Stewart Brand: The dawn of de-extinction. Are you ready?

263,322 views ใƒป 2013-03-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Adi Noyboer ืžื‘ืงืจ: Don Joy
00:16
Now, extinction is a different kind of death.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
00:21
It's bigger.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:23
We didn't really realize that until 1914,
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ืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ 1914,
00:26
when the last passenger pigeon, a female named Martha,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืžื–ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื ืงื‘ื” ืฉื ืงืจืื” "ืžืจืชื”",
00:30
died at the Cincinnati zoo.
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ืžืชื” ื‘ื’ืŸ-ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ืกื™ื ื˜ื™.
00:33
This had been the most abundant bird in the world
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:36
that'd been in North America for six million years.
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:40
Suddenly it wasn't here at all.
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื›ืœืœ.
00:43
Flocks that were a mile wide and 400 miles long
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ืœื”ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ 1.6 ืง"ืž ื•ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื›-600 ืง"ืž
00:47
used to darken the sun.
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
00:50
Aldo Leopold said this was a biological storm,
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ืืœื“ื• ืœืื•ืคื•ืœื“ (ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื‘ืข ืืžืจื™ืงืื™) ืชืืจ ื–ืืช ื›ืกื•ืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:53
a feathered tempest.
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ืกืขืจืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช.
00:56
And indeed it was a keystone species
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืขื™ืงืจื™
00:58
that enriched the entire eastern deciduous forest,
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ืฉื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื™ื,
01:02
from the Mississippi to the Atlantic,
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ืžืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™
01:05
from Canada down to the Gulf.
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ืžืงื ื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ืžืคืจืฅ ืžืงืกื™ืงื•.
01:08
But it went from five billion birds to zero in just a couple decades.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืขื˜ ืž-5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœ-0 ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:11
What happened?
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ืžื” ืงืจื”?
01:12
Well, commercial hunting happened.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ื“ ืžืกื—ืจื™.
01:14
These birds were hunted for meat that was sold by the ton,
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ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ื• ื‘ืžืื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉืจ, ื•ื ืžื›ืจื• ืœืคื™ ืžืฉืงืœ,
01:18
and it was easy to do because when those big flocks
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื•
01:21
came down to the ground, they were so dense
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ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœืงืจืงืข, ื”ื™ื• ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช
01:23
that hundreds of hunters and netters could show up
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ืžืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข
01:25
and slaughter them by the tens of thousands.
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ื•ืœืฉื—ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื.
01:28
It was the cheapest source of protein in America.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
01:31
By the end of the century, there was nothing left
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”, ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืœื•ื
01:33
but these beautiful skins in museum specimen drawers.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืคื•ื—ืœืฆื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
01:38
There's an upside to the story.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
01:40
This made people realize that the same thing
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ื”ื•ื ื’ืจื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
01:42
was about to happen to the American bison,
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ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
01:45
and so these birds saved the buffalos.
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ื•ื›ืš, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ืฆื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืคืืœื•.
01:48
But a lot of other animals weren't saved.
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ืืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
01:50
The Carolina parakeet was a parrot that lit up backyards everywhere.
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"ืชื•ื›ื•ื ื™ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”" ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืจื• ื—ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
01:54
It was hunted to death for its feathers.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืœืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื ื•ืฆื•ืชื™ื•.
01:57
There was a bird that people liked on the East Coast called the heath hen.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ื•ื ืงืจืื” ื”"ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”".
02:00
It was loved. They tried to protect it. It died anyway.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื”. ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืœ-ื–ืืช.
02:03
A local newspaper spelled out, "There is no survivor,
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ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ื: "ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื,
02:06
there is no future, there is no life to be recreated in this form ever again."
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ืื™ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“, ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ."
02:11
There's a sense of deep tragedy that goes with these things,
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ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•,
02:14
and it happened to lots of birds that people loved.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื‘ื•.
02:16
It happened to lots of mammals.
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
02:18
Another keystone species is a famous animal
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช
02:21
called the European aurochs.
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™".
02:23
There was sort of a movie made about it recently.
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ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœื™ื• ืกืจื˜ ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ.
02:25
And the aurochs was like the bison.
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ื•ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
02:28
This was an animal that basically kept the forest
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ
02:31
mixed with grasslands across the entire Europe and Asian continent,
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ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื”ืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืืกื™ื”,
02:36
from Spain to Korea.
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ืžืกืคืจื“ ื•ืขื“ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”.
