Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Suzana Baric Recezent: SIBELA KESAC

Now, extinction is a different kind of death.

Izumiranje je posebna vrsta smrti.

It's bigger.

Mnogo je veća.

We didn't really realize that until 1914,

To nismo shvatili do 1914.,

when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,

kad je posljednji golub selac, ženka nazvana Marta,

died at the Cincinnati zoo.

uginula u zoološkom vrtu u Cincinnatiju.

This had been the most abundant bird in the world

To je bila najbrojnija ptica u svijetu

that'd been in North America for six million years.

koja je u Sjevernoj Americi živjela 6 milijuna godina.

Suddenly it wasn't here at all.

Odjednom je uopće nije bilo.

Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long

Jata koja su bila široka 1,6 km i 640 km duga

used to darken the sun.

zamračivala su nebo.

Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,

Aldo Leopold rekao je da je to bila biološka oluja,

a feathered tempest.

pernata oluja.

And indeed it was a keystone species

Bila je to ključna vrsta

that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,

koja je obogaćivala cijelu istočnu listopadnu šumu,

from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,

od Mississippija do Atlantskog oceana,

from Canada down to the Gulf.

od Kanade do Golfskog zaljeva.

But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.

Ali broj ptica smanjio se s 5 milijardi na nulu u samo nekoliko desetljeća.

What happened?

Što se dogodilo?

Well, commercial hunting happened.

Dogodio se komercijalni izlov.

These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,

Ove ptice lovili su za meso koje se prodavalo na tone,

and it was easy to do because when those big flocks

i bilo je lako to učiniti jer kad bi ta velika jata

came down to the ground, they were so dense

sletjela na zemlju, bila su toliko gusta

that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up

da su stotine lovaca i ljudi s mrežom mogle doći

and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.

i poubijati desetke tisuća ptica.

It was the cheapest source of protein in America.

Bio je to najjeftiniji izvor bjelančevina u Americi.

By the end of the century, there was nothing left

Do kraja stoljeća, ništa nije ostalo

but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.

osim ovih lijepih koža u muzejskim ladicama s uzorcima.

There's an upside to the story.

Postoji i druga strana priče.

This made people realize that the same thing

Ovo je navelo ljude da shvate da će se ista stvar

was about to happen to the American bison,

dogoditi američkom bizonu

and so these birds saved the buffalos.

pa su ove ptice spasile bizone.

But a lot of other animals weren't saved.

Ali mnogo drugih životinja nije spašeno.

The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.

Karolina papagaj bio je papagaj koji je posvuda ukrašavao dvorišta.

It was hunted to death for its feathers.

Lovili su ga do smrti zbog njegovog perja.

There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.

Na Istočnoj obali postojala je ptica koja se sviđala ljudima, a zvala se Tympanuchus cupido cupido.

It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.

Obožavali su je. Pokušali su je zaštiti. Svejedno je umrla.

A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,

U mjesnim novinama pisalo je: "Nema preživjelih,

there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."

nema budućnosti, nema života koji bi se ikad mogao obnoviti u ovom obliku."

There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,

Ovakve stvari prati osjećaj velike tragedije,

and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.

a dogodio se mnogim pticama koje su ljudi voljeli.

It happened to lots of mammals.

Dogodilo se to i mnogim sisavcima.

Another keystone species is a famous animal

Još jedna ključna vrsta slavna je životinja

called the European aurochs.

koja se zove tur.

There was sort of a movie made about it recently.

Nedavno je snimljen film o njemu.

And the aurochs was like the bison.

Tur je bio poput bizona.

This was an animal that basically kept the forest

To je bila životinja koja je u biti održavala šumu

mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,

pomiješanu s travnjakom kroz cijelu Europu i Aziju,

from Spain to Korea.

od Španjolske do Koreje.

The documentation of this animal goes back

Zapisi o ovoj životinji sežu

to the Lascaux cave paintings.

sve do špiljskih crteža u Lascauxu.

The extinctions still go on.

Istrebljenja se još uvijek odvijaju.

There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.

U Španjolskoj postoji vrsta divokoze koja se zove bucardo.

It went extinct in 2000.

Izumrla je 2000. godine.

There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf

Postojala je čarobna životinja, vuk tobolčar

called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,

pod nazivom thylacine na Tasmaniji, na jugu Australije,

called the Tasmanian tiger.

a zvao se tasmanski tigar.

