Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

262,336 views ・ 2013-03-13

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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: Hao-Wei Chang 審譯者: Anny Chung
00:16
Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
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物種滅絕是一種不一樣的死亡
00:21
It's bigger.
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它的規模更大
00:23
We didn't really realize that until 1914,
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但直到 1914 年,當最後一隻旅鴿 ——
00:26
when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,
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一隻名叫瑪莎的母鳥 —— 在辛辛那提動物園中去世時,
00:30
died at the Cincinnati zoo.
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我們才瞭解到這份震撼
00:33
This had been the most abundant bird in the world
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牠們曾是世界上數量最多的鳥類
00:36
that'd been in North America for six million years.
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存活於北美洲六百萬年
00:40
Suddenly it wasn't here at all.
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突然間就消失了
00:43
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long
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旅鴿鳥群曾達 1 英里寬並綿延 400 英里
00:47
used to darken the sun.
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甚至可以遮蔽太陽
00:50
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,
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阿爾多.李奧帕德曾如此形容:
00:53
a feathered tempest.
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這是一場生物風暴、一場飛羽旋風
00:56
And indeed it was a keystone species
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牠們也確實是關鍵物種
00:58
that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,
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盤踞美東的落葉林
01:02
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,
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從密西西比河到大西洋
01:05
from Canada down to the Gulf.
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從加拿大一路到墨西哥灣
01:08
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.
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但從五十億隻歸零 卻只花了數十年的時間
01:11
What happened?
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發生什麼事呢?
01:12
Well, commercial hunting happened.
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嗯,發生了商業性的獵殺
01:14
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,
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這種鳥類被獵殺並成噸地賣入肉品市場
01:18
and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
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牠們成群的飛行,讓獵殺易如反掌
01:21
came down to the ground, they were so dense
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當牠們接近地面時,數百名獵人
01:23
that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up
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可以輕而易舉地從如此密集的鳥群中
01:25
and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.
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獵殺到成千上萬的獵物
01:28
It was the cheapest source of protein in America.
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牠們曾是美國最廉價的蛋白質來源
01:31
By the end of the century, there was nothing left
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到 19 世紀末葉,牠們就從地球上消失了
01:33
but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
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只剩披蓋華羽的標本躺在博物館中
01:38
There's an upside to the story.
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但這故事仍有光明的一面
01:40
This made people realize that the same thing
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這讓人類意識到同樣的狀況
01:42
was about to happen to the American bison,
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也將發生在美洲水牛身上
01:45
and so these birds saved the buffalos.
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所以這些鳥的滅絕救了水牛
01:48
But a lot of other animals weren't saved.
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但仍有許多我們保護不及的動物
01:50
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.
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卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡 曾是點亮每家後院的嬌客
01:54
It was hunted to death for its feathers.
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卻因羽毛需求而被獵殺殆盡
01:57
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.
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曾經有種叫北美松雞的鳥被東岸人喜愛
02:00
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.
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因為牠令人喜歡,人們試圖保護牠 但牠們最終還是滅絕了
02:03
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,
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地方報紙曾說:「沒有生還,也沒有未來,
02:06
there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."
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世界再也沒辦法創造出這樣的生命。」
02:11
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,
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當物種消失時,總是有種深沈的哀傷蔓延
02:14
and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.
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許多受人喜愛的鳥類已遭此命運
02:16
It happened to lots of mammals.
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同樣狀況也發生在哺乳動物身上
02:18
Another keystone species is a famous animal
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另一個關鍵物種是有名的動物
02:21
called the European aurochs.
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歐洲野牛
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There was sort of a movie made about it recently.
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最近甚至有部關於牠們的電影
02:25
And the aurochs was like the bison.
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這些野牛很像水牛
02:28
This was an animal that basically kept the forest
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基本上,這種動物的生態功能
02:31
mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,
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使得歐亞大陸的森林之間保有草原
02:36
from Spain to Korea.
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牠們分佈從西班牙到韓國
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The documentation of this animal goes back
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而人類關於這種動物的記載
02:41
to the Lascaux cave paintings.
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可以回溯到拉斯科岩洞畫的年代
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The extinctions still go on.
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許多動物仍陸續滅絕
02:46
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.
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一種分佈在西班牙,名為布卡多山羊的野山羊
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It went extinct in 2000.