02:39
The documentation of this animal goes back
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ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
02:41
to the Lascaux cave paintings.
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ืžืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืืกืงื•.
02:44
The extinctions still go on.
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ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช.
02:46
There's an ibex in Spain called the bucardo.
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ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื ืงืจื "ื‘ื•ืงืจื“ื•".
02:49
It went extinct in 2000.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.
02:52
There was a marvelous animal, a marsupial wolf
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ื–ืื‘ ื›ื™ืกืื™.
02:54
called the thylacine in Tasmania, south of Australia,
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ื”ื ืงืจื ื–ืื‘ ื˜ืกืžื ื™ ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”,
02:58
called the Tasmanian tiger.
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ื ืžืจ ื”ื˜ืกืžื ื™".
03:00
It was hunted until there were just a few left to die in zoos.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆื•ื“ ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืฉืืจื• ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™-ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:04
A little bit of film was shot.
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ื ืฉืืจ ืžื”ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ.
03:18
Sorrow, anger, mourning.
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ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืขืก, ืื‘ืœ.
03:24
Don't mourn. Organize.
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ืืœ ืชืชืื‘ืœื•. ืชืชืืจื’ื ื•!!
03:27
What if you could find out that, using the DNA in museum specimens,
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-DNA ืฉื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:30
fossils maybe up to 200,000 years old
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ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 200,000 ืฉื ื™ื
03:33
could be used to bring species back,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
03:36
what would you do? Where would you start?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื?
03:37
Well, you'd start by finding out if the biotech is really there.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื.
03:40
I started with my wife, Ryan Phelan,
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืขื ืื™ืฉืชื™, ืจื™ืืŸ ืคื™ืœืŸ,
03:42
who ran a biotech business called DNA Direct,
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "DNA ื“ื™ื™ืจืงื˜",
03:46
and through her, one of her colleagues, George Church,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ',
03:50
one of the leading genetic engineers
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื
03:52
who turned out to be also obsessed with passenger pigeons
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ืช
03:55
and a lot of confidence
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ื•ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
03:57
that methodologies he was working on
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ืฉืฉื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“
03:59
might actually do the deed.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:01
So he and Ryan organized and hosted a meeting
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ืจื’ื ื• ื•ืืจื—ื• ืคื’ื™ืฉื”
04:05
at the Wyss Institute in Harvard bringing together
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ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืก ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“, ื•ื›ื™ื ืกื• ื™ื—ื“
04:07
specialists on passenger pigeons, conservation ornithologists, bioethicists,
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ, ืฆืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื•ืืชื™ืงื”,
04:11
and fortunately passenger pigeon DNA had already been sequenced
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ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืงื•ื“ื“ ื›ื‘ืจ
04:16
by a molecular biologist named Beth Shapiro.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืช' ืฉืคื™ื™ืจื•.
04:19
All she needed from those specimens at the Smithsonian
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืžื™ืชืกื•ื ื™ืืŸ
04:22
was a little bit of toe pad tissue,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืงืžื” ืžื›ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืŸ,
04:24
because down in there is what is called ancient DNA.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืฉื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”-DNA ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ.
04:28
It's DNA which is pretty badly fragmented,
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ื–ื”ื• DNA ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืข,
04:31
but with good techniques now, you can basically reassemble the whole genome.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื.
04:36
Then the question is, can you reassemble,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘
04:38
with that genome, the whole bird?
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื”?
04:40
George Church thinks you can.
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ' ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
04:43
So in his book, "Regenesis," which I recommend,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืกื™ืคืจื• "ื”ืชื—ื™ื”", ืขืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ,
04:46
he has a chapter on the science of bringing back extinct species,
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ื™ืฉ ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื–ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื,
04:50
and he has a machine called
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ืงืจืืช
04:51
the Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering machine.
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"ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื‘ืช (ื”ืจื‘ื”) ืฉืœ ื’ื ื•ื".
04:54
It's kind of like an evolution machine.
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ื–ื• ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
04:56
You try combinations of genes that you write
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ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘
04:59
at the cell level and then in organs on a chip,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืชื ื•ืื– ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื‘.
05:02
and the ones that win, that you can then put
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืืคืฉืจ ืื– ืœืฉื™ื
05:04
into a living organism. It'll work.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™. ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
05:07
The precision of this, one of George's famous unreadable slides,
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’',
05:10
nevertheless points out that there's a level of precision here
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ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืžืช ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ
05:15
right down to the individual base pair.