It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.

Lovili su ga sve dok nije ostalo samo nekoliko primjeraka koji su uginuli u zoološkim vrtovima.

A little bit of film was shot.

Snimljeno je par kadrova.

Sorrow, anger, mourning.

Žalost, ljutnja, oplakivanje.

Don't mourn. Organize.

Nemojte oplakivati. Organizirajte.

What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,

Što kad biste saznali da, korištenjem DNK iz muzejskih primjeraka,

fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old

da bi fosili i do 200.000 godina starosti

could be used to bring species back,

mogli poslužiti za oživljavanje vrsta?

what would you do? Where would you start?

Što biste učinili? Otkuda biste krenuli?

Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.

Započeli biste ispitivanjem postoji li zbilja biotehnologija.

I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,

Započeo sam sa svojom ženom, Ryan Phelan,

who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,

koja je vodila biotehnološku tvrtku DNA Direct,

and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,

i s jednim od njenih kolega, Georgeom Churchom,

one of the leading genetic engineers

jednim od vodećih inženjera genetike,

who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons

za kog se ispostavilo da je opsjednut golubovima selcima,

and a lot of confidence

te uz mnogo vjere

that methodologies he was working on

da bi metodologija na kojoj on radi

might actually do the deed.

ustvari mogla upaliti.

So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting

On i Ryan na Wyss Institutu u Harvardu

at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together

organizirali su i održali susret

specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,

stručnjaka za goluba selca, konzervacijskih ornitologa, bioetičara.

and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced

Srećom, DNK goluba selca već je sekvencionirala

by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.

molekularna biologinja Beth Saphiro,

All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian

Iz primjeraka u Smithsonian muzeju trebalo joj je

was a little bit of toe pad tissue,

samo malo tkiva s nožnog prsta

because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.

zato što se ondje nalazi takozvani drevni DNK.

It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,

To je DNK koji je dosta rascjepkan,

but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.

ali uz tehnike koje danas postoje možete ponovno sastaviti cijeli genom.

Then the question is, can you reassemble,

Pitanje je možete li s tim genomom

with that genome, the whole bird?

ponovno sastaviti i cijelu pticu.

George Church thinks you can.

George Church misli da možete.

So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,

U njegovoj knjizi, "Regenesis", koju preporučam,

he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,

postoji poglavlje o znanosti oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta,

and he has a machine called

a on ima stroj koji se zove

the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.

Složeni automatizirani stroj za izgradnju genoma.

It's kind of like an evolution machine.

On je poput evolucijskog stroja.

You try combinations of genes that you write

Isprobavate kombinacije gena koje pišete

at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,

na razini stanice, a onda u organe na čip,

and the ones that win, that you can then put

a one koji pobijede možete staviti

into a living organism. It'll work.

u živući organizam. Funkcionirat će.

The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,

Jedan od Georgeovih slavnih narazumljivih slajdova

nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here

ističe da je proces precizan

right down to the individual base pair.

sve do pojedinačnog baznog para.

The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.

Golub selac ima 1,3 milijarde baznih parova u svom genomu.

So what you're getting is the capability now

Zapravo dobivate mogućnost zamjene

of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.

jednog gena s nekom varijacijom tog gena.

It's called an allele.

Ta varijacija zove se alel.

Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.

To se i inače događa kod normalnog križanja.

So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome

Ovo je oblik sintetičkog križanja genoma

of an extinct species

izumrle vrste

with the genome of its closest living relative.

s genomom njegove najbliže živuće rodbine.

Now along the way, George points out that

Kroz proces, George ističe

his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,

da se njegova tehnologija sintetičke biologije

is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.

trenutno kreće četiri puta brže od Mooreovog zakona.

It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.

Tako je bilo od 2005. godine i vjerojatno će se nastaviti.

Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon

Najbliži živući rođak goluba selca

is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.

je golub trakastog repa (Patagioenas fasciata). Ima ih mnogo. Ima ih i ovdje.

Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is

Genetski gledano, golub trakastog repa

mostly living passenger pigeon.

već je uglavnom živući golub selac.

There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.

Samo su neki dijelovi njega golub trakastog repa.