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於 2000 年滅絕
02:52
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf
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也有一些令人驚嘆的物種,像是袋狼
02:54
called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,
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牠們在澳洲的塔斯馬尼亞州
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called the Tasmanian tiger.
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又稱塔斯馬尼亞狼或塔斯馬尼亞虎
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It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.
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牠們也逃不過獵殺,最後幾隻在動物園中死去
03:04
A little bit of film was shot.
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這是一小段影片
03:18
Sorrow, anger, mourning.
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沈重、憤怒、悲傷
03:24
Don't mourn. Organize.
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但別悲傷,振作起來
03:27
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,
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如果你發現利用博物館標本
03:30
fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old
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或是 20 萬年前化石中的 DNA
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could be used to bring species back,
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可以讓這些物種復活
03:36
what would you do? Where would you start?
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你會怎麼做呢? 你又會從何做起?
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Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.
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你可能會先確定,生物技術是否達得到要求
03:40
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,
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我則是從我太太萊恩.費倫那開始
03:42
who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,
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她經營一家叫 DNA Direct 的生技公司
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and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,
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透過她,我認識了她同事喬治.邱奇
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one of the leading genetic engineers
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他也是位著迷於旅鴿的
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who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons
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頂尖基因工程師
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and a lot of confidence
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他對他所使用的方法深具信心
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that methodologies he was working on
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他對他所使用的方法深具信心
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might actually do the deed.
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並認為他可以讓物種復活
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So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting
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所以他和萊恩策劃並主持了一個會議
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at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together
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在哈佛的維斯學院招集了一批
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specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,
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旅鴿專家、鳥類保育學家、生物倫理學家
04:11
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced
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而且很幸運的是旅鴿的 DNA 已經被
04:16
by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
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一名叫做貝絲.夏皮羅的分子生物學家完成定序
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All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian
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而她只用了保存在史密森納研究院
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was a little bit of toe pad tissue,
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標本中的一小塊腳部組織
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because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.
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因為裡面含有原始 DNA
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It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,
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DNA 已經碎裂成片段
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but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
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利用現在的技術,你可以重組成完整的基因序列
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Then the question is, can you reassemble,
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問題在於你能不能利用
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with that genome, the whole bird?
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基因體生出隻健全的鳥?
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George Church thinks you can.
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喬治.邱奇認為這可以達到
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So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,
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在他寫的、也是我強力推薦的 «重生» 中
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he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,
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有一章解釋了復活滅絕物種的技術
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and he has a machine called
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這個機器被他稱為:
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the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.
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多樣化自動基因體建構機
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It's kind of like an evolution machine.
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這項技術和演化的機制類似
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You try combinations of genes that you write
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你將不同組合的基因送入細胞
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at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,
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從細胞層級到組織層級
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and the ones that win, that you can then put
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再把成功存活下來的組織
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into a living organism. It'll work.
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送入代理孕母體內,它就會成功
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The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,
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從喬治難以辨識的紀錄中
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nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here
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我們可以知道這項技術的精確度
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right down to the individual base pair.
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達到鹼基對的層級
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The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
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候鴿基因體包含 13 億對鹼基
05:21
So what you're getting is the capability now
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所以你現在能做的是
05:24
of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.
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把一個基因用它的對偶基因取代
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It's called an allele.
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(譯注:這是用來解決原始基因序列上破碎、缺失的問題)
05:30
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.
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這在正常的精卵結合過程中也會發生
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So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome
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所以,我們可用和滅絕物種
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of an extinct species
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最接近的物種
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with the genome of its closest living relative.
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組合並修復滅絕物種的基因體
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Now along the way, George points out that
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在此過程中,喬治指出
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his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,
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他所使用的合成生物學技術
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is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.
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現在成長速度是莫爾定律的四倍
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It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
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這從 2005 開始,也很有可能一直延續下去
05:56
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon
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最接近旅鴿的存活物種是帶尾鴿
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is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.
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他們數量龐大,在這附近也有
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Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is
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從基因層面來說,帶尾鴿幾乎是活著的旅鴿
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mostly living passenger pigeon.
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牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列
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There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.
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牠們的基因體中只有一些是帶尾鴿特有的序列
06:11
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,
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如果你將這些序列以旅鴿特有的序列取代
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you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
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你就有一隻已經滅絕旅鴿對你咕咕叫
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Now, there's work to do.