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ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ืœืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื.
05:17
The passenger pigeon has 1.3 billion base pairs in its genome.
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ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื™ืฉ ื›-1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช-ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื”.
05:21
So what you're getting is the capability now
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ื•ื›ืš, ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
05:24
of replacing one gene with another variation of that gene.
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ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื’ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื’ืŸ.
05:28
It's called an allele.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืืœืœ".
05:30
Well that's what happens in normal hybridization anyway.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื›ืœืื” ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
05:33
So this is a form of synthetic hybridization of the genome
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื
05:36
of an extinct species
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื ื›ื—ื“
05:38
with the genome of its closest living relative.
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ืขื ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:41
Now along the way, George points out that
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš, ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ
05:44
his technology, the technology of synthetic biology,
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ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช,
05:48
is currently accelerating at four times the rate of Moore's Law.
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ืžื•ืืฆืช ื›ืขืช ืคื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ืจ".
05:51
It's been doing that since 2005, and it's likely to continue.
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ืช 2005, ื•ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื™ืžืฉื™ืš.
05:56
Okay, the closest living relative of the passenger pigeon
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
05:58
is the band-tailed pigeon. They're abundant. There's some around here.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ืžื–ืŸ "ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘", ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืคืข. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
06:02
Genetically, the band-tailed pigeon already is
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ
06:06
mostly living passenger pigeon.
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ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื”.
06:08
There's just some bits that are band-tailed pigeon.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘.
06:11
If you replace those bits with passenger pigeon bits,
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ืื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
06:13
you've got the extinct bird back, cooing at you.
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื—ื“ืช, ื”ื•ืžื” ืืœื™ืš.
06:18
Now, there's work to do.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
06:20
You have to figure out exactly what genes matter.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื ื— ืžื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
06:22
So there's genes for the short tail in the band-tailed pigeon,
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื”ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘,
06:25
genes for the long tail in the passenger pigeon,
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ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘ ืืจื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
06:28
and so on with the red eye, peach-colored breast, flocking, and so on.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”, ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืืคืจืกืง ื‘ื—ื–ื”, ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœื”ืงื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
06:31
Add them all up and the result won't be perfect.
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ืฆืจืคื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช.
06:34
But it should be be perfect enough,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘,
06:36
because nature doesn't do perfect either.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
06:39
So this meeting in Boston led to three things.
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ื•ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
06:43
First off, Ryan and I decided to create a nonprofit
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืจื™ืืŸ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืžื•ืชื” ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื—
06:46
called Revive and Restore that would push de-extinction generally
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ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื™ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื”" ืืฉืจ ืชื“ื—ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™
06:50
and try to have it go in a responsible way,
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ื•ืชื ืกื” ืœืงื“ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ืจืื™,
06:53
and we would push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
06:56
Another direct result was a young grad student named Ben Novak,
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืืง
07:01
who had been obsessed with passenger pigeons since he was 14
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœืŸ 14,
07:04
and had also learned how to work with ancient DNA,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื DNA ื™ืฉืŸ,
07:07
himself sequenced the passenger pigeon,
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ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
07:10
using money from his family and friends.
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ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•.
07:13
We hired him full-time.
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ืฉื›ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”.
07:15
Now, this photograph I took of him last year at the Smithsonian,
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•, ื‘ื” ืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืชืกื•ื ื™ืืŸ,
07:19
he's looking down at Martha,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ืžืจืชื”,
07:21
the last passenger pigeon alive.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื™ื”.
07:24
So if he's successful, she won't be the last.
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
07:26
The third result of the Boston meeting was the realization
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื”
07:29
that there are scientists all over the world
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
07:31
working on various forms of de-extinction,
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ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
07:33
but they'd never met each other.
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ืืš ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
07:35
And National Geographic got interested
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง" ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื”
07:37
because National Geographic has the theory that
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœ"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง" ื™ืฉ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
07:39
the last century, discovery was basically finding things,
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ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
07:43
and in this century, discovery is basically making things.
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ื•ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื–ื•, ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:47
De-extinction falls in that category.
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื•.
07:49
So they hosted and funded this meeting. And 35 scientists,
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ืื– ื”ื ืื™ืจื—ื• ื•ืžื™ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•. ื• 35 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
07:52
they were conservation biologists and molecular biologists,
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ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช,
07:56
basically meeting to see if they had work to do together.
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ื ืคื’ืฉื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืจืจ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข.
