Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: 瀚成 郑 校对人员: Emma Chiang

Now, extinction is a different kind of death.

目前，灭种是另一种形式的死亡

It's bigger.

规模甚至更大

We didn't really realize that until 1914,

而我们人类直到1914年

when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,

当最后一只名为玛莎的母北美候鸽

died at the Cincinnati zoo.

死于辛辛那提动物园时 我们才惊觉这点

This had been the most abundant bird in the world

牠们曾是世上数量最多的鸟类

that'd been in North America for six million years.

在北美洲存活了六百万年

Suddenly it wasn't here at all.

突然间就这么消逝了

Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long

牠们曾是一英里宽，四百英里长的群体

used to darken the sun.

还能够遮蔽太阳

Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,

奥尔多•利奥波德说过：“这是一场生物风暴”

a feathered tempest.

“一场羽毛风暴”

And indeed it was a keystone species

而牠们的确是关键物种

that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,

使整个东部的落叶林更加丰盛

from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,

从密西西比河到大西洋

from Canada down to the Gulf.

从加拿大往下至墨西哥湾

But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.

但就在短短数十年间 数量便从五十亿骤降至零

What happened?

发生了什么？

Well, commercial hunting happened.

嗯，是因为商业狩猎的开始

These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,

牠们被捕捉 身上的肉数以吨计地被贩售

and it was easy to do because when those big flocks

这并不困难，因为当牠们一大群飞降地面时

came down to the ground, they were so dense

会十分稠密地聚在一起

that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up

上百位猎人及网子此时一出动

and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.

就扑杀成千上百的旅鸽

It was the cheapest source of protein in America.

牠们曾是美洲最便宜的蛋白质来源

By the end of the century, there was nothing left

在上个世纪结束时，牠们已经一无所剩

but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.

除了牠们美丽的皮羽还保存在博物馆标本抽屉里

There's an upside to the story.

故事还有积极的另一面

This made people realize that the same thing

它让人们了解同样一件事情

was about to happen to the American bison,

即将发生在美洲水牛身上

and so these birds saved the buffalos.

这样，这些鸟倒是救了水牛一命

But a lot of other animals weren't saved.

但是，很多其他动物并未被保留下来

The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.

卡罗来纳鹦鹉是是一种曾点缀了家家户户后院的鹦鹉。

It was hunted to death for its feathers.

因为牠自身华美的羽毛而被猎捕致死

There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.

有一种东海岸的鸟，人们喜欢称为松鸡

It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.

外表十分惹人怜爱 人们尝试着去保护他们，然而牠还是绝迹了

A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,

一家当地报纸阐明着，牠们一只不剩

there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."

世界再也没办法创造出这样的生命。

There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,

当物种消失时，总是有种深沉的哀伤蔓延

and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.

许多受人喜爱的鸟类已遭此命运

It happened to lots of mammals.

同样状况也发生在许多哺乳动物身上

Another keystone species is a famous animal

另一个关键物种是种有名的动物

called the European aurochs.

欧洲野牛

There was sort of a movie made about it recently.

最近还有部关于牠们的电影

And the aurochs was like the bison.

这些野牛很像水牛

This was an animal that basically kept the forest

基本上，这种动物的生态功能

mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,

使得欧亚大陆的森林之间保有草原

from Spain to Korea.

从西班牙一直延伸到韩国

The documentation of this animal goes back

而人类关于这种动物的记载

to the Lascaux cave paintings.

可以回溯到拉斯科岩洞画的年代

The extinctions still go on.

许多动物仍陆续灭绝

There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.

一种分布在西班牙，名为布卡多山羊的野山羊

It went extinct in 2000.

于2000年灭绝

There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf

也有一些令人惊叹的物种，像是袋狼

called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,

他们在澳洲的塔斯马尼亚州

called the Tasmanian tiger.

又称塔斯马尼亚狼或塔斯马尼亚虎

It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.

他们也逃不过猎杀，最后几只在动物园中死去

A little bit of film was shot.

这是一小段影片

Sorrow, anger, mourning.

沉重、愤怒、悲伤

Don't mourn. Organize.

但别悲伤，振作起来

What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,

如果你发现利用博物馆标本

fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old

或是20万年前化石中的DNA

could be used to bring species back,

可以让这些物种复活

what would you do? Where would you start?

你会怎么做呢？你又会从何做起？

Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.