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現在需要著手進行的是:
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You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.
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你必須分辨出哪些基因是重要的
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So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,
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像是帶尾鴿擁有短尾的基因
06:25
genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,
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而旅鴿則是表現長尾的基因
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and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.
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還有紅眼、桃紅色的胸部和群集行為等基因
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Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.
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將這些都加在一起,結果不會是完美的
06:34
But it should be be perfect enough,
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但應該就近乎完美了
06:36
because nature doesn't do perfect either.
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自然界中也沒有「完美」的作品
06:39
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
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所以,在波士頓的會議中決定了三件事
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First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit
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首先,我和萊恩創立了個非營利組織
06:46
called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally
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這個名為「復活與保存」的組織致力
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and try to have it go in a responsible way,
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以付責任的方式推動「反滅絕」
06:53
and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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而我們將先從旅鴿做起
06:56
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,
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另一項結果是本.諾瓦克,一位年輕研究生
07:01
who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14
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他從 14 歲起就被旅鴿所深深著迷
07:04
and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,
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而且在學會如何操作原始 DNA 後
07:07
himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,
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他利用家人和朋友的金援
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using money from his family and friends.
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完成了旅鴿基因體定序
07:13
We hired him full-time.
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我們雇用了他
07:15
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,
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這是一張去年在史密森納我幫他照的照片
07:19
he's looking down at Martha,
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照片中他低頭看著瑪莎 ——
07:21
the last passenger pigeon alive.
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世界上最後一隻旅鴿
07:24
So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
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如果他成功的話,她就不會是最後一隻
07:26
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization
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波士頓會議的第三項結果是
07:29
that there are scientists all over the world
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讓我們瞭解到世界上有許多科學家
07:31
working on various forms of de-extinction,
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在進行不同型式的反滅絕
07:33
but they'd never met each other.
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但他們素未謀面
07:35
And National Geographic got interested
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而國家地理頻道對此感到興趣
07:37
because National Geographic has the theory that
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因為他們有個想法
07:39
the last century, discovery was basically finding things,
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就是上世紀的發現是為了尋找未知
07:43
and in this century, discovery is basically making things.
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而這個世紀是在創造發明
07:47
De-extinction falls in that category.
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而反滅絕符合此條件
07:49
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,
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所以他們資助並主辦了這場會議
07:52
they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,
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讓 35 位保育生物學家和分子生物學家
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basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.
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見面並討論合作機會
07:59
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
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其中一些保育生物學家非常激進
08:01
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,
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其中三人不只要讓古生物復活
08:05
they're recreating extinct ecosystems
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他們更希望在北西伯利亞、荷蘭和夏威夷
08:08
in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
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恢復已經消失的生態系統
08:12
Henri, from the Netherlands,
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來自荷蘭的亨利
08:14
with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,
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嗯,我不會試著說他的荷文姓氏
08:17
is working on the aurochs.
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在做歐洲野牛
08:19
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,
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歐洲野牛是所有被馴養牛種的祖先
08:24
and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.
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所以牠的基因體還存在, 只是不平均的散佈在不同品種裡
08:29
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds
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所以他們利用七個原始、強韌
08:32
of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there
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和上圖原牛相似的品種
08:36
to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,
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利用篩選性的繁殖
08:40
the aurochs.
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希望可以讓歐洲野牛重現
08:42
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea
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現在野放在韓國推展得
08:45
than it is in America,
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比美國更為快速
08:47
and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,
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所以我們計畫將野牛引進歐洲的野放區
08:50
they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,
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讓牠們扮演原有的生態功能
08:54
its old ecological role,
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牠們原本在生態系中扮演的角色
08:56
of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest
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讓原本茂密森林下的貧脊土壤
08:59
so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
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重現多樣化的草原植被
09:03
Another amazing story
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另一個令人驚歎的故事
09:04
came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.
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是來自阿貝圖.費爾南斯.阿里
09:08
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.
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阿貝圖在西班牙研究布卡多山羊
09:11
The last bucardo was a female named Celia
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最後一隻是名叫西麗亞的母羊
09:14
who was still alive, but then they captured her,
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當研究員捕捉牠時牠還健在
09:19
they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,
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當時他們從牠耳朵取得一小塊組織
09:21
they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
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並冷凍保存於液態氮中後
09:24
released her back into the wild,
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將牠野放
09:26
but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.
