How (and why) Russia hacked the US election | Laura Galante

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Let's say you despise

Recimo da prezirete

Western democracy.

zapadnu demokratiju.

Democracy, in all its trappings,

Demokratiju i sve što ide uz nju,

free elections, town halls,

slobodne izbore, gradske skupštine,

endless debates about the proper role of government.

beskrajne debate o adekvatnoj ulozi vlasti.

Too messy,

Previše haotično,

too unpredictable,

previše nepredvidivo,

too constraining for your taste.

suviše ograničavajuće za vaš ukus.

And the way these democracies band together and lecture everyone else

Još i način na koji se ove demokratije udružuju i drže predavanja svima ostalima

about individual rights and freedoms --

o individualnim pravima i slobodama -

it gets under your skin.

izluđuje vas.

So what to do about it?

Pa, šta učiniti u vezi sa time?

You can call out the hypocrisy and failures of Western democracies

Možete ukazivati na licemerje i neuspehe u zapadnim demokratijama

and explain how your way is better,

i objašnjavati kako je vaš način bolji,

but that's never really worked for you.

ali to vam nikad nije baš uspevalo.

What if you could get the people

Šta ako biste ubedili ljude

whose support is the very foundation of these democracies

čija podrška predstavlja samu osnovu ovih demokratija

to start questioning the system?

da počnu da preispituju sistem?

Make the idea occur in their own minds

Ako biste im stvorili ideju u glavi

that democracy and its institutions are failing them,

da ih demokratija i njene institucije izneveravaju,

their elite are corrupt puppet masters

da njenu elitu čine korumpirani ljudi koji povlače konce

and the country they knew is in free fall.

i da država kakvom je poznaju strmoglavo pada.

To do that,

Da biste to postigli,

you'll need to infiltrate the information spheres

moraćete da se infiltrirate u sfere informacija ovih demokratija.

of these democracies.

You'll need to turn their most powerful asset --

Moraćete da preokrenete njihovu najsnažniju prednost -

an open mind --

otvoreni um -

into their greatest vulnerability.

u njihovu najveću slabost.

You'll need people to question the truth.

Biće vam potrebno da ljudi dovode u pitanje istinu.

Now, you'll be familiar of hacking and leaks that happened in 2016.

Upoznati ste sa hakovanjima i curenjem informacija iz 2016. godine.

One was the Democratic National Committee's networks,

Jedno se dogodilo mrežama Demokratskog nacionalnog komiteta

and the personal email accounts of its staff,

i ličnim nalozima za imejl njegovih zaposlenih,

later released on WikiLeaks.

što je kasnije objavljeno na Vikiliksu.

After that, various online personas,

Nakon toga su razne ličnosti na internetu,

like a supposed Romanian cybercriminal who didn't speak Romanian,

poput navodnog rumunskog sajber kriminalca koji ne govori rumunski,

aggressively pushed news of these leaks to journalists.

agresivno novinarima poturile vesti o ovim curenjima.

The media took the bait.

Mediji su zagrizli udicu.

They were consumed by how much the DNC hated Bernie.

Bili su obuzeti time koliko Demokratski nacionalni komitet mrzi Bernija.

At the time, it was that narrative that far outshined the news

U to vreme, bio je to narativ koji je znatno zasenio vesti

da je grupa hakera koje je sponzorisala ruska vlada,

that a group of Russian government sponsored hackers

who we called "Advanced Persistent Threat 28,"

a koje smo nazvali „Napredna trajna pretnja 28“

or "APT28" for short,

ili skraćeno „NTP28“,

was carrying out these operations against the US.

sprovodila ove operacije protiv SAD-a.

Dokaza nije manjkalo.

And there was no shortage of evidence.

This group of Russian government hackers hadn't just appeared out of nowhere

Grupa hakera ruske vlade nije se tek tako pojavila niotkuda

2016. godine.

in 2016.

We had started tracking this group back in 2014.

Počeli smo da pratimo ovu grupu još 2014. godine.

And the tools that APT28 used to compromise its victims' networks

Sredstva koja je NTP28 koristila da bi kompromitovala mreže svojih žrtava

demonstrated a thoughtful, well-resourced effort

ukazala su na promišljene, dobro opremljene aktivnosti

that had taken place for now over a decade

koje su se više od decenije odvijale

in Moscow's time zone

po moskovskoj vremenskoj zoni

from about 9 am to 6 pm.

od 9 sati pre podne do 6 sati po podne.

APT28 loved to prey on the emails and contacts of journalists in Chechnya,

NTP28 je obožavala da lovi imejlove i kontakte novinara u Čečeniji,

gruzijske vlade, istočnoevropskih vojnih izaslanika -

the Georgian government, eastern European defense attachés --

all targets with an undeniable interest to the Russian government.

što su sve mete od nespornog interesa za rusku vladu.

We weren't the only ones onto this.

Nismo bili jedini koji su bili na tragu ovome.