If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,

Ako zamijenite te dijelove s dijelovima goluba selca,

you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.

opet će vam gugutati izumrla ptica.

Now, there's work to do.

Ima tu posla.

You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.

Morate otkriti koji su točno geni važni.

So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,

Postoje geni za kratak rep kod goluba trakastog repa,

genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,

geni za dug rep kod goluba selca,

and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.

isto tako s crvenim očima, prsima boje breskve, formacije jata, itd.

Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.

Sve ih zbrojite i rezultat neće biti savršen.

But it should be be perfect enough,

Ali trebao bi biti dovoljno savršen

because nature doesn't do perfect either.

jer ni priroda ne stvara savršeno.

So this meeting in Boston led to three things.

Onaj susret u Bostonu rezultirao je s tri stvari.

First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit

Kao prvo, Ryan i ja odlučili smo stvoriti neprofitnu organizaciju

called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally

Revive and Restore, koja bi općenito promovirala oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta,

and try to have it go in a responsible way,

i nastojati da se kreće u odgovornom smjeru,

and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

a nastavili bismo rad na golubu selcu.

Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,

Još jedan izravni rezultat bio je diplomac Ben Novak,

who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14

koji je opsjednut golubom selcem od svoje 14. godine

and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,

te je naučio kako raditi s drevnim DNK,

himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,

sam sekvencionirao goluba selca,

using money from his family and friends.

financirajući to novcem obitelji i prijatelja.

We hired him full-time.

Zaposlili smo ga na puno radno vrijeme.

Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,

Lani sam ga slikao u Smithsonian muzeju

he's looking down at Martha,

kako gleda Marthu,

the last passenger pigeon alive.

posljednji primjerak goluba selca.

So if he's successful, she won't be the last.

Ako bude uspješan, ona neće biti posljednja.

The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization

Treći rezultat bostonskog susreta bila je spoznaja

that there are scientists all over the world

da znanstvenici diljem svijeta

working on various forms of de-extinction,

rade na različitim oblicima oživljavanja izumrlih vrsta,

but they'd never met each other.

ali nikad se međusobno nisu sreli.

And National Geographic got interested

National Geografic zainteresirao se

because National Geographic has the theory that

zato što smatra

the last century, discovery was basically finding things,

da je u prošlom stoljeću, otkriće u biti bilo pronalazak stvari,

and in this century, discovery is basically making things.

a u ovom stoljeću otkriće je u biti stvaranje stvari.

De-extinction falls in that category.

Oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta spada u tu kategoriju.

So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,

Oni su održali i financirali taj susret. 35 znanstvenika,

they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,

konzervacijskih biologa i molekularnih biologa,

basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.

susrelo se kako bi provjerilo mogu li surađivati.

Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.

Neki od tih konzervacijskih biologa dosta su radikalni.

There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,

Tri od njih ne samo da ponovno stvaraju drevne vrste,

they're recreating extinct ecosystems

već ponovno stvaraju izumrle ekosustave

in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.

u sjevernom Sibiru, u Nizozemskoj i na Havajima.

Henri, from the Netherlands,

Henri, iz Nizozemske,

with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,

čije nizozemsko prezime neću ni probati izgovoriti,

is working on the aurochs.

radi na turu.

The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,

Tur je predak svih domaćih goveda

and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.

pa je njegov genom u biti živ, samo što je neravnomjerno raspoređen.

So what they're doing is working with seven breeds

Oni rade sa sedam vrsta

of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there

primitivnih, robusnih goveda poput Maremmana primitivo ondje na vrhu

to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,

kako bi s vremenom, uz selektivni povratni uzgoj,

the aurochs.

izgradili tura.

Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea

Obnova divljine ide brže u Koreji

than it is in America,

nego u Americi,

and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,

a plan je da se u svim mjestima obnovljene divljine diljem Europe

they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,

unese tura da obavi svoj stari posao,

its old ecological role,

svoju staru ekološku ulogu,

of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest

da očisti pomalo oskudnu šumu zatvorene krošnje

so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.

kako bi imala livade pune bioraznolikosti u sebi.

Another amazing story

Još jednu čudesnu priču

came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.

ispričao je Alberto Fernández-Arias.

Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.

Alberto je radio s bucardom u Španjolskoj.