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但數個月後發現牠被樹木壓死
09:30
They took the DNA from that ear,
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他們利用牠耳朵中的 DNA
09:32
they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,
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恢復成受精卵的形式並殖入山羊
09:36
the pregnancy came to term,
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當孕期結束
09:38
and a live baby bucardo was born.
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活生生的布卡多山羊就出生了
09:40
It was the first de-extinction in history.
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這是歷史上第一個反滅絕的實例
09:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
09:46
It was short-lived.
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但牠活的不久
09:48
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.
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有時候跨種的複製會造成呼吸系統的問題
09:51
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,
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這隻肺臟發育不全的羊只存活了 10 分鐘
09:54
but Alberto was confident that
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但阿貝圖對此深具信心
09:57
cloning has moved along well since then,
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因為動物複製技術已有長足進步
10:00
and this will move ahead, and eventually
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未來終究會更加發達
10:01
there will be a population of bucardos
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他相信未來會有成群的布卡多山羊
10:03
back in the mountains in northern Spain.
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重返西班牙北部的山區
10:07
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.
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冷凍保存的先驅奧利弗.雷德
10:10
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo
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在聖地牙哥動物園中
10:13
has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species
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他的冰凍園區在過去 35 年內
10:17
over the last 35 years.
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蒐集了超過 1 千種物種的組織
10:20
Now, when it's frozen that deep,
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當冰封在低溫 ——
10:22
minus 196 degrees Celsius,
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攝氏 -196 度
10:25
the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.
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細胞和其中的 DNA 都可以完整保存
10:27
They're basically viable cells,
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它們基本上都是能培養的細胞
10:29
so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology
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先進細胞科技公司的鮑勃.蘭扎
10:33
took some of that tissue from an endangered animal
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從瀕臨絕種的爪哇野牛的冷凍組織中
10:36
called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,
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取了一些殖入母乳牛
10:38
the cow went to term, and what was born
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當母牛孕期屆滿
10:41
was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,
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一隻健康的爪哇野牛寶寶就誕生了
10:46
who thrived and is still alive.
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牠仍健在,也在持續成長中
10:50
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza
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最讓鮑博興奮的是
10:53
is the ability now to take any kind of cell
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現在可將任何細胞誘導成全能幹細胞
10:55
with induced pluripotent stem cells
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並將其分化成如精子、卵子
10:58
and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
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這類生殖細胞的技術
11:02
So now we go to Mike McGrew
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現在我們來介紹麥克.麥格羅
11:04
who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,
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他是一位在蘇格蘭羅斯林研究所的科學家
11:07
and Mike's doing miracles with birds.
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麥克在鳥類上展現奇蹟
11:10
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,
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他會拿獵鷹的皮膚細胞,例如纖維母細胞
11:13
turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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讓它恢復成全能幹細胞
11:16
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.
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因為它具有全能性,所以也可分化成種質
11:19
He then has a way to put the germ plasm
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讓後他有種方法可以將種質
11:22
into the embryo of a chicken egg
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送入雞蛋的胚胎中
11:25
so that that chicken will have, basically,
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所以這隻雞將會長出
11:29
the gonads of a falcon.
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獵鷹的生殖腺
11:30
You get a male and a female each of those,
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當你把牠們湊成對後
11:32
and out of them comes falcons.
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就可以生出獵鷹了
11:35
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:37
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
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從改造的雞生出獵鷹
11:42
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.
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本.諾瓦克是會議中最年輕的科學家
11:45
He showed how all of this can be put together.
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他預見如何讓這些技術銜接在一起
11:47
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes
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流程如下:他會先利用帶尾鴿
11:50
of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,
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和旅鴿的基因體放在一起
11:52
he'll take the techniques of George Church
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再利用喬治.邱奇的技術
11:55
and get passenger pigeon DNA,
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修復旅鴿的 DNA
11:57
the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,
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羅伯特.蘭扎和麥克.麥格羅的技術
12:00
get that DNA into chicken gonads,
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則可以將 DNA 送入雞的生殖腺
12:02
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,
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並生出旅鴿蛋、孵化成雛鴿
12:07
and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
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你就可得到旅鴿族群
12:10
It does raise the question of,
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這可能會有個問題:
12:12
they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents
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沒有旅鴿親鳥
12:14
to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.