你可能会先确定，生物技术是否达得到要求

I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,

我则是从我太太莱恩·费伦娜开始

who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,

她经营一家叫DNA direct的生技公司

and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,

透过她，我认识了她的同事乔治.邱奇

one of the leading genetic engineers

他也是位着迷于旅鸽的

who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons

顶尖基因工程师

and a lot of confidence

他对他所使用的方法深具信心

that methodologies he was working on

他对他所使用的方法深居信心

might actually do the deed.

并认为他可以让物种复活

So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting

所以他和莱恩策划并主持了一个会议

at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together

在哈佛的维斯学院召集了一批

specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,

旅鸽专家、鸟类保育学家、生物伦理学家

and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced

而且很幸运的是旅鸽的DNA已经被

by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.

一名叫做贝丝．夏皮罗的分子生物学家完成定序

All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian

而她只用了保存在史密森纳研究院

was a little bit of toe pad tissue,

标本中的一小块脚部组织

because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.

因为里面含有原始DNA

It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,

DNA已经碎裂成片段

but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.

利用现在的技术，你可以重组完整的基因序列

Then the question is, can you reassemble,

问题在于你能不能利用基因体

with that genome, the whole bird?

重新“组合”出健全的鸟？

George Church thinks you can.

乔治·邱奇认为这可以达到

So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,

在他写的、也是我强力推荐的《重生》中

he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,

有一章节解释了复活灭绝物种的技术

and he has a machine called

这个仪器被他称为：

the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.

多样化自动基因体建构机

It's kind of like an evolution machine.

这项技术和演化的机制类似

You try combinations of genes that you write

你将不同组合的基因送入细胞

at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,

从细胞层级到组织层级

and the ones that win, that you can then put

再把成功存活下来的组织

into a living organism. It'll work.

送入代理孕母体内，它就会成功

The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,

从乔治难以辨识的记录中

nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here

我们可以知道这项技术的精确度

right down to the individual base pair.

达到碱基对的层级

The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.

后鸽基因体包含13亿对碱基

So what you're getting is the capability now

所以你现在能做的是

of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.

把一个基因用它的对偶基因取代

It's called an allele.

（译注：这是用来解决原始基因序列上破裂、缺失的问题）

Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.

这在正常的精卵结合过程中也会发生

So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome

所以，我们可用和灭绝物种

of an extinct species

最接近的物种

with the genome of its closest living relative.

组合并修复灭绝物种的基因体

Now along the way, George points out that

在此过程中，乔治指出

his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,

他所使用的合成生物学技术

is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.

现在成长速度是莫尔定律的四倍

It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.

这从2005开始，也很有可能一直延续下去

Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon

最接近旅鸽的存活物种是带尾鸽

is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.

牠们数量庞大，在这附近也有

Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is

从基因层面来说，带尾鸽似乎是活着的旅鸽

mostly living passenger pigeon.

牠们的基因体中只有一些带尾鸽特有的序列

There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.

牠们的基因体中只有一些带尾鸽特有的序列

If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,

如果你将这些序列以旅鸽特有的序列取代

you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.

你就有一只已经灭绝的旅鸽对你咕咕叫

Now, there's work to do.

现在需要着手进行的是：

You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.

你必须分辨出那些基因是重要的

So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,

像是带尾鸽拥有短尾的基因

genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,

而旅鸽则是表现长尾的基因

and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.

还有红颜、桃红色的胸部和群集行为等基因

Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.

将这些都加在一起，结果不会是完美的

But it should be be perfect enough,

但应该就近乎完美了

because nature doesn't do perfect either.

自然界中也没有完美的作品

So this meeting in Boston led to three things.

所以，在波士顿的会议中决定了三件事

First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit

首先，我和莱恩创立了个非盈利组织

called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally

这个名为“复活与保存”的组织致力于

and try to have it go in a responsible way,

以负责任的方式推动“反灭绝”

and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

而我们将先从旅鸽做起

Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,

另一项结果是本·诺瓦克，一位年轻研究生

who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14

他从14岁起就为旅鸽所深深着迷

and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,

而且在学会如何操作原始DNA后

himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,

他利用家人和朋友的帮助

using money from his family and friends.

完成了旅鸽基因体定序

We hired him full-time.

我们雇佣了他

Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,

这是一张在去年在史密森纳我帮他照的照片

he's looking down at Martha,

照片中他低头看着玛莎

the last passenger pigeon alive.