07:59
Some of these conservation biologists are pretty radical.
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ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
08:01
There's three of them who are not just re-creating ancient species,
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื,
08:05
they're recreating extinct ecosystems
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ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช
08:08
in northern Siberia, in the Netherlands, and in Hawaii.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื™ืจ, ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ืื™.
08:12
Henri, from the Netherlands,
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ื”ื ืจื™, ืžื”ื•ืœื ื“,
08:14
with a Dutch last name I won't try to pronounce,
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ืขื ืฉื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื ืื ืกื” ืœื‘ื˜ื,
08:17
is working on the aurochs.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
08:19
The aurochs is the ancestor of all domestic cattle,
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ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื,
08:24
and so basically its genome is alive, it's just unevenly distributed.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื—ื™, ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืœื ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
08:29
So what they're doing is working with seven breeds
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื” ื–ื ื™ื
08:32
of primitive, hardy-looking cattle like that Maremmana primitivo on the top there
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”"ืžืืจื™ืžืื ื” ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื•" ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื”
08:36
to rebuild, over time, with selective back-breeding,
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ืขืœ-ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื”ื›ืœืื” ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
08:40
the aurochs.
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ืืช ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™.
08:42
Now, re-wilding is moving faster in Korea
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
08:45
than it is in America,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
08:47
and so the plan is, with these re-wilded areas all over Europe,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื, ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
08:50
they will introduce the aurochs to do its old job,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ืฉืŸ,
08:54
its old ecological role,
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ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ,
08:56
of clearing the somewhat barren, closed-canopy forest
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ื‘ื ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืขื“ ื”ืฆื—ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
08:59
so that it has these biodiverse meadows in it.
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื• ืฉื‘ื•.
09:03
Another amazing story
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ
09:04
came from Alberto Fernรกndez-Arias.
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ืคืจื ื ื“ื–-ืืจื™ืืก.
09:08
Alberto worked with the bucardo in Spain.
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ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจื“ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื“.
09:11
The last bucardo was a female named Celia
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ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจื“ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืกื™ืœื™ื”
09:14
who was still alive, but then they captured her,
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืชื”,
09:19
they got a little bit of tissue from her ear,
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืงืžื” ืžืื•ื–ื ื”,
09:21
they cryopreserved it in liquid nitrogen,
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ืฉื™ืžืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื ืงืŸ ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
09:24
released her back into the wild,
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ื•ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข,
09:26
but a few months later, she was found dead under a fallen tree.
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ืืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ืžืชื” ืชื—ืช ืขืฅ ืฉื ืคืœ.
09:30
They took the DNA from that ear,
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ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื“ื’ื™ืžืช ื”-DNA ืžื”ืื•ื–ืŸ,
09:32
they planted it as a cloned egg in a goat,
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ื•ืฉืชืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ืช ื‘ืขื–,
09:36
the pregnancy came to term,
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ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—,
09:38
and a live baby bucardo was born.
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ื•ื™ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจื“ื• ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื ื•ืœื“ื”.
09:40
It was the first de-extinction in history.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
09:46
It was short-lived.
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ื™ืขืœ ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“.
09:48
Sometimes interspecies clones have respiration problems.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื’ื–ืขื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžืชื™ื•ืช.
09:51
This one had a malformed lung and died after 10 minutes,
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ืœืคืจื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื• ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื” ืœืื—ืจ 10 ื“ืงื•ืช,
09:54
but Alberto was confident that
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข
09:57
cloning has moved along well since then,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืชืงื“ื ืžืื–,
10:00
and this will move ahead, and eventually
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ื™ืชืคืชื— ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
10:01
there will be a population of bucardos
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจื“ื•
10:03
back in the mountains in northern Spain.
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ืฉืชืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“.
10:07
Cryopreservation pioneer of great depth is Oliver Ryder.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืจ.
10:10
At the San Diego zoo, his frozen zoo
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ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืŸ-ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•, ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื•ื ืฉืœื•
10:13
has collected the tissues from over 1,000 species
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-1,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื
10:17
over the last 35 years.
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ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 35 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
10:20
Now, when it's frozen that deep,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืงืคืื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื›ื–ื•,
10:22
minus 196 degrees Celsius,
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ืžื™ื ื•ืก 196 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก,
10:25
the cells are intact and the DNA is intact.
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื ื•ื”-DNA ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•.