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如何教導乳鴿成為一隻真正的旅鴿?
12:17
So what do you do about that?
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你會怎麼解決這個問題?
12:19
Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,
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還好大部份鳥類行為
12:22
so most of that is already in their DNA,
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都包還含在牠們的 DNA 裡
12:24
but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea
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但為了保險起見,他提出一個想法:
12:27
is to use homing pigeons
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利用信鴿
12:28
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock
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教導年輕的旅鴿如何結隊飛行
12:32
and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds
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並且找到原本築巢、
12:34
and feeding grounds.
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育幼的地方
12:37
There were some conservationists,
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有一些保育學家
12:39
really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,
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包含創立保育生物學
12:42
who is one of the founders of conservation biology,
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的著名科學家史坦利.鄧波
12:45
and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.
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和 IUCN 負責編篡紅名單的凱特.瓊斯 (IUCN:國際自然保護聯盟)
12:49
They're excited about all this,
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他們對此都非常振奮
12:51
but they're also concerned that it might be competitive
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但他們也擔心這會和
12:54
with the extremely important efforts to protect
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保護還存活的瀕臨絕種動物
12:57
endangered species that are still alive,
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這項重要工作
12:59
that haven't gone extinct yet.
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競爭資源
13:01
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.
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你必須保護還存活著的動物
13:03
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down
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為了避免每年 2.5 萬頭被獵殺的大象
13:08
so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
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你必須停止亞州的象牙交易
13:11
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing
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但同時保育生物學家也發現
13:14
that bad news bums people out.
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壞消息使人喪氣
13:17
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of
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2725
所以即使負責追蹤
13:20
what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.
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危險和瀕臨絕種動物的紅名單很重要
13:23
But they're about to create what they call a Green List,
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但是他們也準備編纂綠名單
13:26
and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,
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而綠名單會告訴你哪些物種現在過的很好
13:30
species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,
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曾經瀕臨絕種的白頭鷹
13:33
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,
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因為大家的努力,現在牠們的狀況已經轉好
13:36
and protected areas around the world
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而各地的保育區
13:39
that are very, very well managed.
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也都經營完善
13:40
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
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所以他們現在也試著散佈好消息
13:44
And they see reviving extinct species
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而讓絕種生物復活
13:48
as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
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就是一個你會想得到的好消息
13:50
Here's a couple related examples.
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這裡有幾個相關的例子:
13:54
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.
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人工繁殖培育是復育生物的重要環節
13:57
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.
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加州神鷲在 1987 年僅剩 22 隻
14:00
Everybody thought is was finished.
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大家都覺得牠們要消失了
14:02
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,
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因為聖地牙哥動物園的人工繁殖培育
14:05
there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.
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現在已有 405 隻,其中 226 隻已經野放
14:09
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.
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這項技術會被用在反滅絕復育的物種
14:13
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
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另外一個成功的故事是中非的巨猩
14:17
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.
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在 1981 年黛安.弗西確信牠們要滅絕了
14:20
There were just 254 left.
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牠們僅剩 254 隻
14:22
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population
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現在已經有 880 隻
14:26
by three percent a year.
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並且逐年上升 3%
14:28
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,
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祕訣就在於他們推動生態旅遊計畫
14:31
which is absolutely brilliant.
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這招很聰明
14:33
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan
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2635
這張照片是上個月萊恩
14:35
with an iPhone.
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2776
用 iPhone 拍的
14:38
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
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4315
野生巨猩在遊客前面顯得多麼自在
14:42
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,
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另外一個需要我們幫助的計畫
14:46
is the northern white rhinoceros.
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是關於北白犀牛
14:48
There's no breeding pairs left.
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1961
牠們已經沒有能生育的配對了
14:50
But this is the kind of thing that
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但是這種動物有多樣化的 DNA
14:52
a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.
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保存於冷凍園區
14:56
A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
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只要做個複製,你就能把牠們救回來
14:59
So where do we go from here?
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所以我們未來的方向是什麼?
15:01
These have been private meetings so far.
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過去一直都是私人集會
15:03
I think it's time for the subject to go public.
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我覺得應該讓大眾瞭解這個議題
15:06
What do people think about it?
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大家會怎麼想呢?
15:07
You know, do you want extinct species back?
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你們會想要讓救回絕種動物嗎?
15:09
Do you want extinct species back?