世界上最后一只旅鸽

So if he's successful, she won't be the last.

如果他成功的话，它就不会是最后一只

The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization

波士顿会议的第三项结果是

that there are scientists all over the world

让我们了解到世界上有许多科学家

working on various forms of de-extinction,

在进行不同形式的反灭绝

but they'd never met each other.

但他们素未谋面

And National Geographic got interested

而国家地理频道对此很感兴趣

because National Geographic has the theory that

因为他们有个想法

the last century, discovery was basically finding things,

就是上世纪的发现是为了寻找未知

and in this century, discovery is basically making things.

而这个世纪是在创造发明

De-extinction falls in that category.

而灭绝符合此条件

So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,

所以他们资助并主办了这场会议

they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,

让35位保育生物学家和分子生物学家

basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.

见面并讨论合作机会

Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.

其中一些保育生物学家非常激进

There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,

其中三人不只要让古生物复活

they're recreating extinct ecosystems

他们更希望在北西伯利亚、荷兰和夏威夷

in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.

恢复已经消失的生态系统

Henri, from the Netherlands,

来自荷兰的亨利

with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,

嗯，我不大会说他的荷兰姓氏

is working on the aurochs.

在做欧洲野牛

The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,

欧洲野牛是所有被驯养牛种的祖先

and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.

所以牠的基因体还存在，只是不平均的散布在不同品种里

So what they're doing is working with seven breeds

所以他们利用七个原始、强韧

of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there

和上图原牛相似的品种

to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,

利用筛选性的繁殖

the aurochs.

希望可以让欧洲野牛重现

Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea

现在野放在韩国推展的

than it is in America,

比美国更为迅速

and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,

所以我们计划将野牛引进欧洲的野放区

they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,

让他们扮演原有的生态功能

its old ecological role,

他们原本在生态系统中扮演的角色

of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest

让原本茂密森林下的贫瘠土壤

so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.

重现多样化的草原植被

Another amazing story

另一个令人惊叹的故事

came from Alberto Fernández-Arias.

是来自阿贝图.费尔南斯.阿里

Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.

阿贝图在西班牙研究布卡多山羊

The last bucardo was a female named Celia

最后一只是名叫西丽亚的母羊

who was still alive, but then they captured her,

当研究员捕捉它时它还健在

they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,

当时他们从他耳朵取得一小块组织

they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,

并冷冻保存于液态氮中后

released her back into the wild,

将他野放

but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.

但数个月后发现他被树木压死

They took the DNA from that ear,

他们利用他耳朵中的DNA

they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,

恢复成受精卵的形式并植入山羊

the pregnancy came to term,

当孕期结束

and a live baby bucardo was born.

活生生的布卡多山羊就出生了

It was the first de-extinction in history.

这是历史上第一个反灭绝的实例

(Applause)

（掌声）

It was short-lived.

但牠活的不久

Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.

有时跨种的复制会造成生物呼吸系统的问题

This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,

这只肺脏发育不全的羊只存活了10 分钟

but Alberto was confident that

但阿贝图对深具信心

cloning has moved along well since then,

因为动物复制技术已有长足进步

and this will move ahead, and eventually

未来终究会更加发达

there will be a population of bucardos

他相信未来会有成群的布卡多山羊

back in the mountains in northern Spain.

重返西班牙北部的山区

Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.

冷冻保存的先驱奥利弗·雷德

At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo

在圣地亚哥动物园中

has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species

他的冰冻园区在过去35年内

over the last 35 years.

搜集了超过1千种物种的组织

Now, when it's frozen that deep,

当冰封在低温——

minus 196 degrees Celsius,

-196摄氏度

the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.

细胞和其中的DNA都可以完整保存

They're basically viable cells,

它们基本上都是能培养的细胞

so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology

先进细胞科技公司的鲍勃·兰扎

took some of that tissue from an endangered animal

从濒临绝种的爪哇野牛的冷冻组织中

called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,

取了一些植入母乳牛

the cow went to term, and what was born

当母牛孕期届满

was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,

一只健康的爪哇野牛宝宝就诞生了

who thrived and is still alive.

牠仍健在，也在持续成长中

The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza

最让鲍勃兴奋的是

is the ability now to take any kind of cell

现在可以将任何细胞诱导成全能干细胞

with induced pluripotent stem cells

并将其分化成如精子、卵子

and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.