10:27
They're basically viable cells,
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:29
so someone like Bob Lanza at Advanced Cell Technology
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ื•ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืื ื–ื” ืž"ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชืื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช"
10:33
took some of that tissue from an endangered animal
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ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจืงืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืืœื•
10:36
called the Javan banteng, put it in a cow,
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ื”ื ืงืจืื•ืช "ื‘ื ื˜ื ื’ ื’'ืื•ื•ื”" ื•ืฉื•ืชืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืจื•ืช,
10:38
the cow went to term, and what was born
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ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืœื“
10:41
was a live, healthy baby Javan banteng,
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ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื˜ื ื’ ื’'ืื•ื•ื” ื—ื™, ื•ื‘ืจื™ื,
10:46
who thrived and is still alive.
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ืฉืฉื™ื’ืฉื’ ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™.
10:50
The most exciting thing for Bob Lanza
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืื ื–ื”
10:53
is the ability now to take any kind of cell
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื
10:55
with induced pluripotent stem cells
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:58
and turn it into germ cells, like sperm and eggs.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืื™ ื ื‘ื˜ ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืข ืื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช.
11:02
So now we go to Mike McGrew
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžื™ื™ืง ืžืงื’ืจื•
11:04
who is a scientist at Roslin Institute in Scotland,
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ืžื“ืขืŸ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื–ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“,
11:07
and Mike's doing miracles with birds.
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืง ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
11:10
So he'll take, say, falcon skin cells, fibroblast,
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื—, ื ื’ื™ื“, ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื–, ืคื™ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืœืกื˜,
11:13
turn it into induced pluripotent stem cells.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื.
11:16
Since it's so pluripotent, it can become germ plasm.
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชืื™ ื’ื–ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื’ื ืœื’'ืจืžืคืœืื–ื.
11:19
He then has a way to put the germ plasm
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’'ืจืžืคืœืื–ื
11:22
into the embryo of a chicken egg
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ืœืชื•ืš ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆืช ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช
11:25
so that that chicken will have, basically,
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ื•
11:29
the gonads of a falcon.
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ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื–.
11:30
You get a male and a female each of those,
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื–ื›ืจ ืื• ื ืงื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”,
11:32
and out of them comes falcons.
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ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฆืžื“ ื›ื–ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื–.
11:35
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:37
Real falcons out of slightly doctored chickens.
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ื‘ื– ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื•ืช.
11:42
Ben Novak was the youngest scientist at the meeting.
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ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืืง ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•.
11:45
He showed how all of this can be put together.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ.
11:47
The sequence of events: he'll put together the genomes
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ืกื“ืจ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื: ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื ืชื– ืืช ื”ื’ื ื•ื
11:50
of the band-tailed pigeon and the passenger pigeon,
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก ื”ื–ื ื‘ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
11:52
he'll take the techniques of George Church
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ'
11:55
and get passenger pigeon DNA,
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ื•ื™ืคื™ืง ืืช ื”-DNA ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
11:57
the techniques of Robert Lanza and Michael McGrew,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืœืื ื–ื” ื•ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžืงื’ืจื•,
12:00
get that DNA into chicken gonads,
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ืชืฉืชื™ืœ DNA ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ื ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช,
12:02
and out of the chicken gonads get passenger pigeon eggs, squabs,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื,
12:07
and now you're getting a population of passenger pigeons.
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ื•ื›ืš ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
12:10
It does raise the question of,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžื ื ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
12:12
they're not going to have passenger pigeon parents
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ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
12:14
to teach them how to be a passenger pigeon.
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ืฉื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
12:17
So what do you do about that?
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ืื– ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื–ื”?
12:19
Well birds are pretty hard-wired, as it happens,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช,
12:22
so most of that is already in their DNA,
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ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘-DNA ืฉืœื”ื
12:24
but to supplement it, part of Ben's idea
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื–ืืช, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ
12:27
is to use homing pigeons
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชืช
12:28
to help train the young passenger pigeons how to flock
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ืฉืชืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื”ืœ
12:32
and how to find their way to their old nesting grounds
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื
12:34
and feeding grounds.
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ื•ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื.
12:37
There were some conservationists,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ,
12:39
really famous conservationists like Stanley Temple,
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ื•ืžื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ื›ืžื• ืกื˜ื ืœื™ ื˜ืžืคืœ,
12:42
who is one of the founders of conservation biology,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
12:45
and Kate Jones from the IUCN, which does the Red List.