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你們會嗎?
15:12
(Applause)
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5266
(掌聲)
15:17
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.
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2496
彼得潘的小叮噹已經翩翩降臨
15:20
It is a Tinker Bell moment,
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現在正是彌補過去的時刻
15:21
because what are people excited about with this?
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大家為何感到興奮?
15:23
What are they concerned about?
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2051
他們關心什麼?
15:25
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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我們會先從旅鴿著手
15:28
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group
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就在此時,本.諾瓦克
15:32
that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.
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已和加大聖克魯分校的貝絲.夏皮羅合作
15:35
They're going to work on the genomes
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他們正在進行
15:36
of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.
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旅鴿和帶尾鴿基因體的研究
15:39
As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,
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3909
當研究結果成熟時,他們會交給喬治.邱奇
15:43
who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.
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3895
讓他展現魔法還原旅鴿 DNA
15:47
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew
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2844
再藉由鮑博.蘭扎和麥克.麥格羅的幫助
15:49
to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens
316
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3067
將種質放進雞體內
15:52
that can produce passenger pigeon squabs
317
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2568
讓牠們生下小旅鴿
15:55
that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,
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2464
再讓帶尾鴿將牠們撫養長大
15:57
and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,
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繼續這樣下去,旅鴿就可以自行繁衍
16:00
maybe for the next six million years.
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或許牠們可在天空翱翔下個 60 萬年
16:03
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,
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2315
當成本降低時
16:05
for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,
322
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可以對卡羅萊納長尾鸚鵡、大海雀、
16:08
for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,
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2795
北美松雞、象牙喙啄木鳥、
16:11
for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,
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愛斯基摩杓鷸、加勒比僧海豹、
16:13
for the woolly mammoth.
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和長毛象進行相同的復活程序
16:16
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole
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事實如此 : 在過去的一萬年
16:19
in nature in the last 10,000 years.
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人類讓自然缺了一角
16:22
We have the ability now,
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而今我們有能力
16:24
and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.
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或許也有義務去修復這些損害
16:29
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,
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我們大部份藉由擴展保育原生地
16:33
by expanding and protecting
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和藉由擴大並保護
16:35
the populations of endangered species.
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瀕臨絕種的物種族群 來達成任務
16:39
But some species
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但對某些物種而言
16:42
that we killed off totally
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我們已經將牠們趕盡殺絕了
16:47
we could consider bringing back
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我們可以試著讓牠們復活
16:50
to a world that misses them.
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回到想念牠們的世界
16:53
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
16:55
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
17:07
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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查理斯.安德森:謝謝你
17:08
I've got a question.
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我有個問題
17:10
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.
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這是個感性的話題。有人支持
17:15
I suspect there are some people out there sitting,
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我相信也有些人
17:18
kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,
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會有個苦惱的問題:
17:21
well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,
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等一下,
17:23
there's something wrong with mankind
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人類不應該這樣
17:26
interfering in nature in this way.
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干預自然
17:29
There's going to be unintended consequences.
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這可能會有預期外的後果
17:33
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box
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你將打開潘朵拉的盒子
17:36
of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
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誰知道裡面裝了什麼。 他們這樣說有道理嗎?
17:40
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is
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史都華.布蘭德:嗯,首先
17:41
we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,
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是我們人類先干預自然,造成動物絕種
17:45
and many of them were keystone species,
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許多都是關鍵物種
17:47
and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in
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讓牠們絕種的同時
17:50
by letting them go.
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我們也對生態系統造成衝擊
17:51
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,
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最根本的問題是:
17:54
so when these things come back,
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當我們把牠們復活時
17:56
they might replace some birds that are there
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牠們可能會取代現在在那裡的鳥類
17:58
that people really know and love.
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而這些可能也是人類認識並喜愛的物種
18:00
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.
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我想這個能給你們一個它發展方向的概念
18:03
This is a long, slow process --
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這是一個漫長且緩慢的過程
18:06
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.
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讓我興奮的昰,這需要好幾世代的努力
18:08
We will get woolly mammoths back.
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我們可以將長毛象復活
18:10
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation
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查:我相信這場談話
18:12
and the potential here are pretty thrilling.
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和其潛力都很令人振奮
18:14
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
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感謝你的演說 史:謝謝
18:16
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
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查:謝謝你們 (掌聲)
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