด์•ค ํฌ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฉธ์ข…๋  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ํ™•์‹ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:20
There were just 254 left.
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254 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋งŒ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population
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์ด์ œ๋Š” 880 ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
by three percent a year.
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ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค 3%์”ฉ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:28
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,
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๋น„๊ฒฐ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ
14:31
which is absolutely brilliant.
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์ƒํƒœ ๊ด€๊ด‘ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ์ €๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ์— ๋ผ์ด์–ธ์ด
14:35
with an iPhone.
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์•„์ดํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:38
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
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์•ผ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ฆด๋ผ๋“ค์ด ์ €๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:42
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ
14:46
is the northern white rhinoceros.
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๋ถ๋ถ€ ํฐ์ฝ”๋ฟ”์†Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:48
There's no breeding pairs left.
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๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•  ์Œ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:50
But this is the kind of thing that
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ƒ‰๋™ ๋™๋ฌผ์›์—
14:52
a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:56
A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋˜์‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:59
So where do we go from here?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„๊นŒ์š”?
15:01
These have been private meetings so far.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์ž„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:03
I think it's time for the subject to go public.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•  ๋•Œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
What do people think about it?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:07
You know, do you want extinct species back?
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฉธ์ ˆํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:09
Do you want extinct species back?
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๋ฉธ์ ˆํ•œ ์ข…๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ธธ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?
15:12
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:17
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.
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ํŒ…์ปค๋ฒจ์ด ํŒ”๋ž‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
It is a Tinker Bell moment,
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ํŒ…์ปค๋ฒจ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
because what are people excited about with this?
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:23
What are they concerned about?
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
15:25
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:28
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฒค ๋…ธ๋ฐ•์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์—๋„
15:32
that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.
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UC ์‚ฐํƒ€ํฌ๋ฃจ์ฆˆ์˜ ๋ฒ ์Šค ์ƒคํ”ผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
They're going to work on the genomes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜
15:36
of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.
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๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,
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์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉด ์กฐ์ง€ ์ฒ˜์น˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜ DNA๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฅ ๋ž€์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ ๋งฅ๊ทธ๋ฃจ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„
15:49
to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์‹์งˆ์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ญ์— ์ด์‹ํ•ด์„œ
15:52
that can produce passenger pigeon squabs
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๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋‚ณ๊ณ 
15:55
that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,
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๊ผฌ๋ฆฌ ์ค„๋ฌด๋Šฌ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
15:57
and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๋‚˜๊ทธ๋„ค ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:00
maybe for the next six million years.
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ 6๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
16:03
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,
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๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž‘์—…์„
16:05
for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์•ต๋ฌด์ƒˆ, ํฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์‡  ์˜ค๋ฆฌ,
16:08
for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,
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๋ฉง๋‹ญ, ํฐ ํ‘๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰ ๋”ฑ๋”ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ,
16:11
for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,
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์—์Šคํ‚ค๋ชจ ๋งˆ๋„์š”, ์นด๋ฆฌ๋ธŒํ•ด ๋ชฝํฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฒ”,
16:13
for the woolly mammoth.
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ํ„ธ๋ถ์ˆญ์ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:16
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ 1๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
16:19
in nature in the last 10,000 years.
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์ž์—ฐ์— ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:22
We have the ability now,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
16:24
and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.
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์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•  ๋„๋•์  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:29
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ
16:33
by expanding and protecting
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๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ
16:35
the populations of endangered species.
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๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
But some species
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
16:42
that we killed off totally
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚จ ์ข…๋“ค์€
16:47
we could consider bringing back
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์›Œํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ
16:50
to a world that misses them.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:53
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
17:07
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
I've got a question.
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์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๋–ค ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ผ์–ด์„œ์…จ๊ตฐ์š”.
17:15
I suspect there are some people out there sitting,
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์ œ ์ถ”์ธก์œผ๋กœ ์ €๊ธฐ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์•‰์•„์„œ
17:18
kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณ ๋‡Œ์— ์ฐฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,
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์Œ, ์ž ๊น, ์ž ๊น, ์ž ๊น, ์ž ๊น๋งŒ, ์ž ๊น๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ค.
17:23
there's something wrong with mankind
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์ธ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์— ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด
17:26
interfering in nature in this way.
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:29
There's going to be unintended consequences.
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์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:33
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
17:36
of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
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ํŒ๋„๋ผ์˜ ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์—ด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์— ์ผ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
17:40
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is
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์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ: ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ž์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
17:41
we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์—ฐ์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
17:45
and many of them were keystone species,
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ข…์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
17:47
and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in
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๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์†ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ
17:50
by letting them go.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:51
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ค€์„  ์ด๋™ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€
17:54
so when these things come back,
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์ด๋“ค์ด ๋Œ์•„์™”์„ ๋•Œ
17:56
they might replace some birds that are there
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ €๊ธฐ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ 
17:58
that people really know and love.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:00
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š”, ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ญ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:03
This is a long, slow process --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ธธ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๊ณ 
18:06
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ  ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ธ๋Œ€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
We will get woolly mammoths back.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ„ธ๋ถ์ˆญ์ด ๋งค๋จธ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:10
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ•˜์‹  ๋ง์”€๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค
18:12
and the potential here are pretty thrilling.
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์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š”๊ตฐ์š”.
18:14
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
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๋ฐœํ‘œํ•ด์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŠœ์–ดํŠธ ๋ธŒ๋žœ๋“œ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:16
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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