The last bucardo was a female named Celia

Posljednji bucardo bila je ženka Celia

who was still alive, but then they captured her,

koja je još bila živa kad su je uhvatili.

they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,

Uzeli su malo tkiva iz njezinog uha,

they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,

krioprezervirali ga u tekućem dušiku,

released her back into the wild,

pustili su Celiju natrag u divljinu,

but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.

ali nekoliko mjeseci kasnije našli su je mrtvu ispod srušenog drveta.

They took the DNA from that ear,

Uzeli su DNK iz tog uha,

they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,

usadili ga kao klonirano jaje u kozu,

the pregnancy came to term,

trudnoća je došla kraju

and a live baby bucardo was born.

i rodio se živi mali bucardo.

It was the first de-extinction in history.

Bilo je to prvo oživljavanje izumrle vrste u povijesti.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

It was short-lived.

Kratko je živio.

Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.

Ponekad klonovi između različitih vrsta imaju respiratorne probleme.

This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,

Ovaj je imao deformirano plućno krilo i umro je nakon 10 minuta,

but Alberto was confident that

no Alberto je bio siguran

cloning has moved along well since then,

da je kloniranje napredovalo otada,

and this will move ahead, and eventually

a napredovat će i ovo te će naposljetku

there will be a population of bucardos

opet postojati populacija bucarda

back in the mountains in northern Spain.

u planinama sjeverne Španjolske.

Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.

Pionir duboke krioprezervacije bio je Oliver Ryder.

At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo

U zoološkom vrtu u San Diegu, njegov smrznuti zoo

has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species

sakupio je tkiva više od 1000 vrsta

over the last 35 years.

kroz posljednjih 35 godina.

Now, when it's frozen that deep,

Kad se tako duboko zamrznu,

minus 196 degrees Celsius,

na -196 stupnjeva celzijevih,

the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.

stanice i DNK ostaju netaknute.

They're basically viable cells,

To su u osnovi održive stanice

so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology

pa je netko poput Boba Lanze iz Advanced Cell Technologyja

took some of that tissue from an endangered animal

uzeo malo tkiva jedne ugrožene vrste

called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,

koja se zove javanski banteng, stavio ga u kravu,

the cow went to term, and what was born

krava se otelila

was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,

i rodio se živi zdravi mali javanski banteng

who thrived and is still alive.

koji je napredovao i još uvijek je živ.

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza

Za Boba Lanzu najuzbudljivije je što

is the ability now to take any kind of cell

može uzeti bilo koju vrstu stanice

with induced pluripotent stem cells

s induciranim pluripotentnim matičnim stanicama

and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

i pretvoriti je u embrionalnu stanicu, poput sperme ili jajašaca.

So now we go to Mike McGrew

Sad idemo do Mikea McGrewa

who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,

koji je znanstenik na Roslin Institutu u Škotskoj,

and Mike's doing miracles with birds.

a on radi čuda s pticama.

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,

Uzet će, recimo, stanice kože sokola, fibroblaste,

turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

i pretvoriti ih u inducirane pluripotentne matične stanice.

Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.

Kako je toliko pluripotentna, može postati embrionalna plazma.

He then has a way to put the germ plasm

On zna način na koji se embrionalna plazma

into the embryo of a chicken egg

stavlja u zametak kokošjeg jajeta

so that that chicken will have, basically,

tako da kokoš ima

the gonads of a falcon.

spolne žlijezde sokola.

You get a male and a female each of those,

Uzmete takvog mužjaka i ženku

and out of them comes falcons.

i oni naprave sokola.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.

Pravi sokoli od malčice modificirane kokoši.

Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.

Ben Novak bio je najmlađi znanstvenik na susretu.

He showed how all of this can be put together.

Pokazao je kako se sve to može spojiti.

The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes

Slijed događaja: on će spojiti genome

of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,

goluba trakastog repa i goluba selca,

he'll take the techniques of George Church

primijenit će tehnike Georgea Churcha

and get passenger pigeon DNA,

i dobiti DNK goluba selca,

the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,

tehnike Roberta Lanze i Michaela McGrewa,

get that DNA into chicken gonads,

staviti taj DNK u spolne žlijezde kokoši,

and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,

te iz njih dobiti jaja goluba selca, mlade golubove

and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.

i tako će nastati populacija golubova selaca.