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ื ืก ืžื”-IUCN, ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื”.
12:49
They're excited about all this,
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ื”ื ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”,
12:51
but they're also concerned that it might be competitive
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
12:54
with the extremely important efforts to protect
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ื‘ืžืืžืฆื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
12:57
endangered species that are still alive,
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ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:59
that haven't gone extinct yet.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื—ื“ื•.
13:01
You see, you want to work on protecting the animals out there.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื.
13:03
You want to work on getting the market for ivory in Asia down
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ืœืฉื ื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกื™ื”
13:08
so you're not using 25,000 elephants a year.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื ืฆืจื•ืš 25,000 ืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
13:11
But at the same time, conservation biologists are realizing
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
13:14
that bad news bums people out.
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ืฉื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
13:17
And so the Red List is really important, keep track of
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ
13:20
what's endangered and critically endangered, and so on.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
13:23
But they're about to create what they call a Green List,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื "ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”",
13:26
and the Green List will have species that are doing fine, thank you,
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื,
13:30
species that were endangered, like the bald eagle,
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ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื ืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ืจื—,
13:33
but they're much better off now, thanks to everybody's good work,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
13:36
and protected areas around the world
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
13:39
that are very, very well managed.
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ื”ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“.
13:40
So basically, they're learning how to build on good news.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
13:44
And they see reviving extinct species
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ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื
13:48
as the kind of good news you might be able to build on.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.
13:50
Here's a couple related examples.
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
13:54
Captive breeding will be a major part of bringing back these species.
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ืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
13:57
The California condor was down to 22 birds in 1987.
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ื”ืงื•ื ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ ื“ืขืš ืœ-22 ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘-1987.
14:00
Everybody thought is was finished.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืžื•ืจ.
14:02
Thanks to captive breeding at the San Diego Zoo,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืืŸ-ื“ื™ื™ื’ื•,
14:05
there's 405 of them now, 226 are out in the wild.
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ื™ืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 405 ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืžืชื•ื›ื 226 ืฉื•ื—ืจืจื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข.
14:09
That technology will be used on de-extincted animals.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
14:13
Another success story is the mountain gorilla in Central Africa.
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
14:17
In 1981, Dian Fossey was sure they were going extinct.
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ื‘-1981, ื“ื™ืืŸ ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
14:20
There were just 254 left.
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ื ืฉืืจื• 254 ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
14:22
Now there are 880. They're increasing in population
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ 880. ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืชื ื’ื“ืœื”
14:26
by three percent a year.
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ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”.
14:28
The secret is, they have an eco-tourism program,
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ื”ืกื•ื“ ื”ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
14:31
which is absolutely brilliant.
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ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:33
So this photograph was taken last month by Ryan
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืฆื•ืœืžื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืืŸ
14:35
with an iPhone.
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ืขื iPhone
14:38
That's how comfortable these wild gorillas are with visitors.
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ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื— ืœื’ื•ืจื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืช ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื.
14:42
Another interesting project, though it's going to need some help,
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ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืขื–ืจื”,
14:46
is the northern white rhinoceros.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืจื ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ.
14:48
There's no breeding pairs left.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
14:50
But this is the kind of thing that
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ืืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื–ื”
14:52
a wide variety of DNA for this animal is available in the frozen zoo.
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ืงื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ DNA ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืคื•ื.
14:56
A bit of cloning, you can get them back.
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
14:59
So where do we go from here?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ?
15:01
These have been private meetings so far.
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
15:03
I think it's time for the subject to go public.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืœื ื—ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
15:06
What do people think about it?
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ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš?
15:07
You know, do you want extinct species back?
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•?
15:09
Do you want extinct species back?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื“ื•?
15:12
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:17
Tinker Bell is going to come fluttering down.
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ื˜ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื•ืžืจืคืจืคืช ืœืžื˜ื”.
15:20
It is a Tinker Bell moment,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื ืงืจื‘ืœ,
15:21
because what are people excited about with this?
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ืžืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื?
15:23
What are they concerned about?
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ืžืžื” ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื?
15:25
We're also going to push ahead with the passenger pigeon.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
15:28
So Ben Novak, even as we speak, is joining the group
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ื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืืง, ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื” ื–ื•, ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
15:32
that Beth Shapiro has at UC Santa Cruz.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืช' ืฉืืคื™ืจื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืกืื ื˜ื”-ืงืจื•ื–.