Governments, research teams across the world,

Vlade i istraživački timovi širom sveta

were coming to similar conclusions

dolazili su do sličnih zaključaka

and observing the same types of operations.

i osmatrali iste vrste operacija.

But what Russia was doing in 2016

Ali, ono što je Rusija radila 2016. godine

went far beyond espionage.

daleko je prevazilazilo špijunažu.

The DNC hack was just one of many where stolen data was posted online

Hakovanje Demokratskog nacionalnog komiteta

bilo je samo jedno od mnogih

gde su ukradeni podaci objavljeni na internetu

accompanied by a sensational narrative,

uz senzacionalni narativ,

then amplified in social media

zatim rašireni na društvenim mrežama

for lightning-speed adoption by the media.

da bi ih mediji prihvatili munjevitom brzinom.

This didn't ring the alarm bells

To nije pokrenulo uzbunu

that a nation-state was trying to interfere with the credibility

da nacionalna država pokušava da ometa kredibilitet

of another's internal affairs.

unutrašnjih pitanja druge države.

So why, collectively, did we not see this coming?

Pa zašto, svi zajedno, nismo ovo predvideli?

Why did it take months before Americans understood

Zašto je trebalo da prođu meseci pre nego što su Amerikanci shvatili

that they were under a state-sponsored information attack?

da su pod informacionim napadom koji finansira druga država?

The easy answer is politics.

Jednostavan odgovor je politika.

The Obama Administration was caught in a perfect catch-22.

Obamina administracija se uplela u savršenu „kvaku 22“.

By raising the specter that the Russian government was interfering

Stvaranjem zabrinutosti time da se ruska vlada meša

in the US presidential campaign,

u predsedničku kampanju SAD-a,

the Administration risked appearing to meddle in the campaign itself.

administracija je rizikovala da će delovati

da se i sama meša u kampanju.

But the better answer, I think,

Ipak, bolji odgovor je, prema mom mišljenju,

is that the US and the West were utterly unequipped

da su SAD i Zapad bili potpuno neopremljeni

to recognize and respond to a modern information operation,

da prepoznaju i reaguju na savremenu informacionu operaciju

despite the fact that the US had wielded information

uprkos činjenici da su SAD rukovale informacijama

with devastating success in an era not so long ago.

sa izuzetnim uspehom nedavno.

Look, so while the US and the West spent the last 20 years

Vidite, dok su SAD i Zapad proveli proteklih 20 godina

upleteni u sajber bezbednost -

caught up in cybersecurity --

what networks to harden,

koje mreže da učvrste,

which infrastructure to deem critical,

koje infrastrukture da razmatraju kao kritične,

how to set up armies of cyber warriors and cyber commands --

kako da uspostave vojsku sajber ratnika i sajber komandi -

Russia was thinking in far more consequential terms.

Rusija je razmišljala u mnogo dalekosežnijem pogledu.

Before the first iPhone even hit the shelf,

Čak i pre nego što je prvi Ajfon bio dostupan u prodaji,

the Russian government understood the risks and the opportunity

ruska vlada je razumela rizike i mogućnosti

that technology provided

koje pruža tehnologija,

and the inter-communication and instant communication it provided us.

kao i međusobnu i brzu komunikaciju koju nam je omogućila.

As our realities are increasingly based on the information

Kako se naša stvarnost sve više zasniva na informacijama

that we're consuming at the palm of our hand

koje koristimo iz izvora na stalnom raspolaganju,

and from the news feeds that we're scanning

na najnovijim objavljenim sadržajima kroz koje prelećemo,

and the hashtags and stories that we see trending,

haštagovima i pričama koje vidimo da su popularne,

the Russian government was the first to recognize

ruska vlada je prva prepoznala

how this evolution

kako je ovaj razvoj pretvorio naš um

had turned your mind into the most exploitable device on the planet.

u sredstvo koje se najbolje može iskoristiti na planeti.

And your mind is particularly exploitable

A vaš um se naročito može iskoristiti

if you're accustomed to an unfettered flow of information,

ako ste navikli na slobodni protok informacija

koje su sada sve više probrane u skladu sa vašim ukusom.

now increasingly curated to your own tastes.

Ova panorama informacija koja vam je toliko zanimljiva

This panorama of information that's so interesting to you

gives a state, or anyone for that matter, a perfect back door into your mind.

pruža državi, kao i bilo kome drugom, savršen sporedni ulaz u vaš um.

It's this new brand of state-sponsored information operations

To je novi brend informacionih operacija koje finansira država

that can be that much more successful,

koje mogu biti toliko uspešnije, lukavije

more insidious,

and harder for the target audience -- that includes the media --

i teže da ih odgonetne i prepozna ciljna grupa, što podrazumeva medije.

to decipher and characterize.