It does raise the question of,

Nameće se problem

they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents

da neće biti golubova selaca roditelja

to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.

koji bi ih naučili kako biti golub selac.

So what do you do about that?

Što poduzeti oko toga?

Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,

Pticama je to urođeno

so most of that is already in their DNA,

pa je većina toga u njihovom DNK.

but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea

Ali kako bi to nadopunio, dio Benove ideje je

is to use homing pigeons

koristiti golubove pismonoše

to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock

da bi trenirali mlade golubove selce kako formirati jato

and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds

te kako pronaći stara područja gniježđenja

and feeding grounds.

i hranjenja.

There were some conservationists,

Bili su prisutni i neki konzervatori,

really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,

jako slavni konzervatori poput Stanleya Templea

who is one of the founders of conservation biology,

koji je jedan od osnivača konzervacijske biologije,

and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.

i Kate Jones s IUCN-a koja piše crveni popis.

They're excited about all this,

Uzbuđeni su oko ovoga,

but they're also concerned that it might be competitive

ali i zabrinuti da bi to mogla biti konkurencija

with the extremely important efforts to protect

iznimno važnim naporima koji se ulažu u zaštitu

endangered species that are still alive,

ugroženih vrsta koje su još uvijek žive,

that haven't gone extinct yet.

koje još nisu izumrle.

You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.

Znate, želite raditi na zaštiti životinja koju su ovdje.

You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down

Želite raditi na rušenju tržišta bjelokosti u Aziji

so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.

pa godišnje strada 25000 slonova manje.

But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing

Istovremeno, konzervacijski biolozi dolaze do spoznaje

that bad news bums people out.

da loše vijesti rastužuju ljude.

And so the Red List is really important, keep track of

Zato je crveni popis jako važan, treba pratiti

what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.

tko je ugrožen i kritično ugrožen, itd.

But they're about to create what they call a Green List,

Ali uskoro će stvoriti takozvani zeleni popis,

and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,

a u njemu će biti vrste koje su dobro, hvala,

species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,

vrste koje su bile ugrožene, poput bjeloglavog orla,

but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,

ali sad su mnogo bolje zahvaljujući radu svih,

and protected areas around the world

te zaštićena područja diljem svijeta

that are very, very well managed.

kojima se veoma dobro upravlja.

So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.

U biti, uče kako graditi na dobrim vijestima.

And they see reviving extinct species

I vide oživljavanje izumrlih vrsta

as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.

kao dobru vijest na kojoj bi se moglo graditi.

Here's a couple related examples.

Evo nekoliko primjera vezanih uz to.

Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.

Uzgoj u zatočeništvu bit će glavni dio vraćanja tih vrsta.

The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.

1987. postojala su samo 22 kalifornijska kondora.

Everybody thought is was finished.

Svi su mislili da je gotov.

Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,

Zahvaljujući uzgoju u zatočeništvu u zoo-u u San Diegu,

there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.

sad ih je 405, od toga 226 u divljini.

That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.

Ta tehnologija primijenit će se i na oživljene izumrle životinje.

Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.

Još jedna priča o uspjehu je ona o planinskom gorili u srednjoj Africi.

In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.

1981. Dian Fossey bila je uvjerena da će izumrijeti.

There were just 254 left.

Bilo ih je 254.

Now there are 880. They're increasing in population

Sad ih je 880. Njihova populacija povećava se

by three percent a year.

za tri posto godišnje.

The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,

Njihova tajna leži u

which is absolutely brilliant.

briljantnom programu eko-turizma.

So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan

Ryan je prošli mjesec ovo slikala

with an iPhone.

iPhoneom.

That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.

Tim gorilama toliko je ugodno s posjetiteljima.

Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,

Još jedan zanimljiv projekt, iako će mu trebati malo pomoći,

is the northern white rhinoceros.

jest sjeverni bijeli nosorog.

There's no breeding pairs left.

Nema više parova za razmnožavanje.

But this is the kind of thing that

Ali velika raznolikost DNK

a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.

te životinje dostupna je u smrznutom zoo-u.

A bit of cloning, you can get them back.

Uz malo kloniranja, možemo ih vratiti.

So where do we go from here?

Kojim smjerom krenuti dalje?

These have been private meetings so far.

To su dosad bili privatni susreti.

I think it's time for the subject to go public.