15:35
They're going to work on the genomes
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ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื ื•ื
15:36
of the passenger pigeon and the band-tailed pigeon.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘.
15:39
As that data matures, they'll send it to George Church,
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ื›ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ื™ื‘ืฉื™ืœ, ื”ื ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื’'ื•ืจื’' ืฆ'ืจืฅ',
15:43
who will work his magic, get passenger pigeon DNA out of that.
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ืฉื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืงืกืžื™ื• ื•ื™ืคื™ืง DNA ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช.
15:47
We'll get help from Bob Lanza and Mike McGrew
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืขื–ืจื” ืžื‘ื•ื‘ ืœืื ื–ื” ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืง ืžืงื’ืจื•
15:49
to get that into germ plasm that can go into chickens
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœื’'ืจื ืคืœืื–ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืœ ื‘ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช
15:52
that can produce passenger pigeon squabs
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ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื•ื–ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช
15:55
that can be raised by band-tailed pigeon parents,
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ืฉื™ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืช ืคืก-ื”ื–ื ื‘,
15:57
and then from then on, it's passenger pigeons all the way,
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ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ื” ื ื•ื“ื“ืช,
16:00
maybe for the next six million years.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืฉืš ืฉืฉืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
16:03
You can do the same thing, as the costs come down,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื“ื•,
16:05
for the Carolina parakeet, for the great auk,
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ืœืชื•ื›ื•ื ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”, ืœื ืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:08
for the heath hen, for the ivory-billed woodpecker,
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ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื”, ืœื ืงืจ ืžืงื•ืจ-ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘,
16:11
for the Eskimo curlew, for the Caribbean monk seal,
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ืœื—ืจื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™, ืœืืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื,
16:13
for the woolly mammoth.
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ื•ืœืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื™ืจื”.
16:16
Because the fact is, humans have made a huge hole
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืคืขืจ ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
16:19
in nature in the last 10,000 years.
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
16:22
We have the ability now,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
16:24
and maybe the moral obligation, to repair some of the damage.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืชืงืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื–ืง.
16:29
Most of that we'll do by expanding and protecting wildlands,
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ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
16:33
by expanding and protecting
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœ
16:35
the populations of endangered species.
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
16:39
But some species
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื
16:42
that we killed off totally
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ืฉื—ื™ืกืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
16:47
we could consider bringing back
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ
16:50
to a world that misses them.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ื.
16:53
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:07
Chris Anderson: Thank you.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
17:08
I've got a question.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื”.
17:10
So, this is an emotional topic. Some people stand.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืจื’ืฉื ื™. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
17:15
I suspect there are some people out there sitting,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื,
17:18
kind of asking tormented questions, almost, about,
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ื•ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืขื ื•ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜, ืœื’ื‘ื™
17:21
well, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait, wait a minute,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื›ื” ืจื’ืข,
17:23
there's something wrong with mankind
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
17:26
interfering in nature in this way.
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ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•.
17:29
There's going to be unintended consequences.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืœื ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช.
17:33
You're going to uncork some sort of Pandora's box
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืชื™ื‘ืช ืคื ื“ื•ืจื”
17:36
of who-knows-what. Do they have a point?
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ืฉืœ ืžื™-ื™ื•ื“ืข-ืžื”. ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
17:40
Stewart Brand: Well, the earlier point is
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ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจืื ื“: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื”ื™ื
17:41
we interfered in a big way by making these animals go extinct,
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ืฉื”ืชืขืจื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“,
17:45
and many of them were keystone species,
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ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื–ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
17:47
and we changed the whole ecosystem they were in
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื•
17:50
by letting them go.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื—ื ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื—ื“.
17:51
Now, there's the shifting baseline problem, which is,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžืจื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื
17:54
so when these things come back,
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ื”ืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื—ื–ืจื•
17:56
they might replace some birds that are there
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ
17:58
that people really know and love.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
18:00
I think that's, you know, part of how it'll work.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”.
18:03
This is a long, slow process --
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ --
18:06
One of the things I like about it, it's multi-generation.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืจื‘-ื“ื•ืจื™.
18:08
We will get woolly mammoths back.
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ื ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืขื™ืจื” ื—ื–ืจื”.
18:10
CA: Well it feels like both the conversation
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ
18:12
and the potential here are pretty thrilling.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื›ืืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื™ื.
18:14
Thank you so much for presenting. SB: Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื. ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจืื ื“: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
18:16
CA: Thank you. (Applause)
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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