这类生殖细胞的技术

So now we go to Mike McGrew

现在我们来介绍麦克·麦格罗

who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,

他是一位在苏格兰罗斯林研究所的科学家

and Mike's doing miracles with birds.

麦克在鸟类上展现奇迹

So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,

他会拿猎鹰的皮肤细胞，例如纤维母细胞

turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.

让它恢复成全能干细胞

Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.

因为它具有全能性，所以也可以分化成种质

He then has a way to put the germ plasm

然后他有种方法可以将种质

into the embryo of a chicken egg

送入鸡蛋的胚胎中

so that that chicken will have, basically,

所以这只鸡将会长出

the gonads of a falcon.

猎鹰的生殖腺

You get a male and a female each of those,

当你把他们凑成对后

and out of them comes falcons.

就可以生出猎鹰了

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.

从改造的鸡生出猎鹰

Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.

本·诺瓦克是会议中最年轻的科学家

He showed how all of this can be put together.

他展示了如何让这些技术衔接在一起

The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes

流程如下：他会先利用带尾鸽

of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,

和旅鸽的基因体放在一起

he'll take the techniques of George Church

再利用乔治·邱奇的技术

and get passenger pigeon DNA,

修复旅鸽的DNA

the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,

罗伯特·兰扎和麦克·麦格罗的技术

get that DNA into chicken gonads,

则可以将DNA送入鸡的生殖腺

and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,

并生出旅鸽蛋、孵化成雏鸽

and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.

你就可以得到旅鸽族群

It does raise the question of,

这可能会有个问题：

they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents

没有旅鸽亲鸟

to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.

如何教导乳鸽成为一只真正的旅鸽

So what do you do about that?

你会怎么解决这个问题？

Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,

还好大部分鸟类行为

so most of that is already in their DNA,

都包含在他们的DNA里

but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea

单位了保险起见，他提出一个想法：

is to use homing pigeons

利用信鸽

to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock

教导年轻的旅鸽如何结队飞行

and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds

并且找到原本筑巢、

and feeding grounds.

育幼的地方

There were some conservationists,

有一些保育学家

really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,

包含创立保育生物学的

who is one of the founders of conservation biology,

著名科学家史坦利·邓波

and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.

和IUCN负责编纂红名单的凯特·琼斯 (IUCN:国际自然保护联盟)

They're excited about all this,

他们对此都非常振奋

but they're also concerned that it might be competitive

但他们也担心这会和保护还存活的濒临灭绝动物

with the extremely important efforts to protect

但他们也担心这会和保护还存活的濒临灭绝动物

endangered species that are still alive,

这项重要工作竞争资源

that haven't gone extinct yet.

这项重要工作竞争资源

You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.

你必须保护还存活着的动物

You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down

为了避免每年2.5万头被猎杀的大象

so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.

你必须停止亚洲的象牙交易

But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing

但同时保育生物学家也发现

that bad news bums people out.

坏消息使人丧气

And so the Red List is really important, keep track of

所以即使负责追踪危险和 濒临灭绝动物的红名单很重要

what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.

所以即使负责追踪危险和 濒临灭绝动物的红名单很重要

But they're about to create what they call a Green List,

但是他们也准备编纂绿名单

and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,

而绿名单会告诉你哪些物种现在过得很好

species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,

曾经濒临绝种的白头鹰

but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,

因为大家的努力，现在他们的状况已经转好

and protected areas around the world

而各地的保育区

that are very, very well managed.

也都经营完善

So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.

所以他们现在也试着散布好消息

And they see reviving extinct species

而让灭种生物复活

as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.

就是一个你会想得到的好消息

Here's a couple related examples.

这里有几个相关的例子

Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.

人工繁殖培育是复育生物的重要环节

The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.

加州神鹫在 1987 年仅剩 22 只

Everybody thought is was finished.

大家都觉得他们要消失了

Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,

因为圣地亚哥动物园的人工繁殖培育

there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.

现在已有405只，其中226只已经野放

That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.

这项技术会被用在反灭绝复育的物种

Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.

另外一个成功的故事是中非的巨猩

In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.

在1981年黛安·弗里确信他们要灭绝了

There were just 254 left.

他们仅剩254只

Now there are 880. They're increasing in population

现在已经有880只

by three percent a year.

并且逐年上升3%

The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,

秘诀就在于他们推动生态旅游计划

which is absolutely brilliant.