Vrijeme je da ta tema postane javna.

What do people think about it?

Što ljudi misle o tome?

You know, do you want extinct species back?

Znate, želite li izumrle vrste natrag?

Do you want extinct species back?

Želite li izumrle vrste natrag?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.

Dogodit će se čarolija.

It is a Tinker Bell moment,

To jest čaroban trenutak

because what are people excited about with this?

jer, oko čega su ljudi uzbuđeni kod toga?

What are they concerned about?

Što ih brine?

We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

Nastavit ćemo raditi na golubu selcu.

So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group

Ben Novak, u ovom trenu čak, pristupa grupi

that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.

Beth Saphiro na Sveučilištu Santa Cruz.

They're going to work on the genomes

Radit će na genomima

of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.

goluba selca i goluba trakastog repa.

As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,

Kako se podaci usavrše, poslat će ih Georgeu Churchu,

who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.

koji će svojom čarolijom iz toga izvući DNK goluba selca.

We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew

Bob Lanza i Mike McGrew pomoći će nam

to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens

doći do embrionalne plazme koja će ići u kokoši

that can produce passenger pigeon squabs

koje će proizvesti mlade golubova selaca.

that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,

Njih će odgajati roditelji golubovi trakastog repa,

and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,

a od tog trena stalno će biti golubova selaca,

maybe for the next six million years.

možda i sljedećih 6 milijuna godina.

You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,

Možete napraviti istu stvar, kad se troškovi smanje,

for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,

s karolina papagajem, s velikom njorkom,

for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,

s pticom Tympanuchus cupido cupido, s bijelim djetlićem (Campephilus principalis),

for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,

za pticom Numenius borealis, s karipskom morskom medvjedicom,

for the woolly mammoth.

s vunenim mamutom.

Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole

Ljudi su napravili ogromnu rupu

in nature in the last 10,000 years.

u prirodi kroz posljednjih 10000 godina.

We have the ability now,

Sad imamo mogućnost,

and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.

a možda i moralnu obvezu, popraviti štetu.

Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,

Većinu toga napravit ćemo širenjem i zaštitom divljine,

by expanding and protecting

širenjem i zaštitom

the populations of endangered species.

populacija ugroženih vrsta.

But some species

Ali možemo razmotriti

that we killed off totally

da neke vrste, koje smo u potpunosti

we could consider bringing back

istrijebili, vratimo

to a world that misses them.

u svijet kojemu nedostaju.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Chris Anderson: Thank you.

Chris Anderson: Hvala.

I've got a question.

Imam pitanje.

So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.

Ovo je emocionalna tema. Neki ljudi su na nogama.

I suspect there are some people out there sitting,

Mislim da neki ljudi sjede

kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,

i govore si, npr.

well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,

čekaj, čekaj, čekaj, čekaj malo,

there's something wrong with mankind

loše je da se čovječanstvo

interfering in nature in this way.

na taj način miješa u prirodu.

There's going to be unintended consequences.

Bit će nekih nehotičnih posljedica.

You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box

Otvorit ćete neku vrstu Pandorine kutije

of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?

s tko zna čime u njoj. Jesu li u pravu?

Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is

Stewart Brand: Pa, već sam ustvrdio

we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,

da smo se jako umiješali tako što smo istrijebili te životinje,

and many of them were keystone species,

a mnoge od njih bile su ključne vrste,

and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in

a mi smo promijenili cijeli ekosustav u kojem su bile

by letting them go.

odustajući od njih.

Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,

Postoji problem promjene prema kojem,

so when these things come back,

kad se one vrate,

they might replace some birds that are there

mogle bi zamijeniti neke od postojećih ptica

that people really know and love.

koje ljudi vole i znaju.

I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.

Mislim da će to tako funkcionirati.

This is a long, slow process --

Ovo je dug, spor proces --

One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.

Jedna od stvari koja mi se sviđa kod toga jest supostojanje više generacija.

We will get woolly mammoths back.

Vratit ćemo vunene mamute.

CA: Well it feels like both the conversation

CA: Čini se da su ovdje i razgovor

and the potential here are pretty thrilling.

i potencijal dosta uzbudljivi.

Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.

Puno hvala na prezentaciji. SB: Hvala.

CA: Thank you. (Applause)

CA: Hvala. (Pljesak)