If you can get a hashtag trending on Twitter,

Ako uspete da vam hešteg postane popularan na Tviteru

or chum the waters with fake news

ili da zamutite vodu lažnim vestima

directed to audiences primed to receive it,

upućenim publici koja je spremna da ih primi,

or drive journalists to dissect terabytes of email

ili da podstaknete novinare da analiziraju terabajte imejlova

for a cent of impropriety --

da bi našli mrvicu nepravilnosti -

all tactics used in Russian operations --

što su sve taktike korišćene u ruskim operacijama -

then you've got a shot at effectively camouflaging your operations

onda imate priliku da efikasno maskirate svoje operacije

in the mind of your target.

u glavi svoje mete.

This is what Russia's long called "reflexive control."

To je ono što Rusija dugo naziva „povratna kontrola“.

It's the ability to use information on someone else

To je mogućnost korišćenja informacija o nekome

so that they make a decision

tako da ta osoba svojevoljno donese odluku

on their own accord

that's favorable to you.

koja vam odgovara.

This is nation-state-grade image control and perception management,

Ovo je kontrola imidža i upravljanje percepcijom na nivou nacionalne države

and it's conducted by any means,

i sprovodi se na sve načine,

with any tools, network-based or otherwise, that will achieve it.

bilo kojim sredstvima, na bazi mreže ili ne, kojima se može ostvariti.

Take this for another example.

Uzmite ovo kao još jedan primer.

In early February 2014, a few weeks before Russia would invade Crimea,

Početkom februara 2014. godine,

nekoliko nedelja pre nego što će Rusija napasti Krim,

na Jutjubu je objavljen telefonski razgovor.

a phone call is posted on YouTube.

In it, there's two US diplomats.

U njemu su dve diplomate SAD-a.

They sound like they're playing kingmaker in Ukraine,

Zvuče kao da vrše uticaj na ostvarivanje pobede u Ukrajini

and worse, they curse the EU for its lack of speed and leadership

i, što je još gore, psuju EU zbog nedostatka brzine i rukovodstva

in resolving the crisis.

u rešavanju krize.

The media covers the phone call,

Mediji su preneli telefonski poziv,

and then the ensuing diplomatic backlash

a zatim je posledična diplomatska reakcija

poljuljala Vašington i Evropu

leaves Washington and Europe reeling.

And it creates a fissured response and a feckless attitude

i stvorila podeljene odgovore i slab odnos

towards Russia's land grab in Ukraine.

prema ruskom otimanju zemlje u Ukrajini.

Mission accomplished.

Misija ispunjena.

So while hacked phone calls and emails and networks

Dakle, dok su hakovani telefonski pozivi, imejlovi i mreže

keep grabbing the headlines,

uporno osvajali naslovnice,

the real operations are the ones

prave operacije su one

that are influencing the decisions you make

koje utiču na odluke koje donosite

and the opinions you hold,

i mišljenja kojih se pridržavate,

all in the service of a nation-state's strategic interest.

sve u službi strateškog interesa nacionalne države.

This is power in the information age.

To je moć informacionog doba.

And this information is all that much more seductive,

Ove informacije su utoliko zavodljivije,

all that much easier to take at face value and pass on,

utoliko lakše da se prihvate kao istinite i proslede dalje,

when it's authentic.

kada su autentične.

Who's not interested in the truth that's presented in phone calls and emails

Koga ne zanima istina prikazana u telefonskim pozivima i imejlovima

koji nikad nisu bili predviđeni za javnu upotrebu?

that were never intended for public consumption?

Međutim, koliko ima značaja ta istina

But how meaningful is that truth

if you don't know why it's being revealed to you?

ako ne znate zašto vam je razotkrivena?

We must recognize that this place where we're increasingly living,

Moramo prihvatiti da to mesto na kome sve više obitavamo,

which we've quaintly termed "cyberspace,"

koje smo neobično nazvali „sajber prostor“,

isn't defined by ones and zeroes,

ne definišu jedinice i nule,

but by information and the people behind it.

već informacije i ljudi koje stoje iza njih.

This is far more than a network of computers and devices.

Ovo podrazumeva mnogo više od mreže kompjutera i uređaja.

This is a network composed of minds

Ovo je mreža sačinjena od umova

interacting with computers and devices.

u interakciji sa kompjuterima i uređajima.

And for this network,

A u slučaju ove mreže

there's no encryption, there's no firewall,

nema enkripcije, nema zaštitnog zida,

no two-factor authentication,

nema dvofaktorske autentifikacije,

no password complex enough to protect you.

nema dovoljno složene šifre da bi vas zaštitila.

What you have for defense

Ono što imate kao odbranu

is far stronger, it's more adaptable, it's always running the latest version.

mnogo je jače, prilagodljivije i uvek koristi najnoviju verziju.

To je sposobnost kritičkog razmišljanja:

It's the ability to think critically:

glasno obznanite neistine,

call out falsehood,

press for the facts.

vršite pritisak da biste dobili činjenice.

And above all, you must have the courage

A pre svega morate imati hrabrosti

to unflinchingly pursue the truth.

da nepokolebljivo tragate za istinom.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)