这招很聪明

So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan

这张照片是上个月莱恩

with an iPhone.

用iphone拍的

That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.

野生巨猩在游客前面显得多么自在

Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,

另外一个需要我们帮助的计划

is the northern white rhinoceros.

是关于北白犀牛

There's no breeding pairs left.

他们已经没有能生育的配对了

But this is the kind of thing that

但是这种动物 多样化的DNA

a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.

保存于冷冻园区

A bit of cloning, you can get them back.

只要做个复制，你就能把他们救回来

So where do we go from here?

所以我们未来的方向是什么？

These have been private meetings so far.

过去一直都是私人集会

I think it's time for the subject to go public.

我觉得应该让大众了解到这个议题

What do people think about it?

大家会怎么想呢？

You know, do you want extinct species back?

你们会想要让就回灭绝动物吗？

Do you want extinct species back?

你们会吗？

(Applause)

（掌声）

Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.

彼得潘的小叮当已经翩翩降临

It is a Tinker Bell moment,

现在正是弥补过去的时刻

because what are people excited about with this?

大家为何感到兴奋？

What are they concerned about?

他们关心什么？

We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.

我们会先从旅鸽着手

So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group

就在此时，本·诺瓦克

that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.

已和加大圣克鲁分校的贝丝·夏皮罗合作

They're going to work on the genomes

他们正在进行

of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.

旅鸽和带尾鸽基因体的研究

As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,

当研究结果成熟时，他们会交给乔治·邱奇

who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.

让他展现魔法还原旅鸽DNA

We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew

再藉由鲍勃·兰扎和麦克·麦格罗的帮助

to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens

将种质放进机体内

that can produce passenger pigeon squabs

让他们生下小旅鸽

that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,

再让带尾鸽将他们抚养长大

and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,

继续这样下去，旅鸽就可以自行繁衍

maybe for the next six million years.

或许他们可在天空翱翔下个60万年

You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,

当成本降低时

for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,

可以对卡罗莱纳长尾鹦鹉、大海确、

for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,

北美松鸡、象牙喙啄木鸟、

for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,

爱斯基摩杓鹬、加勒比僧海豹、

for the woolly mammoth.

和长毛象进行相同的复活程序

Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole

事实如此：在过去的一万年

in nature in the last 10,000 years.

人类让自然遭受了巨大的创伤

We have the ability now,

而今我们有能力

and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.

或许也有义务去修复这些损害

Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,

我们大部分通过扩展保育原生地

by expanding and protecting

以及扩大并保护

the populations of endangered species.

濒临绝种的物种族群 来达成任务

But some species

但对某些物种而言

that we killed off totally

我们已经将他们赶尽杀绝了

we could consider bringing back

我们可以试着让他们复活

to a world that misses them.

回到想念他们的世界

Thank you.

谢谢大家

(Applause)

（掌声）

Chris Anderson: Thank you.

查理斯·安德森：谢谢你

I've got a question.

我有个问题

So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.

这是个感性的话题。有人支持

I suspect there are some people out there sitting,

我相信也有些人

kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,

会有个苦恼的问题：

well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,

等等等一下，

there's something wrong with mankind

人类不应该这样

interfering in nature in this way.

干预自然

There's going to be unintended consequences.

这可能会有预期外的后果

You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box

你将打开潘多拉的盒子

of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?

谁知道里面装了什么。他们这样说有道理吗？

Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is

史都华·布兰德：嗯，首先

we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,

是我们人类先干预自然，造成物种灭绝

and many of them were keystone species,

许多都是关键物种

and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in

让他们灭绝的同时

by letting them go.

我们也对生态系统造成冲击

Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,

最根本的问题是：

so when these things come back,

当我们把它们复活时

they might replace some birds that are there

他们可能会取代现在在那里的鸟类

that people really know and love.

而这些可能也是人类认识并喜爱的物种

I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.

我想这个能给你们一个它发展方向的概念

This is a long, slow process --

这是一个漫长且缓慢的过程

One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.

让我兴奋的是，这需要好几世代的努力

We will get woolly mammoths back.

我们可以将长毛象复活

CA: Well it feels like both the conversation

查：我相信这场谈话

and the potential here are pretty thrilling.

和其潜力都很令人振奋

Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.

感谢你的演说 史：谢谢

CA: Thank you. (Applause)

查：谢谢你们（掌声）